National Industrial System Research Articles

MOSFET Characteristics and Related Biological Devices Analysis

With the development of modern electronic information technology, portable, fast, and high-performance electronic information products have brought great changes to people's life and health. People pay more and more attention to electronic information products. Not only in the civil aspect, high-end precision electronics industry, such as artificial intelligence, the new generation of electronic communication technology, medical devices, aerospace, and defense fields are based on various chips, to establish a complete national industrial system. This article describes MOSFET basic introduction, working principle and structure, etc., which plays an important role in the modern electronic information industry, including its application in implantable medical devices-current stimulator. The conclusion of this article is that with more and more capital and talent investment, the future of the chip industry with MOSEF as the basic component is very optimistic. The significance of this paper is to introduce the existing MOSFET technology and put forward views for future development.

Is this time different? How Industry 4.0 affects firms’ labor productivity

Does Industry 4.0 technology adoption push firms’ labor productivity? We contribute to the literature debate—mainly focused on robotics and large firms—by analyzing adopters’ labor productivity returns when micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSME) are concerned. We employ original survey data on Italian MSMEs’ adoption investments related to a multiplicity of technologies and rely on a difference-in-differences estimation strategy. Results highlight that Industry 4.0 technology adoption leads to a 7% increase in labor productivity. However, this effect decreases over time and is highly heterogeneous with respect to the type, the number, and the variety of technologies adopted. We also identify potential channels explaining the labor productivity returns of technology adoption: cost-related efficiency, new knowledge creation, and greater integration/collaboration both within the firm and with suppliers.Plain English SummaryBecoming Industry 4.0 technology adopter boosts Italian manufacturing micro, small, and medium enterprises’ (MSME) labor productivity by more than 7% on average. This is the key finding of new research based on original survey data collected from a sample of MSMEs operating in “Made in Italy” industries. Specifically, the research suggests that brand-new adopters of Industry 4.0 technologies gain a labor productivity premium compared to their non-adopting counterparts that lasts for up to 2 years after the adoption occurred. However, the productivity returns of technology adoption show non-linearities with respect to both the number of new technologies adopted by the firm and the variety of “technology groups” (production, customization, and data processing technologies). Overall, these results point to the relevance of industrial policies promoting the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies by MSMEs, and this seems to be particularly the case for all those countries where MSMEs make the bulk of the national industrial system.

Human capital: concept formation and major stages

A successful technological advancement, wide initiative of the population in the sphere of the development of its potential and steady economic upturn characterize a successful growth of the society. These base principles promote the transition to a new social-economic formation – the economy of the post-industrial type. The successful economy of post-industrial type depends on the labor productivity, talent, knowledge, competency etc., which build the national industrial system.

Моделирование влияния факторов развития промышленности на реиндустриализацию экономики США

Introduction. In the context of deglobalization and regionalization of the world economy, the leading country of modern neo-capitalism, the United States of America, is modernizing the national industrial system, using internal and external factors of innovation and technological development. The subject of the study is the assessment of the impact of industrial production development factors observed in the United States in the 2010s on the reindustrialization of the country’s economy (in comparison with the previous decade). The empirical confirmation of the phenomenon of reindustrialization as a strategic basis for the development of the American economy seems to be topical. Theoretical analysis. Based on the cyclic, wave nature of the economic development of the world-system, the “center” of which is the United States, the author identifies two conceptual provisions that conditionally express external and internal contradictions, the solution of which objectively pushes the United States towards reindustrialization. Accordingly, the first one is connected with the growing competition in the world market from the countries that “ride” the new technological wave, and the second one is connected with the solution of the problems of national technological security through the NBIC convergence of industrial production. Empirical analysis. Identification and substantiation of the influence of factors in the development of American industry on the reindustrialization of the US economy is possible through economic and mathematical modeling, the basis of which is the method of principal components. The modeling includes a comparison of linear combinations of the initial factors of the development of American industry over certain periods of time, conditionally divided into two cyclical waves, which qualitatively characterize the multidirectional dynamics of the US industrial mesoeconomic system in the 2000s and 2010s. Results. The difference in the degree of influence of each of the selected factors, estimated by specific indicators of the US industrial development and modeled within a certain cyclical wave, is revealed. At the same time, the total influence of the considered factors of the development of American industry on the reindustrialization of the US economy can be considered generally unidirectional. This testifies, first of all, to the phenomenal nature of reindustrialization “Americanstyle” as a natural objective consequence of the cyclic-wave nature of the process of capitalist reproduction, which at the beginning of the 21st century is at the forefront of a change in technological patterns. In addition, the objective process of re-industrial modernization, confirmed by the empirical data of the simulation, includes a subjective component in the form of increased state influence on the technologization of the industrial sector of the economy through the use of funds from the financial and speculative sphere and protectionist measures in foreign trade.

