National Mandate Research Articles

Changing environment and development institutions to enable payments for ecosystem services: The role of institutional work

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are increasingly promoted as nature-based solutions to climate, environmental, and business challenges. While participation in PES schemes is mandated in countries such as China, Costa Rica, and Vietnam, it remains unclear how PES schemes emerge in countries devoid of national mandates. This article investigates how actors have attempted institutional change to enable PES, by reinterpreting or adapting national laws, policies, and plans. We present an analytical framework theorising how geographical variations in (1) institutional frameworks, and (2) actor capabilities, dictate which institutions actors attempt to change. We then apply this framework to multi-scalar actors and institutions in Thailand and the Philippines. Our empirics reveal the types of institutional work that actors perform such as advocacy, education, mimicry, and networking, and demonstrate how this creates legal and discursive support, and improves stakeholder awareness and acceptance of PES as an environmental management strategy. Eight formal institutions are shown to have undergone change to enable PES across these countries, including those related to indigenous people, energy production, protected areas, pollution control, carbon offsetting, and decentralised governance. We show institutional change to be a geographical and contextual process that requires actors to match the right types of institutional work, with the right mechanism of institutional change, and a suitable target institution if they are to be successful in effecting change. Yet, we also report failed attempts, and explain how informal cultural norms act as challenges to formal institutional change. Through our comparative analysis of multiple institutions, actors, and national settings, we identify trends and make recommendations with global relevance to PES scholars and practitioners, and that can aid other initiatives that seek to address climate change and promote environmental sustainability.

The Winning of Empty Box in the 2018 Makassar Regional Head Election

This research discusses how the empty box won in the 2018 Makassar Regional Head Election. This phenomenon became the elections’ history where a single candidate failed to win the election. Ten political parties consisting of Functional Groups Party (Golkar), National Democratic Party (NasDem), Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), United Development Party (PPP), Crescent Star Party (PBB), Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra), Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), People’s Conscience Party (Hanura), National Mandate Party (PAN), and Indonesian Justice and Unity Party (PKPI), promoted a single candidate pair. This study aims to describe how the movement of empty box volunteers in the Makassar Regional Head Election. This research uses a qualitative method. Selection of informants using a snowball sampling technique, and using social movement theory. There are three parts to this theory: 1) Complaint theory. Public disappointment over a candidate pair’s disqualification and consider the election organizer unfair; 2) Mobilizing structures theory. Analyze the voluntary movement of empty boxes to gather mass support and sympathizers during the election; and 3) Framing theory. Analyze the use of issues and methods of spreading the issue. This research found that the empty box phenomenon in Makassar Regional Head Election, unlike in the elections in other areas where the single candidate did not have an opponent, in Makassar, one of the candidate pairs was disqualified due to violation. It made the community, supporters, and the success team feels disappointed with the General Elections Commission’s decision. This disappointment also resulted in the emergence of the empty box volunteer movement. Movements of empty box volunteers to gather mass support and sympathizers through door-to-door socializing, leaflets, flyers, and banners call to action to win empty box and use social media and online media as campaign tools.

Dissemination and implementation of a policy on school health in public schools: A systematic review

BackgroundThe need to achieve school health and promote well-being that would transcend children’s school life has been highlighted in several studies. Promotion of health and well-being of children has not been achieved despite the prescripts of the World Health Organization and national mandates.ObjectivesThe purpose of this systematic review was to explore and describe the current evidence on the dissemination and implementation of a policy on school health in public schools.MethodsFive steps of a systematic review were used to achieve the purpose of the study. The steps include framing a clear review question, developing a search approach through gathering and classifying evidence, conducting a critical appraisal, evidence summary as well as the results. Ebscohost, SAE publications, Web of Science and JSTOR databases were used to identify articles written between 2013 and 2018 and to enable access to current studies on the promotion of school health. Keywords included the following: dissemination; implementation; school health policy; and public schools. The search yielded n = 1995 articles. From this figure, 1976 articles were ineligible and only 19 articles met the inclusion criteria.ResultsSeven themes emerged from the findings of this systematic review as follows: shared information, training and development of key role-players, programme development and research, commitment from key role-players, monitoring activities, executive support and collaborative partnerships.ConclusionThe findings show that it is possible for a policy on school health to be disseminated and implemented effectively in public schools.

