National Integration Research Articles

The dilemmas of Bangladesh as a weak state in South Asia

PurposeThe complex environment of regional and extra-regional politics in South Asia renders the region more susceptible to economically and militarily weaker states. This article investigates the challenges Bangladesh faces due to rapidly changing geopolitical dynamics and global political and economic upheavals.Design/methodology/approachThis study delves into the dilemmas encountered by Bangladesh as a weak state through literature review, in-depth interviews, media reports and dialogues.FindingsFour key factors are identified: (a) Bangladesh’s significance to major powers has increased; (b) it confronts many obstacles hindering its pursuit of a purely non-aligned foreign policy due to its strategic importance to these powers; (c) its internal factors including political turbulence, corruption, and fragile external relations, have been detrimental; and (d) the intensification of key powers’ influence has constrained its autonomy.Originality/valueThis study underscores that weak institutions, least regional integration, and limited cooperation among states have compromised the autonomy of weak states like Bangladesh in South Asia. There is a need for unity and collaboration among these nations to address dilemmas in the interest of their national sovereignty, territorial integrity, and regional stability.

Assessing the Feasibility of the Uniform Civil Code in a Diverse and Secular India

India is a nation celebrated for its rich religious diversity and commitment to secularism. Personal laws for religions like Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity currently govern civil matters such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. However, Article 44 of the Indian Constitution advocates for a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) to establish a uniform legal framework, potentially advancing gender equality and promoting national integration. This research paper explores the feasibility of implementing a UCC in India by examining the benefits of a UCC, including its impact on reducing gender disparities, while addressing concerns over cultural autonomy and religious freedom. The latter half of the paper also provides policy recommendations for implementing the UCC in India.

Process for Leveraging Enterprise Architecture in Information Systems Strategic Planning: A Case of Developing a Strategy and Master Plan for a National Integrated Health Laboratory Information Management System in Uganda

Process for Leveraging Enterprise Architecture in Information Systems Strategic Planning: A Case of Developing a Strategy and Master Plan for a National Integrated Health Laboratory Information Management System in Uganda

Development Strategies of Museum Research Products under the Background of Cultural and Tourism Integration

With the deepening of the strategy of cultural and tourism integration and the continuous development of the national cultural and tourism integration policy, the field of education and tourism also show a trend of integration, and museum research products are the products of the integration of the two. The development of museum research products has gradually become one of the important ways of museum marketing. As an important cultural carrier of the city and the main position of public cultural services, museums play a vital role in the economic, social and cultural development of the country.

A Comparative Analysis of Policy Responses to Development Gaps in ASEAN: Examining the Effectiveness of Macroeconomic and Regional Integration Strategies

Abstract: Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) integration was originally developed to respond more effectively to political and economic pressures from outside and collective bargaining power with a unified regional organisation. However, the significant disparity in development levels among ASEAN member States posed a challenge to that goal and to the sustainable economic development of ASEAN. This paper will analyse all aspects of the existing disparity in the level of development of ASEAN member countries and the reasons behind it. It will also present and analyse existing policies and mechanisms in ASEAN that address the imbalance in the level of development. To analyse the challenges for ASEAN to address the issue of imbalance in the level of development in the light of the effectiveness of the current ASEAN response to the imbalance in the level of development and the objective and realistic context of the ASEAN member States in terms of the comparison between the countries with high level of development and the countries with low level of development. ASEAN's macro-control policies, influenced by the system, do pay attention to the key factors affecting high and low levels of development, but ASEAN lacks targeted response programmes for countries and regions with complex political contexts.

Small localities, large conflicts: radical right parties and the politics of integration policymaking in two European medium-sized towns

ABSTRACT Integration policies emerged as a critical focus of local policymaking in smaller towns, driven not only by migration trends in these areas, but also by the growing political influence of local radical right parties (RRPs). This trend occurred across various European countries, including Belgium and Italy, raising new questions about the impact on policy formation of locally embedded RRPs and the social and political polarisation dynamics which foster their growth. Despite growing scholarly attention to the role of local actors in shaping integration policies, these dynamics have mostly been studied in large cities. Therefore, this article aims to explore the effects of RRPs’ rise on integration policies in Ninove (Belgium) and Fermo (Italy), two diversifying and deindustrialising medium-sized towns governed by liberal coalitions, but with a strong opposition presence of RRPs. Adopting a comparative perspective, it utilises document analysis of national and local integration policymaking, complemented by 34 interviews with local actors. The results show that RRPs shape local agenda setting and local governing parties respond by creating policy ambiguity around policies targeting migrants. Specifically, they invest in policies that aim to support integration, but make sustained attempts to disguise that migrants are the target population for these policies.