Embodied energy-based ecological network analysis on growth and development of the national industrial system: An empirical study in Australia

The issue of sustainable energy consumption in the socio-economic system has been widely investigated in recent studies. Embodied energy transfer is also part of the normal economic pattern. To evaluate the sustainability of a system, it is important to consider not only the growth of the system as an indicator, but also the development of the system's structure. Growth and development are two phenomena that need to be quantitively measured because these phenomena closely reflect sustainability. However, little research has studied the effects of sectoral level on growth and development. This research addresses growth and development from a network perspective in order to assess the sectoral effects on system characteristics by using information-based ecological network analysis (IENA) and a hypothetical embodied energy network model. In this study, taking the Australian industrial system as an example, Australian national input–output data and industrial consumption data are used to establish the embodied energy network based on Australian industries. The research constructs an embodied energy cycle network with seven major industries and uses a hypothetical extraction method to establish a hypothesis network for each sector. Then the research compares the hypothetical networks with the original embodied energy network. The differences represent the sectoral effects on the growth and development of the embodied energy network. By using the IENA method with the hypothetical network model, the contribution of a single specific sector can be quantified. Analytical results reveal that the sectoral increases in the volume of the network do not reflect system sustainability, while system sustainability improvement requires sectoral contributions not only to system volume but also to an increase in network organization. The research develops a sectoral-level model to identify the key drivers in the identified system from the network perspective. The results show the sectors with high levels of self-embodied energy flows make high contributions to the improvement of system sustainability in the Australian embodied energy network.

Ecological relationships of global construction industries in sustainable economic and energy development

Value-added trade has increased rapidly in recent decades in the context of globalisation. This paper aims to measure the energy embodied in the value-added trade and the ecological relationships in the networks of the international construction industries. A hybrid method which combines ecological network analysis and the input–output method has been adopted. The direct energy intensities in most countries ranged from 0 to 3.0 trillion joules per million US$ and the dominant relationships were control and exploitation in the selected 15 years. For the construction sector, the negative relationships were dominant at 63.9% in Australia and 79.19% in China. The ratio of positive relationships increased from 24.3% to 31.5%, while the ratio of negative relationships declined from 75.7% to 68.5% over the 15 years. The mutualism index ranged from 0.72 to 0.98 over the 15 years, maintaining a value less than 1. In contrast, the synergism index had an increase of 12.2 over the 15 years. The results indicate that both direct energy intensity and the value-added ratio are important factors in relation to the energy embodied in value-added trade. Sectoral influence on the national industrial system has been interpreted in this paper to stimulate further research.

ДЖЕНТРИФИКАЦИЯ В СФЕРЕ РАЗВИТИЯ НЕБЛАГОПРИЯТНЫХ ГОРОДСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ

In the past half century, the concept of regeneration or gentrification is reinforced when the development of urban areas. Regeneration is the transforming of degraded urban areas. The main methods and techniques of solving the research problem are the analysis of modern urban areas subjected to gentrification.
 The deindustrialization, starting from the 1970-1980s, is typical for the cities of Western Europe and the United States of America. This phenomenon was initiated by economic globalization; the national industrial system based on competitiveness is degraded; a new model of economic development is oriented on the financial and credit industry and the service sector. 
 The term «gentrification» can be translated as a "refinement", i.e. increasing the level of attractiveness of area for rent and accommodation. 
 This is applicable for different objects: from individual buildings to the regions of city, those are unfavourable or degraded due to socio-economic and natural factors. 
 In this article is devoted to the processes of transformation of urban industrial zones; the possibility of reformation of the territories of former industrial enterprises for the nowadays needs of the city.
 The detailed study of gentrification is accomplished for the High Line Park and conclusions on a benefit of this process are shown.