Divided We Fall: International Health and Trade Coordination During a Pandemic

We analyse the role of international trade and health coordination in times of a pandemic by building a two-economy, two-good trade model integrated into a micro-founded SIR model of infection dynamics. Uncoordinated governments with national mandates can adopt (i) containment policies to suppress infection spread domestically, and (ii) (import) tariffs to prevent infection coming from abroad. The efficient, i.e., coordinated, risk-sharing arrangement dynamically adjusts both policy instruments to share infection and economic risks internationally. However, in Nash equilibrium, uncoordinated trade policies robustly feature inefficiently high tariffs that peak with the pandemic in the foreign economy. This distorts terms of trade dynamics and magnifies the welfare costs of tariff wars during a pandemic due to lower levels of consumption and production as well as smaller gains via diversification of infection curves across economies.

The US COVID-19 crises: facts, science and solidarity.

The United States leads the world in COVID‐19 cases and deaths. The government’s poorly coordinated response has lacked national mandates, failed to deploy adequate personal protective equipment, supplies and testing and devalued advice of science experts. COVID‐19 exposed racial disparities in health care and as protests against racial injustice erupted, nurses have responded to the call to confront racism as a public health crisis. Nurses also suffer from lack of personal protective equipment, burnout, extreme workloads, overwhelming deaths and fear of contracting COVID‐19. While facing danger, nurses have implemented practice changes and fostered new roles and teamwork to provide safer care. Advancing policy to provide personal protective equipment as well as financial and mental health support for nurses is a priority nationally and globally.

The Effect of Body Mass Index and Weight-Adjusted Fluid Dosing on Mortality in Sepsis.

The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines recommend 30 mL/kg of fluids within 3 hours (30by3) of sepsis-induced hypoperfusion, but a national mandate released an allowance for dosing based on ideal instead of actual body weight (IBW/ABW) for obese patients. This study aims to determine the dose-effect of 30by3 for patients with severe sepsis or septic shock (SS/SS) with respect to body mass index (BMI) categories and secondarily, examine the clinical impact of IBW vs. ABW-based dosing. Retrospective cohort study of adults (≥18 years; n = 1,032) with SS/SS presenting to an urban, tertiary-care emergency department. Models include MEDS score, antibiotic timing, lactate, renal and heart failure, among others. The cohort was 10.2% underweight and 28.7% obese. Overall mortality was 17.1% with 20.4% shock mortality. An exponential increase in mortality was observed for each 5 mL/kg under 30by3 for underweight (p = 0.02), but not obese patients. ABW vs IBW-30by3 dosing was reached in 80.0 vs 52.4% (underweight), 56.4 vs 56.9% (normal/overweight), and 23.3 vs 46.0% (obese). Across all BMI categories, there was increased mortality for not reaching ABW-based 30by3 dosing (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.18-2.69) with no significant impact for IBW (OR 1.28, 95% CI 0.87 -1.91). The increased mortality for failing to reach ABW-dosed 30by3 remained for underweight patients ABW (OR 5.82, 95% CI 1.32-25.57) but not obese patients. Longer ICU stays were observed for not reaching 30by3 based on ABW (β = 2.40, 95% CI 0.84-3.95) and IBW dosing (β = 1.58, 95% CI 0.07-3.08) overall. This effect remained for obese and underweight (except IBW dosing) patients. An exponential, dose-effect increase in mortality was observed for underweight patients not receiving 30by3. Therefore, the mortality impact of under-dosing may be amplified using ABW for underweight patients. Fluid dosing did not impact mortality for obese patients, but we caution against deviation from guidelines without further studies.