The integrated Mexican nation-state building in the 20th century

Since gaining independence in the early 19th century, Mexico embarked on a path toward building a nation-state. In criticizing the evolutionism that promotes white supremacy, Mexican society has embarked on a journey of introspection, delving into the essence of its indigenous national character. Following the Mexican Revolution at the turn of the 20th century, a nationalism advocating for integration was firmly established. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) government incorporated the principles of national integration into the broader building of the nation-state. On the one hand, it affirmed the crucial role of indigenous peoples and their cultures, tracing the origins of the Mexican nation-state back to these roots. On the other hand, the promotion of unified education, coupled with the implementation of a land-centered state corporatist system, aimed to achieve the integration and governance of Indigenous peoples, thereby incorporating them into the nation-building process and ultimately facilitating the integration of the nation-state. While the PRI government’s integration efforts led to tendencies towards marginalization and assimilation of indigenous peoples, alongside insufficient attention to their rights and political participation, it fundamentally changed the historically unrecognized status of indigenous communities since the colonial era. These efforts primarily addressed the issues that had challenged Mexican social development concerning indigenous peoples since the colonial era, contributing to maintaining national stability over an extended period.

Ethno-religious factors in Buhari’s administration: a historical appraisal and suggestions for national integration

Ethno-religious factors in Buhari’s administration: a historical appraisal and suggestions for national integration

Digital and AI transformation in the contemporary art industry in China

This study examines the digital and artificial intelligence (AI) transformation in the contemporary art industry in China. This industry in China is undergoing a distinct digital transition and is “ahead” of other countries, having fully integrated digital technologies and AI (digiAI) into policies, regulations, organizations, and professional practices. A systematic, large-scale national integration of digiAI has led to its widespread adoption by artists and arts professionals. However, little is known about how or when this rapid and extensive integration and subsequent adoption occurred or about its impacts on professional practices. This study draws on research conducted between 2023 and 2024, including 30 interviews with contemporary Chinese visual artists, 23 interviews with arts professionals, a survey of 110 professional contemporary visual artists, and a systematic review of government policy. Findings indicate that the government began integrating digital technology into the contemporary art industry in 2016, further promoted digital technology integration in 2021, and introduced regulations to support AI usage in 2023. The data reveal a significant spike in the adoption of digital technologies by professionals between 2019 and 2020, followed by a rise in AI adoption in 2023. DigiAI has been accepted and now used across different kinds of arts professions, various types of visual artists, and several age groups. Digital and AI tools are now being applied in both creative and non-creative aspects of arts practices.

Formation of a Unified Educational Space of the Union State from the Perspective of the Policy of Patriotic Education

Introduction. Awareness of the commonality of geopolitical and civilizational challenges of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus pushes for deepening integration cooperation in different directions. Close attention is paid to the problem of security, interpreted in an expanded way. Its provision correlates with the strengthening of the humanitarian dimension of the Union State, including the formation of a unified educational space. In modern conditions, its correlation with the consolidation of the policy of patriotic education in the integration field is being actualized. The purpose of the article is to identify the specifics of their coupling, taking into account the dynamics of union construction. Materials and Methods. The research is based on the methods of binary comparison, traditional and discourse analysis of official texts. An additional method is a formalized correspondence expert survey. The key materials are normative legal acts of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus, interstate, intergovernmental and integration agreements, information content of the web resources of the Union State. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the research are a new political institutionalism, a multidimensional model of social action, and the paradigm of “political unification”. Results. The article describes the normative foundations of state policy in the field of education and integration guidelines in the cultural and humanitarian plane within the framework of the movement towards the Union educational space. The demanded categories of the axiological plan are revealed, referring to the relationship between education and upbringing. The key lines of discursive practices at the sites of the union institutions are shown. The understanding of the need to adapt education systems to the requirements of the time and the linking of patriotic education with the protection and preservation of common historical memory are emphasized. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the study and expert assessments suggest the articulation of not only positive changes, but also urgent vectors for improving national approaches and integration solutions. They correspond to the elimination of conflicts, the development and adoption of new documents at the level of the Union State, the implementation of value categories and new areas of unified policy. The results obtained may be of interest to public authorities and union institutions, participants in patriotic education in the territory of the Union State.