Learning from the National Manufacturing Industrial System

The recent wave of rising protectionism and re-internationalization of capital poses a significant challenge to national industrial system that structures the network and governance firms. This work aims to analyze the global commercial network of the Italian manufacturing industry under the lenses of the network analysis, describing its peculiarities and the development and internationalization paths of its international branches. The originality of the work is also that improving the ability to analyze and manage information extracted from unstructured data (stemming from notes to the firm financial statements). An adjacency matrix created on BvD-Orbis (Bureau van Dijk Electronic Publishing) flagship company database. It contains information about over 12.000 large Italian companies and belonging to one or more of 17.000 different branches in 2017. In this way it was possible to understand the evolving dynamics of the sales network of the Italian branches. The results confirm that the manufacturing industry represents a significant challenge for the design of industrial policy for the national industrial system, highlighting that the structural changes in global production have aroused renewed interest in the role of this sector in promoting economic development and policy. Following this perspective, we demonstrate the relationship between the network of countries shared by Italian companies and we highlight the fundamental characteristics in the structure of intersectoral connections.

Tendency of Embodied Carbon Change in the Export Trade of Chinese Manufacturing Industry from 2000 to 2015 and Its Driving Factors

The manufacturing industry is an important part of the national industrial system, and is usually an industry with high carbon content. However, few studies have been carried out on the total amount, structure and the trend of the embodied carbon emission in the international trade of the Chinese manufacturing industry. Based on the input–output method, the thesis proposes the coefficient of direct carbon emission and complete carbon emission and a method for calculating the embodied carbon of the export trade. It also calculates the coefficient of direct carbon emission and complete carbon emission for the Chinese manufacturing sector from 2000 to 2015 and breaks down the embodied carbon change of export trade in the manufacturing industry to a technological effect, structural effect and scale effect by using the method of structural decomposition. Several inspiring conclusions could be drawn from the thesis. For example: (1) the coefficient of both the direct carbon emission and the complete carbon emission has been decreasing significantly, indicating the achievements of the energy saving and emission reduction of the Chinese manufacturing industry. (2) The embodied carbon emission from the manufacturing exports remains high and presents a rising tendency. The main sectors that export the embodied carbon includes “S10 mechanical equipment and instruments”, “S9 metal products”, “S6 chemical industry”, etc., which should be the key sectors on reducing embodied carbon in exports. (3) The driving force of the embodied carbon exports lies in the scale effect of the manufacturing industry, on which the technical effect of the industry has a significant negative effect. The structural effect should have a positive influence that takes on a rising tendency; generally, this effect is only two-thirds of the scale effect. Finally, the corresponding policy suggestions have been made.

Open innovation in the public sector

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to verify and improve the framework assessing the evolution and importance of the technological, human, social and financial resources of an Indian research-based spin-off (RBSO) throughout its four stages of development by Vohora et al. (2004).Design/methodology/approachThe open innovation (OI) phenomenon is spreading among public organizations. One of the OI practices used by the public research centers to market their technologies is to set up new business entities called RBSOs. Many studies have focused on spin-offs but there are still some gaps. To overcome the existing limitations, the authors built a framework which they tested on three previous case studies.FindingsThe results obtained show how a parent organization and its incubator can play fundamental roles in creating and developing a successful RBSO. This is done by supplying managerial staff and providing access to skills, funds and other material and immaterial resources.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitations of this study are related to the sectoral and geopolitical factors of the single case analyzed. For this reason, the observations that emerge should be supported by other empirical analyses.Originality/valueThe findings of this study can offer a better understanding of the spin-off life to managers, researchers, public organizations and government agencies. They can learn how to improve policies and practices of technology transfer and strengthen the national industrial system.