Pandemics, Paid Sick Leaves, and Tax Institutions

The COVID-19 pandemic is currently ravaging the world, and the United States has been largely unsuccessful at containing the coronavirus. One long-standing policy failure stands out as having exacerbated the pandemic in our country: the lack of a national mandate of paid sick leaves, without which workers face financial and workplace-cultural pressures to attend work while sick, thus spreading the virus to their fellow employees and the public at large.This Article provides the blueprint for a national, subsidized mandate of paid sick leaves and two additional insights about our tax institutions as mechanisms of effectuating broader societal goals. It first justifies a paid-sick-leave mandate on the grounds of market failures (both cognitive biases and externalities) and workplace equality. It also argues for the need of subsidies in order to protect lower-income workers from unemployment risks imposed by a national mandate. Second, the Article critically assesses the current federal legislative approach utilized in the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA). The Article then proposes designing a national employer mandate of paid sick leaves funded by general-revenue business tax credits and providing partial wage replacement.This Article’s discussion of paid sick leaves yields two insights about our tax institutions. First, it questions the role of payroll taxes, which are highly regressive, impose burdens almost exclusively on labor, and are normatively unjustified when the spending funded by payroll taxes benefits the broader non-wage-earning public. Second, the Article reveals the malleability of tax institutions with respect to funding, administrability, and costs. These comparative advantages of tax institutions make them perennially popular in times of crisis.

Global assessment of national mandatory vaccination policies and consequences of non-compliance

BackgroundDeclining vaccination coverage and increasing hesitancy is a worldwide concern. Many countries have implemented mandatory vaccination policies to promote vaccination. However, mandatory vaccination policies differ significantly by country. Beyond case studies, no comprehensive study has compared these policies or the penalties for non-compliance on a global scale. MethodsWe conducted extensive keyword, policy, and literature searches to identify mandatory national vaccination policies globally and develop a comprehensive database. A mandatory national vaccination policy was defined as a policy from a national authority that requires individuals to receive at least one vaccination based on age or to access a service. Two reviewers independently evaluated evidence for a mandate and whether non-compliance penalties were incorporated. We categorized penalties into four types, based on the nature of the penalty. These penalties impact an individual’s financial, parental rights, educational (i.e., child's school entry and access), and liberty status. We rated the severity within each category. ResultsOf 193 countries investigated, 54% (n = 105) had evidence of a nationwide mandate as of December 2018. The frequency, types, and severity of penalties varied widely across all regions. We found that 59% (n = 62) of countries with national mandates defined at least one penalty for non-compliance with a vaccine mandate. Among those, educational penalties (i.e., limiting a child's entry or ongoing access to school) were the most common (69%; n = 43), with most countries with educational penalties refusing school enrollment until vaccination requirements are met (81%; n = 35). ConclusionWe undertook a comprehensive assessment of national mandatory vaccination policies and identified a diversity of penalties in place to promote compliance. Our results highlight the need to critically evaluate the implementation of non-compliance penalties in order to determine their effectiveness and to define best practices for sustaining high vaccination uptake worldwide.

Nurse Leaders' Assumptions and Attitudes Toward Residency Programs for New Graduate Nurses.

The Future of Nursing Report from 2010 offered key recommendations for the practice of nursing, including the need for nurse residency programs for all new graduate nurses. Although numerous articles can be found about the programs themselves, finding information about the support of nurse leaders for such programs is more challenging. In the spring of 2019, a small group of invited nurse leaders from across the United States met during a "Think Tank." The purpose of this gathering was to discuss a policy brief offered by the American Academy of Nursing requiring all new graduate registered nurses to participate in a nurse residency program as part of their transition into practice. To determine nurse leaders' assumptions and attitudes toward nurse residency programs, the think tank planners conducted a national survey. Over 500 members of the American Organization for Nursing Leadership participated in this survey. In this article, the authors offer that nurse leaders are supportive of residency programs for new graduate nurses although some are still struggling with demonstrating the value proposition. In addition, nurse leaders are not in support of a national mandate.