Language Hierarchies, Liminality, and Resistance in Canadian and Finnish Integration Educations for Adult Migrants

This article explores the effects of language hierarchies within SFI (Swedish for Immigrants) and LINC (Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada) national integration programmes and how discourses of civic integrationism framed around monolingualism and neoliberalism position adult migrant students in the liminal spaces between belonging and othering. Based on research findings obtained during multiple case study fieldwork in Finland and Canada, I examine the underlying norms and subtexts upon which practices of host language acquisition are founded. How students are positioned depends greatly on who serves as an arbiter over which expressions of linguistic diversity are deemed beneficial or obstructive to integration. Migrant liminality within integration educations could be debilitating while simultaneously fostering resistance in transgressing and reimagining essentialist integration policy and pedagogical goals, thus creating opportunities for transformation.

Effect of an educational intervention based on health belief model on preventive behaviors against malaria in over 18-year-old Afghan immigrants living in Parsian

BackgroundMalaria disease is one of the most dangerous protozoan parasitic infections with a high mortality rate in developing countries. Malaria is a public health issue, especially in Hormozgan province, and is highly affected by foreign immigrants (Pakistani and Afghani); thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of an intervention based on the health belief model (HBM) on the promotion of malaria prevention behaviors in Afghani immigrants over the age of 18. The participants resided in Persian city in Hormozgan province.MethodsThe present quasi-experimental study was conducted on 200 Afghans immigrants over 18 years of age who visited four comprehensive health service centers in Parsian city, south of Iran in June until December 2023. Sampling was by cluster method. In this way, the health centers were considered as clusters, and then 4 centers were randomly selected from among them (two centers of the control group and two centers of the intervention group) and participants were selected by a systematic random method by list of records in the National Integrated Health Record System (called SIB) (100participants control group, 100 participants intervention group). The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on the HBM before and after the educational intervention An educational program was designed and implemented to promote preventive behaviors against malaria in five sessions using different strategies and based on the HBM for the intervention group. The data were analyzed using independent-samples T-test, paired-samples T-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, analysis of covariance and linear regression. All statistical analyses and hypothesis testing were done in IBM SPSS version 25, at a significance level of 0.05.ResultsIn the intervention group, there was a significant difference in the mean scores of knowledge (6.48, 95% CI: 5.9,7.05), perceived susceptibility (10.57, 95% CI: 10.03, 11.1), perceived severity (16.61, 95% CI: 15.83, 16.83), perceived self-efficacy (18.26, 95% CI: 17.55, 18.96), perceived benefits (15.43, 95% CI: 14.68, 16.17), perceived barriers (-22.49, 95% CI: -23.63, -21.30), cues to action (15.06, 95% CI: 14.36, 15.75), and preventive behaviors (20.05, 95% CI: 19.44, 20.65), before and after the educational intervention. P-value < 0.001. The regression analysis showed that the constructs of perceived susceptibility (T = 4.72, P < 0.001), cues to action (T = 5.30, P < 0.001)and perceived self-efficacy (T = 4.93, P < 0.001) led to the greatest change in malaria prevention behaviors(R-Square = 0.549).ConclusionThe present findings showed that the HBM -based intervention was effective in preventive behaviors against malaria in Afghans. It is recommended to design suitable educational interventions in order to increase the perceived susceptibility, cues to action and self-efficacy in order to improve preventive behaviors against malaria in Afghans.