The economic cycle and the innovation activity of the Polish industry system

Industrial structures in the “catching up” type of countries usually are not too competitive in nature, and mainly they differ in the low share of high-technology products in the international trade. The aim of the conducted studies was an attempt to search for directions, as well as the power of impact of different phases of the business cycle on the innovation activity of the Polish industrial system. Consequently, this was to allow to determine the boundary conditions for the national network of innovations and its model structure, which would take into account the specificity of Poland. The methodical part of the paper was based on the theory of probability (probit modelling). Based on the analysis performed based on 5209 industrial companies (questionnaire survey) it was stated that in the prosperity phase the implementation of the innovation activity is significantly higher than in other phases of the business cycle. On the other hand, during recession and stagnation, the innovation activity is a less common phenomenon, but is not completely abandoned. Research results did not confirm the occurrence of the counter-cyclical approach to the conducted innovation activity in the national industrial system. The economic situation is thus an important factor, which influences the decision whether to undertake, activate or, in some cases, limit the innovation activity in companies. Therefore, there is a need to take into account the existing market conditions in the programming of the innovation policy within the impact on the phenomenon of the innovation processes in Poland.

CLUSTER IMPACT ON COMPANY CREDITWORTHINESS: CASE OF LATVIA

One of the leading driving forces of every state economy is small and medium enterprises (SME). In Latvia, SME accounts for 99.7% of the national industrial system, creating 70% of the national’ value added. The lack of sufficient capital and credit is often a major problem for the development of SME, particularly in their early growth stages. The main criterion and quality indicator of credit risk assessment is the borrower’s creditworthiness. Before issuing a loan, the checking of the borrower’s credibility and solvency is carried out. The assessment of the borrowers’ ability to pay, their creditworthiness at a definite moment must be connected with the ability to meet their liabilities in the future. The objective of the paper is to provide analysis on the development of Latvian government supported SME clusters and test the author’s hypothesis about the dependence of a company creditworthiness on its membership in a SME cluster. Persistent market fragmentation, weak industry-research linkages and insufficient cooperation indicate that clusters in Latvia do not always have the necessary critical mass and innovation capacity to face global competition sustainably and to be world-class. The creditworthiness measurement methodology applied by these the authors did not prove any correlation between the membership of a firm in a cluster and its credit risk decrease, apparently other financial indicators (value of assets, capital etc.) are more significant. Improvement of these indicators will decrease the credit risk of a firm more considerably than membership in cluster organizations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.18.1.3668

New Methodology of Assessing Wasted Energy in Industrial Sector: Assessing Industrial Systems contribution to Thermal Pollution

Thermal Pollution represents “the release into the environment of substances that are innocuous themselves but at a temperature higher than the ambient altering the physical characteristics of the air or water with which they mix” (Science Dictionary). The quantity of the heated air dumped in the atmosphere is intrinsically related to efficiency of industrial systems, processes and industries. Increasing efficiencies of industrial systems, processes and industries will directly reduce the thermal pollution. In other words, all energy savings obtained by increasing energy efficiency of industrial systems and processes (IS&P) represents avoided Thermal Pollution. To date, studies of energetic performances of industrial systems and industries have lagged behind those used in the commercial and institutional sectors due to: Variability and complexity of IS&P, Variability of material and environmental conditions, The absence of a large population of comparable data required for a regression-based approach that would enable the normalization of material and environmental conditions, and thus allow for a useful comparison of energy performance at the process level. The reluctance of industrial firms to share data on industrial processes that is often considered proprietary. Paper proposes: an energetic assessment of Thermal Pollution by using a new rating system model describing the energy efficiency of any industrial equipment, system drive or process independent of a comparison with other processes. Comparative element across an industrial sector that is traditionally used, is replaced with a theoretical goal. The rating is then solely based on how close the true energy consumption within an industrial process gets to that ideal state. Proposed methodology splits energy consumption in 2 (two) specific components: Ideal energy (EIdeal) and Energy at Risk (E@R) – that represents actually the Thermal Pollution (Th.P). By considering these two energy types Benchmark Energy Factor (BEF) can be defined. The (BEF) will enable a new approach towards energy efficiency in the industrial sector and help level the playing field for energy management reducing the waste energy and therefore Thermal Pollution. It will be demonstrated that Energy at Risk (Thermal Pollution) variation is embedded in (BEF). Once Energy at Risk (E@R) is known, it will be logical proceeding with benchmarking plants, industrial systems or/and processes assessing their capability of managing E@R (waste energy or Th.P) by focusing on in-situ testing and making educated decision towards reducing wasted heat and thermal pollution. Case studies on proposed methodology are presented at the level of equipments, industrial system drives, plants, processes, and industries. The methodology of determining the magnitude of thermal pollution is applied to a typical national industrial system by using conservation potential obtainable when Integrated Industrial System Drives (IISD) are to be used. The scope of this paper is to uncover Th.P. as new pollutant that can be included in EPA Clean Air Act making available to consultants, designers, end-users, utility programs and environmental organizations reliable criteria of reducing thermal pollution of the existing or new industrial systems or plants as part of the climate change mitigation.