Open Infrastructure Matters: Supporting Scholar-Led and Community-Driven Services to Advance Open Access

Twenty years ago, open access emerged out of a crisis within scholarly communications. Back then, it was about solving the issue of cost as a barrier to accessing scholarly content, due to the increasing concentration of commercial publishing. Today, another crisis is relying on open access to remove barriers to creating and consuming scholarship. This time, however, our sights are set on increasing public access as a means to solve a global pandemic.
 While open scholarship requires information to be freely available, it costs money to create and sustain high quality books and articles, discovery services that provide access to them, and software that enables their creation. We have seen this in discussions and developments surrounding open access business models, including article processing changes (APCs), open access funds, and “subscribe-to-open.” Where such infrastructures do not generate commercial profits, they require financial support from the communities they serve, including authors, publishers, libraries, funders, scholarly institutions and other stakeholders, to make open access a reality. As we set up national networks, mandates, and other initiatives to support and promote open access, we must not forget another critical element: open infrastructure. In the open access context, “infrastructure” -- the "structures and facilities" -- refers to the scholarly communication resources and services, including software, that we depend upon to enable the scientific and scholarly community to collect, store, organise, access, share, and assess research. Open infrastructure provides the foundation for keeping costs down and quality high, ensuring community-driven development. But who funds open infrastructure? And how do we create a sustainable future for the services that many of us have come to rely on?
 This 20 minute session will examine three open infrastructure case studies: OpenCitations, OAPEN/DOAB, and the Public Knowledge Project. These three initiatives are currently being promoted by the Global Sustainability Coalition for Open Science Services (SCOSS), a network of influential organisations committed to helping secure open access infrastructure well into the future. Our panel of services will explore how the current round of SCOSS-supported projects are ensuring a sustainable future for open access scholarly publishing, and will discuss the essential role that governments, libraries, publishers and others are playing - and need to play - in making this a reality. Following the growth of open access publishing, scholar-led and community-driven open infrastructure and innovations have supported and facilitated the vital (and now urgent) need for open knowledge. What does the next twenty years look like for these services? And how can we work together to ensure open access isn’t just a response to crises, but rather the “new normal”?

Policy implementation styles and local governments: the case of climate change adaptation

ABSTRACT Adaptation to impacts of climate change is a key pillar of climate change policy, and local governments have historically played a major role in the design and implementation of these policies. An array of political, economic, institutional, social, and individual factors influence adaptation policy instrument choice. At the local government level, these choices also reflect inter-governmental dynamics that can constrain or support local efforts. We analyze eight hypothesized drivers of local adaptation policy instrument choice using fractional regression analysis and multilevel modelling. Local governments are pursuing diverse adaptation policy implementation styles that are associated with different levels of internal capacity, local political economies and problem perception. Dependence on national governments, the presence or absence of national adaptation mandates, national decision-making traditions, and national adaptation policy approaches may also influence local policy instrument choices.

Emergency flood bulletins for Cyclones Idai and Kenneth: A critical evaluation of the use of global flood forecasts for international humanitarian preparedness and response

Humanitarian disasters such as Typhoon Haiyan (SE Asia, 2013) and the Horn of Africa drought (2011–2012) are examples of natural hazards that were predicted, but where forecasts were not sufficiently acted upon, leading to considerable loss of life. These events, alongside international adoption of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, have motivated efforts to enable early action from early warnings. Through initiatives such as Forecast-based Financing (FbF) and the Science for Humanitarian Emergencies and Resilience (SHEAR) programme, progress is being made towards the use of science and forecasts to support international humanitarian organisations and governments in taking early action and improving disaster resilience. However, many challenges remain in using forecasts systematically for preparedness and response. The research community in place through SHEAR enabled the UK government's Department for International Development to task a collaborative group of scientists to produce probabilistic real-time flood forecast and risk bulletins, aimed at humanitarian decision-makers, for Cyclones Idai and Kenneth, which impacted Mozambique in 2019.The process of bulletin creation during Idai and Kenneth is reviewed and critically evaluated, including evaluation of the forecast information alongside evidence for how useful the bulletins were. In this context, this work seeks to navigate the “murky landscape” of national and international mandates, capacities, and collaborations for forecasting, early warning and anticipatory action, with the ultimate aim of finding out what can be done better in the future. Lessons learnt and future recommendations are discussed to enable better collaboration between producers and users of forecast information.

