National Housing Bank Research Articles

Empathy of Bank Employees and Its Influence on Service Quality of Banks: Evidence from the Knowledge Economy of Kerala in Digital India

ICT is being aggressively promoted by the Govt. of India (GOI) as part of its ‘Digital India’ and such other policies like JAM. In this ICT-thrust era in Digital India, ‘Empathy’ aspect of service quality of banks is studied in this paper, focusing on housing finance segment-a national priority. ‘Housing for All’ is a national goal of the GOI and topmost priority is being accorded to housing sector by the State and Union Governments and also by the regulatory bodies like National Housing Bank (NHB) and Reserve Bank of India (RBI). This study is based on the feedback from 600 housing loan customers of banks in Kerala – a State that strives to turn into a ‘Knowledge Economy’ or ‘Digital Kerala’ in the context of ‘Digital India’. This paper makes an empirical study of the service quality in respect of the housing finance business of banks with a focus on the empathy of staff. It observes that even in this ICT era, a real ‘Willingness to help’ and other empathy values for the bank staff and also a ‘Human touch’ in their deals are vital for success.

Social interest housing projects implemented by BNH in the 1980s in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul

The conditions that existed in 1964 allowed the foundation of the Housing Finance System and the National Housing Bank (BNH), which led to the creation of large social housing projects the Housing Companies (COHABs). These projects were implemented to reduce the pressure for housing on the classes with lower purchasing power. This article aims to evaluate housing projects of social interest implemented in the 1980s through the BNH in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, analysing their implementation and consequences. The document analysis method was used on data characterising the occupied areas. The BNH action was significant due to the number of housing units delivered in the period, which benefitted 13,028 families, 58,626 people. The model followed considerably reduced the housing deficit, but also led to the formation of urban voids; this was related to the fact that the BNH is a central decision-making body at the federal level. Housing construction used areas in regions that were unattractive for the formal real estate market, in places far from the centre, which were often located on the banks of streams, outside the urban perimeter. This situation made it difficult for the population to access service, mobility, supply, and urban facility networks. At the end of the period evaluated, the need to improve public policies aimed at social housing became evident, in future avoiding some mistakes made in the implementation of housing projects in the city.

Autoconstrução e autogestão habitacional no Brasil: um estudo comparativo em dois períodos: 1975-1986 e 2004-2018

As políticas habitacionais, direcionadas à população de baixa renda, ocupam um importante espaço na agenda técnico-político da maioria dos países, sendo muitas vezes, vinculadas a práticas de ajuda mútua, autoconstrução, mutirão e autogestão. O presente artigo analisa dois períodos em que, no Brasil, essas práticas foram apoiadas e institucionalizadas a nível federal: o primeiro, entre 1975 - 1986, por meio dos denominados Programas Alternativos implementados pelo Banco Nacional de Habitação (BNH), e o segundo, entre 2004 - 2018, com os programas Crédito Solidário e Minha Casa Minha Vida - Entidades (MCMV-e). O estudo apresenta a relação entre esses dois períodos históricos evidenciando seus contrastes no que tange o incentivo à políticas habitacionais de fomento à autoconstrução no Brasil. A partir do estudo comparativo, percebe-se a oscilação no diálogo entre Estado e sociedade civil, bem como a forma distinta com que as noções presentes no debate são apropriadas pelos diferentes grupos sociais. Em ambos os períodos do estudo, as políticas públicas embora tenham incluído em algum grau a autoconstrução, a autogestão e o mutirão nos programas habitacionais, os mesmos representaram esforços e processos distintos em cada momento.

Watershed for Rural Housing In India: A Review of the Policy Developments, Changes and Major Issues

Owing to the skewed nature of the housing market, the rural housing sector of the country has been facing the development exclusion for a very long period. In the absence of the major players, particularly the private sector and cooperative institutions, the sector has been historically depending only on the public investment through a number of social housing schemes. Lack of a well conceived rural housing policy and inclusive housing finance system have been the hard realities for over six decades of the development history. However, the sector has witnessed a watershed in the last decade with an exclusive policy design for the development for the first time and a number of public financial commitments like Rural Housing Fund, Golden Jubilee Rural Housing Finance Scheme, Housing Micro Finance and Refinancing Scheme of the National Housing Bank have been in vogue. Having been the first, these initiatives have impacted the sector positively in terms of creating new housing stock and in creating access to housing services, especially drinking water and household electricity, which are nearing total coverage of the households. Unfortunately, misconception of the rural housing realities, the poverty has doubled itself both absolutely and relatively. That apart, the paper has identified a number of major policy issues and offers a few policy implications for the effective development administration by making the finance system more inclusive, promotion of voluntary actions among the houseless families and evolving an integrated approach for development of housing amenities within the social housing framework. What demands for the transformation are strong political will as well as amalgamation of the housing and amenities charges.