The impact of big fund on the operational efficiency of semiconductor companies: Corporate social responsibility as a non-economic output

This study contributes to research on the total factor operational efficiency of the semiconductor company considering corporate social responsibility (CSR) by proposing a novel integer-valued nonparametric frontier method. This method adopts an endogenous directional distance function, which first selects the benchmark and then endogenously determines the directional vector. Avoiding the issue of non-integer slack adjustment increases the convenience of formulating incentive plans and calculating efficiency. We apply this method to the input–output data of 185 listed Chinese semiconductor companies from 2010 to 2022, considering integer-valued CSR as non-economic output. Global Malmquist productivity index analysis shows that the average total factor operational efficiency of companies that received investment from the National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund (Big Fund) increased by 6.9%. Using the econometric technique, we verify that the total factor operational efficiency of semiconductor companies receiving Big Fund investment increased by 0.084 compared to those without Big Fund investment. Heterogeneity analysis showed that the effect of Big Fund was more significant in improving the total factor operational efficiency of state-owned, new, and non-integrated circuit semiconductor companies, implying the necessity of purposeful investment policies for the Big Fund.

Richard Nicolas von Coudenhove-Kalergi’s Pan-Europe”: the relevance of a manifesto from a hundred years ago

This material evokes the main ideas of the „Pan-Europe” manifesto, launched in 1923 by Count Ruchard Nicolas von Coudenhove-Kalergi, in the context in which Europe was divided between Russian Bolshevism, Germany’s dissatisfaction with the Versailles order and new technologies which Western societies were beginning to enjoy. Through his project of pan-European unification, Kalergi aimed to protect from further humanitarian disasters. In order not to force integration processes, he spoke in favor of identifying an optimal relationship between national policies and integration policy at the European scale. Imagining the frontiers of Pan-Europe, his creed was: „Rather than a victorious war, some bad frontiers”. The Romanian Dniester, in Kalergi’s conception, fixed a hundred years ago the Eastern border of Pan-Europe as a space of freedom and democracy.

Federalism and National Integration in Nigeria: A Study of Selected States in South-South, Nigeria

Abstract : Nigeria as a multi ethnic nationalities country is faced with tremendous task of integrating a country that is deeply depleted by mirage of problems, including among others ethno-religious and cultural crises and the constitutional imperfection. Regrettably, the manner the country practices federalism has resulted to the country's inability to foster or promote national integration, and unity in diversity. The main objective of the study was to investigate the role of federalism in promoting national integration in Nigeria. Four states comprising of AkwaIbom, Bayelsa, Delta and Rivers in south south, Nigeria were selected for the study. To achieve this objective, survey correlation/research design was adopted for the study and a sample size of 384 was drawn from the population of 20,787,224, using purposive and systematic sampling techniques respectively. Data were selected using researchers developed questionnaire titled Federalism and National Integration Questionnaire (FNIQ) the instrument was administered and retrieved by the researchers with the help of two research assistants. Three research questions and three hypotheses were formulated for the study. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used in testing the hypotheses at 0.5 level of significance. Three null hypotheses of the study were rejected leading to the decision to accept the alternative hypotheses. It was concluded that there was significant relationship between ethnicity, supremacy of power of having, and the Federal Constitution and the national integration in south south Nigeria. It was recommended among others, that, to foster possible breakup by the ethnic nationalities in Nigeria, government should device a federal principle through accommodation, consultation, negotiation and inclusion, instead of exclusion and denial of their rights. The sharing of political offices and opportunities should be equitable and based on the spirit of federal character principle and true federalism.

PLATFORMS OF EXPANSIONISM: A COMPARISON OF RUSSIA'S NARRATIVES FOR UKRAINE AND SERBIA'S NARRATIVES FOR KOSOVO

Following the invasion of Crimea by Russia, there has been a significant shift in academic focus towards the study of Ukraine. Russia's efforts to establish a new warfront in the Western Balkans have drawn attention to the developments in the region. This paper offers a comparative analysis of the narratives put forth by Russia concerning Ukraine and Serbia's perspectives on Kosovo. Both Russia and Serbia have constructed fake narratives that present their geopolitical disputes as issues of historical and national identity and territorial integrity. In the case of Russia, the narratives regarding Ukraine underscore a shared history, the protection of ethnic Russians, while contesting Ukrainian sovereignty. Similarly, Serbia's narratives about Kosovo emphasize the cultural and historical significance of Kosovo, drawing its fake narrative for Kosovo as integral to Serbian identity and rejecting its independence as illegitimate and imposed by foreign powers. By delving into official discourse and media representations, this study aims to explore three core narratives used as expansionist platforms: historical and national identity narratives, the narrative of victimization and the narratives on the legitimacy of statehood and sovereignty and how these narratives are utilized within domestic and international spheres to gain internal and international support, legitimize policies, and perpetuate a sense of victimhood. The paper contends that although the contexts differ, the strategic deployment of historical grievances, ethnic unity, and anti-Western sentiment forms a common platform in the expansionist approaches of Russia and Serbia.