The experience of the Italian Global Burden of Disease Initiative

Abstract In 2007, two groups of Italian researchers started collaborating with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) to contribute to the generation of the first GBD 2010 estimates, published in 2012 in The Lancet. Early 2016, the Italian GBD collaborators, 12 at that time, decided to work together, to strengthen the exchange with IHME and gain ownership on the Italian estimates. The group aimed to: 1) exchange experiences, and coordinate activities related to the production and revision of Italian GBD estimates and for specific areas of expertise; 2) disseminate GBD estimates at national and regional level, and foster the active participation of health planners; 3) intensify the sharing of data and information with IHME and reach an agreement for the production of sub-national estimates; and 4) elaborate joint research projects to cover data gaps. In October 2018, IHME agreed to generate sub-national estimates for Italy, which are now being reviewed and will be officially published in May 2021. A thorough analysis of the epidemiological situation in Italy, using GBD 2017, was published in November 2019 in The Lancet Public Health. Other articles are currently being submitted. Researchers are structured in thematic working groups (Core Groups) while Regional Health Authorities are gradually becoming involved, gaining confidence in the use of GBD metrics and contributing to the sub-national revisions. The Italian GBD Initiative held a two-day meeting in Rome in January 2020, to discuss preliminary sub-national estimates. The Core Groups revised the estimates and identified data sources that could further improve the estimates. The results were then discussed with IHME in March 2020. The Italian group can now count on 75 collaborators from 30 research institutes. The Italian bottom-up approach, involving researchers and research institutes without a national political mandate, has shown both positive and negative aspects, as will be discussed during the workshop.

Modelling Welfare Transitions to Prioritise Sustainable Development Interventions in Coastal Kenya

Welfare transitions are weakly understood in sub-Saharan Africa due to limited panel data to analyze trajectories of household escaping from, falling into, or remaining out of deprivation. We model data from 3500 households in coastal Kenya in three panels from 2014 to 2016 to evaluate determinants of welfare by multidimensional and subjective measures. Findings indicate that more than half of the households are deprived, with female-headed households being the most vulnerable and making the least progress. The subjective welfare measure identified three times more chronically poor households than the multidimensional metric (27% vs. 9%); in contrast, the multidimensional metric estimated twice as many ‘never poor’ households than the subjective measure (39% vs. 16%). The ‘churning poor’ were broadly consistent for both measures at roughly half the sample. Four welfare priorities converged from modelling welfare transitions. Broadening access to secondary education and energy services, improving the reliability and proximity of drinking water services, and ending open defecation improve welfare outcomes. While the policy implications do not align neatly with Kenya’s national and county government mandates, we argue that prioritising fewer but targeted sustainable development goals may improve accountability, feasibility, and responsibility in delivery if informed by local priorities and political salience.

Universal Masking in the United States

Xiaowen Wang, MD; Enrico G. Ferro, MD; Guohai Zhou, PhD; Dean Hashimoto, MD, JD; Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH

The increased risk of Covid 19 in Colombia as a result the state of information for the prevention of technically foreseeable disasters

El COVID-19 representa un incremento del riesgo. A partir de disposiciones jurídicas y políticas se hace preciso contar con elementos para su gestión, entre los cuales están los sistemas de información dispuestos por mandatos internacionales y nacionales. No obstante, su desactualización, desarticulación o inexistencia desencadena un incremento en el riesgo que parece agravarse en aquellos territorios en los que históricamente los sistemas de información llegaron a registrar altas afectaciones como consecuencia de desastres naturales. El trabajo se propone contrastar la funcionalidad de esos sistemas de información para la gestión del riesgo de desastres con las necesidades de la pandemia por COVID-19 en Colombia. Por medio de una investigación cualitativa que aplica la estrategia documental con un análisis de datos respaldado en la triangulación, inicialmente se ofrece una contextualización de la gestión del riesgo de desastres en el campo jurídico-político, se abordan los sistemas de información, y finalmente se contrasta la funcionalidad de estos en momentos de pandemia.