The role of the reactor size for an investment in the nuclear sector: An evaluation of not-financial parameters

The literature presents many studies about the economics of new Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Such studies are based on Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) methods encompassing the accounts related to Construction, Operation & Maintenance, Fuel and Decommissioning. However the investment evaluation of a nuclear reactor should also include not-financial factors such as siting and grid constraints, impact on the national industrial system, etc. The Integrated model for the Competitiveness Assessment of SMRs (INCAS), developed by Politecnico di Milano cooperating with the IAEA, is designed to analyze the choice of the better Nuclear Power Plant size as a multidimensional problem. In particular the INCAS’s module “External Factors” evaluates the impact of the factors that are not considered in the traditional DCF methods. This paper presents a list of these factors, providing, for each one, the rationale and the quantification procedure; then each factor is quantified for the Italian case. The IRIS reactor has been chosen as SMR representative. The approach and the framework of the model can be applied to worldwide countries while the specific results apply to most of the European countries. The results show that SMRs have better performances than LRs with respect to the external factors, in general and in the Italian scenario in particular.

Integrating the national industrial system: the new challenge for Chile

This paper analyses the policy-making approach taken in Chile in the past three decades as a move away from unsatisfactory import substitution industrialisation (ISI), and as an affirmative response to the rule of free trade and globalisation. After many years of successful economic growth, Chile seems to be at a turning point. Indeed, the country's position in the new globalised market–like that of other small countries–appears weak compared to stronger competitors, such as China and other East Asian countries. This is rooted in the neoliberal policies that have been pursued for many years (although in a less orthodox way in the last decade) and that have had a significant impact on the economic structure of the country. The main effect of these policies has been a split between a small sector driven by modern, technologically advanced, large firms, and a larger sector of traditional, labour-intensive, micro and small enterprises. The divergence between the two sectors in terms of their economic characteristics and their relative performance prevents them from establishing any kind of linkages. Therefore, the capacity of the system to respond to international competition shrinks. The implicit practical adjustments in policy-making implemented by the main national development organisation(s) are not enough to surmount the present difficulties. A different kind of answer is needed, namely, industrial development strategies that are voluntarily and collectively organised, and that aim to reconnect the national production system, overcoming tendencies to fragmentation and making the country more competitive internationally.

How to Sustain Tokyo's Competitiveness in the 21st Century

The explosive growth of Tokyo has caused various urban problems for future development in the 21st century. The most influential project on the future regional structure of the metropolis should be the construction of core business cities which aims to disperse the pivotal nature of business in the inner city to some new districts including main cities in the suburbs. One of the major factors central to the development of the Tokyo metropolitan area is the improvement of the infrastructure through the completion of the Kanto-belt high way which will connect most of the main cities in the suburbs each other. This is expected to facilitate transportation by reducing the traffic congestion in inner Tokyo. The key project in the redevelopment of Tokyo is The revitalization of the Tokyo Bay area. Under the leadership of the national government, many facilities which will drive information and micro-electronics technological innovation, etc. are in the process of being planned. This area will be very important for the sustainable development not only for Tokyo but also for Asian cities. The activation of industry is also an important subject for the sustainable development of the metropolis. Tokyo still maintains a leading position as the functional center of the national industrial system. It is necessary to make efforts to establish for more sophisticated and tight-knit industrial complexes, which are indispensable with the division of labor system in Japan and Asia. For the promotion of sustainable development of Tokyo in the severe global competition, it is necessary to establish a new strong organ to coordinate and implement the various projects of national, prefectural and municipal(or Ku) governments effectively.

A management model of fast European, centrally-planned economies

The paper presents a model of managerial effectiveness of a national industrial system in European socialist countries. Concentration is upon linking policy-determined variables - especially types of managerial bonuses and careers, the degree to which central authorities use specific performance indicators in judging enterprise success, and the degree of ambition incorporated into enforced plans of enterprises — to managerial system effectiveness by way of a set of intermediary variables.