Strategic Vigilance and its Impact on Organizational Citizenship Behavior, a Case Study: National Integrated General Trading and Contracting Company

خلفية الدراسة ومشكلتها: تكمن مشكلة الدراسة في سلوك المواطنة التنظيمية في الشركة، وتحدي الدور الذي يمكن اليقظة الاستراتيجية في تحقيق سلوك المواطنة التنظيمية، بسبب التطورات التي تشهدها الشركة، ومع زيادة حدة المنافسة السوقية، فقد أصبح سلوك المواطنة التنظيمية مؤشرا لمدى جودة العمل فيها، وعلى العكس من ذلك يلاحظ أن الشركات التي لا تمتلك رأس مالٍ بشري لده قيم المواطنة، توصف بأنها شركات صمّاء لا تمتلك أفق التغيير والتطوير وحتى القدرة على البقاء في ظلّ التغيرات المتسارعة. الأهداف: هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى اليقظة الإستراتيجية بأبعادها (اليقظة التكنولوجية، واليقظة التسويقية، واليقظة التنافسية، واليقظة البيئية) في سلوك المواطنة التنظيمية بأبعادها (الإيثار، واللياقة واللطف، والروح الرياضية، ووعي الضمير) في الشركة الأهلية المتكاملة للتجارة العامة والمقاولات. الطرق المستخدمة: لتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم تبني المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، واعتمدت الدراسة المسح الشامل وتم توزيع الاستبانة على جميع الموظفين في الشركة الأهلية المتكاملة للتجارة العامة والمقاولات، حيث اعتمد الدراسة أسلوب العينة الهادفة لتعاملها مع مجتمع صغير ، واستخدمت مجموعة من الاختبارات الإحصائية من خلال برنامج SPSS. النتائج: توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج ، أهمها: وجود أثر معنوي ذي دلالة إحصائية لأبعاد اليقظة الإستراتيجية في سلوك المواطنة التنظيمية في الشركة الأهلية المتكاملة للتجارة العامة والمقاولات ، وأن مستوى اهتمام الشركة الأهلية المتكاملة للتجارة العامة والمقاولات بتطبيق اليقظة الإستراتيجية مرتفع ، كما أن مستوى اهتمامها بسلوك المواطنة التنظيمية كان مرتفعاً هو الآخر. الاستنتاجات (التوصيات والمساهمة): توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج ، أهمها: وجود أثر معنوي ذي دلالة إحصائية لأبعاد اليقظة الإستراتيجية في سلوك المواطنة التنظيمية في الشركة الأهلية المتكاملة للتجارة العامة والمقاولات ، وأن مستوى اهتمام الشركة الأهلية المتكاملة للتجارة العامة والمقاولات بتطبيق اليقظة الإستراتيجية مرتفع ، كما أن مستوى اهتمامها بسلوك المواطنة التنظيمية كان مرتفعاً هو الآخر.

Mapping Financial Connections: Market Integration in Emerging Economies through Graph Theory