REVISIÓN CRÍTICA DE LA MIGRACIÓN IRREGULAR COMO RIESGO A LA SEGURIDAD NACIONAL

El fenómeno de las “caravanas migrantes” ha generado que el estado Mexicano gestione los flujos acogiéndose al mandato de seguridad nacional pues ejecuta acciones que se sustentan en su defensa, como lo evidencia la participación activa de las fuerzas armadas bajo la figura de la Guardia Nacional. A partir de ello se analizan los marcos normativos aplicables, a fin de determinar la dualidad de su carácter: el atinente al discurso de prevalencia irrestricta de los Derechos Humanos y el que se refiere a la naturaleza securitaria y policiaca tanto del (INM Instituto Nacional de Migración) como de la política migratoria en su conjunto. Dualidad que se percibe como contradictoria, excluyente, pero sobre todo difusa, ante la variedad, oscuridad y ambigüedad del discurso normativo relativo a la(s) seguridad(es) en México. Aquí se analiza a través de la teoría de la Encriptación del Poder (Méndez y Sanín, 2012) la función de la noción de seguridad nacional en el derecho migratorio y la elasticidad de la misma para adecuarse a las situaciones históricas concretas, teniendo en cuenta que dicha noción, podría ubicarse entre aquéllas que resultan impensables fuera de la simbiosis modernidad-colonialidad que articula la teoría a utilizar.

Participatory Budgeting in the Philippines

Participatory budgeting has been adopted and adapted by governments around the world. Existing literature points to a variety of desired outcomes from these efforts, but does not clearly distinguish the impacts on individuals, groups, and society. This study uses the case of the Philippines to explore the differences in impacts of participatory budgeting within and across the three levels. Reforms in the Philippines were similar to efforts in other countries, but there were adaptations, including a national mandate for the decentralization of participatory budgeting to local governments and the required representation of civil society organizations in local resource allocation processes. Some gains in individual education and efficacy, representation of marginalized groups and social justice, and government accountability were seen in the Philippines, but they seem to be idiosyncratic to the local context. Civil society and democratic legitimacy advances, though, were weaker, at least partly due to challenges in involving third-party intermediaries in the process, and continued issues with elitism and corruption. Like other participatory budgeting cases, the outcomes have not been uniform, and transitions in national leadership hinder institutionalization.

Review Pengaruh Local Strongman Di Provinsi Jambi (Studi Kasus Dominasi Zulkifli Nurdin Terhadap Partai Amanat Nasional)

Peralihan kekuasaan dari sentralisasi menuju desentralisasi telah banyak mempengaruhi iklim politik setiap daerah di Indonesia, hadirnya orang kuat lokal merupakan hal yang sedang mewabah di negara demokrasi. Dinamika yang terjadi mengakibatkan adanya dominasi ekonomi dan politik yang berimbas pada kehidupan demokrasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan studi literatur dengan teknik pengumpulan data yang berasal dari berita online, buku dan penelitian yang berkaitan dengan pembahasan. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengeksplorasi dan mendalami bagaimana Peran Zulkifli Nurdin dalam membuat polarisasi Partai Amanat Nasional di Provinsi Jambi hingga mempertahankan citranya sebagai orang kuat lokal. Dominasi Zulkifli Nurdin berhasil membuat Partai Amanat Nasional sebagai alat untuk membentuk dinasti politiknya di Jambi, hal ini terbutki dari petinggi di Partai Amanat Nasional hanya terdiri dari keluarga dan kroni – kroninya saja.

DINAMIKA HUBUNGAN MUHAMMADIYAH DAN PARTAI POLITIK DI INDONESIA

Muhammadiyah's contact with political parties in actualizing their ideas and ideals will be discussed in this chapter. Muhammadiyah's involvement with political parties from the pre-independence era until now is divided into 4 patterns of relations. If it is analogous to Muhammadiyah's relationship with a Political Party like a marriage, there will be four "Marriage" models between Muhammadiyah and the Political Party. First is "Official Marriage" with Muhammadiyah being a special member of Masyumi, second is "Siri Marriage" when Muhammadiyah becomes the initiator of the establishment of Parmusi in Tanwir Ponorogo. Third "Mut'ah Marriage (Contract)" when some Muhammadiyah administrators were involved in the establishment of the National Mandate Party (PAN), to the point of disappointment that gave rise to the Sun Nation Party (PMB). The fourth most recent model is not the "Marriage" that takes place, but the "Divorce" of the Islamic purification and reform organization with political parties as formulated in Tanwir Denpasar (2001).