In this study, we explore the financial and economic integration of BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and key emerging economies (Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) using graph theory, aiming to map intersectoral connections and their impact on financial stability and market risk. The research addresses a critical gap in the literature; while political and economic linkages between nations have been widely studied, the specific connectivity between sectors within these economies remains underexplored. Our methodology utilizes eigenvector centrality and Euclidean distance to construct a comprehensive network of 106 publicly listed firms from 2013 to 2022, across sectors such as energy, telecommunications, retail, and technology. The primary hypothesis is that sectors with higher centrality scores—indicative of their interconnectedness within the broader financial network—demonstrate greater resilience to market volatility and contribute disproportionately to sectoral profitability. The analysis yielded several key insights. For instance, BHARTI AIRTEL LIMITED in telecommunications exhibited an eigenvector centrality score of 0.9615, positioning it as a critical node in maintaining sectoral stability, while AMBEV SA in the retail sector, with a centrality score of 0.9938, emerged as a pivotal player influencing both profitability and risk. Sectors led by companies with high centrality showed a 20% increase in risk-adjusted returns compared to less connected entities, supporting the hypothesis that central firms act as stabilizers in fluctuating market conditions. The findings underscore the practical implications for policymakers and investors alike. Understanding the structure of these networks allows for more informed decision making in terms of investment strategies and macroeconomic policy. By identifying the central entities within these economic systems, both policymakers and investors can target their efforts more effectively, either to support growth initiatives or to mitigate systemic risks. This study advances the discourse on emerging market integration by providing a quantitative framework to analyze intersectoral connections, offering critical insights into how sectoral dynamics in emerging economies influence global financial trends.

Medication Use and Falls Risk in Older Adults: Insights from our Integrated Care Programme for Older Person’s Service

Abstract Background Falls pose a critical public health challenge for the elderly, often resulting in severe injuries and complications. Some medications have been identified as potential risk factors for falls in this demographic. The National Integrated Care Programme for Older People has prioritised the development of specialised services targeting frailty, dementia, and falls management to address this concern. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of older adults to explore the relationship between medication use and falls risk. Data on recurrent falls, polypharmacy (defined as concurrent use of five or more medications), and fall frequency were extracted from medical records. Logistic regression analysis assessed the association between STOPPfall medication use and falling risk, calculating odds ratios and p-values to determine significance. Results The study cohort comprised 71 older adults, with a median age of 84 years (range 66-95 years), of whom 69% were female. Among the participants, 79% reported experiencing recurrent falls, highlighting the prevalence of this issue within the sample. Additionally, a substantial proportion (90.1%) exhibited polypharmacy, indicating the commonality of multiple medication use among the elderly population studied. Antihypertensives were prescribed to 42 patients (59%), antidepressants to 26 patients (37%), opioids to 15 patients (21%), benzodiazepines to 12 patients (17%), and antiepileptic drugs to 4 patients (6%). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant association between the use of STOPPfall medications and the risk of falling, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.84 (95% CI: 1.11-4.23, p =0.044). Conclusion These findings underscore the importance of medication review and optimization in fall prevention strategies. Targeted interventions to reduce potentially harmful medication use identified by STOPPfall criteria may aid in fall reduction among older adults. Further research is needed to explore the efficacy of such interventions.

Integrated Care in Action: A Case Study of Collaborative Multidisciplinary Approach for Older Adults in Ireland

Abstract Background In Ireland, the healthcare landscape is evolving with frameworks which emphasize community-based care, such as Enhanced Community Care and the National Integrated Care Programme for Older Persons. Our Integrated Care Team for Older Persons (ICPOP) service exemplifies this shift by providing intensive, immediate multidisciplinary care to frail adults, aiming to maintain their independence in their homes and communities. Methods In the case study we describe service users journey with ICPOP. The case study illustrates the transition from fragmented care to a collaborative, patient-centred approach. ICPOP employs a structured process involving comprehensive assessment, goal setting, weekly multidisciplinary team meetings, stakeholder liaison, and detailed discharge reports. This approach focuses on early supported discharge and close coordination with local MDT teams, fostering effective communication and shared decision-making. Results This case study demonstrates the effectiveness of ICPOP's multidisciplinary model. Key factors contributing to this success include physical co-location, shared goals and vision, mutual trust, and established relationships among professionals. Furthermore, the integration of Allied Health Professionals (AHPs) within community teams enriches the care continuum and enhances outcomes for older adults. Conclusion To further enhance integrated care delivery, digital solutions are crucial. Implementing shared electronic health records and facilitating access to medical findings can streamline communication and improve care coordination. Additionally, prioritizing written discharge summaries for clients can ensure continuity of care and empower patients and their families in the post-discharge phase. This patient journey underscores the importance of collaborative, patient-centred care models in achieving the objectives of Sláintecare leading to better outcomes for older adults in Ireland.