A Study on the Role of National Housing Bank (NHB) in Housing Finance

Housing is essential for decent living of a man. Providing housing for all is the prime motive of the Government of India. With a view to fulfill this objective, it instituted National Housing Bank during the year 1988 through which various housing finance companies are providing housing finances. The study is attempted to highlight the role played by the NHB in housing development of our Nation. NHB played a major role through its refinance activity to the housing finance institutions which are involving in housing finance activities.

A participação de cooperativas nas políticas públicas habitacionais no Brasil e no Uruguai

Resumo A política econômica segregadora e a inexistência ou ineficiência de políticas habitacionais são aspectos que aprofundam as desigualdades sociais entre os diferentes segmentos de renda. O Uruguai, por meio da chamada “Ley de Vivienda”, buscou solucionar a debilidade habitacional positivando o direito à moradia e regulamentando a inserção de cooperativas ao acesso às políticas públicas. A lei, ainda em vigor, possibilita que o bem imóvel seja tratado como direito, não apenas como propriedade, e permite que as cooperativas atuem no processo de planejamento, execução e administração dos projetos habitacionais, princípio compreendido como autogestão. No Brasil, os primeiros programas que atendiam à demanda habitacional eram fragmentários, atendendo a uma pequena parcela dos demandantes. Com o surgimento do Banco Nacional da Habitação (BNH) ampliou-se o acesso ao crédito para obtenção de moradia. As cooperativas habitacionais estavam incluídas nesse programa, compreendendo o atendimento do mercado de renda média. Com o fim do BNH e a insatisfação decorrente da crise econômica, surgiram movimentos sociais em torno da questão da moradia urbana, buscando articulações práticas e políticas para transformar a moradia em direito. No fim da década de 1980, o intercâmbio de experiências com o Uruguai iniciou a abordagem do ingresso das cooperativas na habitação de interesse social; um aspecto, até então, não experimentado no Brasil. Utilizando o método histórico-descritivo, este estudo resulta de análise dos ordenamentos normativos e de produções acadêmicas sobre o tema. Busca-se compreender a participação das cooperativas na habitação popular e suas dificuldades de acesso às políticas públicas habitacionais.

Breve análise da participação de cooperativas nas políticas públicas habitacionais no Brasil e no Uruguai

A política econômica segregadora e a inexistência ou ineficiência de políticas habitacionais são aspectos que aprofundam as desigualdades sociais entre os diferentes segmentos de renda. O Uruguai, por meio da Ley de Vivienda, buscou solucionar a debilidade habitacional positivando o direito à moradia e regulamentando a inserção de cooperativas ao acesso às políticas públicas. A lei, ainda em vigência, possibilita que o bem imóvel seja tratado como direito, não apenas como propriedade e permite que as cooperativas atuem no processo de planejamento, execução e administração dos projetos habitacionais, princípio compreendido como autogestão. No Brasil, os primeiros programas que atendiam a demanda habitacional eram fragmentários, atendendo uma pequena parcela dos demandantes. Com o surgimento do Banco Nacional de Habitação foi ampliado o acesso ao crédito para obtenção de moradia. As cooperativas habitacionais estavam incluídas nesse programa, compreendendo o atendimento do mercado de renda média. Com o fim do BNH e a insatisfação decorrente da crise econômica, movimentos sociais em torno da questão da moradia urbana surgiram, buscando articulações práticas e políticas para transformar a moradia em direito. No fim da década de 1980 do intercâmbio de experiências com o Uruguai iniciou a abordagem do ingresso das cooperativas na habitação de interesse social; um aspecto, até então, não experimentado no Brasil. Utilizando-se do método histórico-descritivo, este estudo é resultado de uma análise dos ordenamentos normativos e de produções acadêmicas sobre o tema. Buscando compreender a participação das cooperativas na habitação popular e as dificuldades de acesso das mesmas às políticas públicas habitacionais.

Innovations In Housing Finance Sector: In Reference To National Housing Bank

structure, products, appraisal and recovery norms etc. Aggressive competition in the field of housing finance has made it imperative that only effective and efficient functioning will be the key to survival and success in the long run. As the apex housing finance institution of the country, NHB has been monitoring and regulating the housing finance industry to ensure its growth on sound and healthy lines. The objective of the paper is to review of existing housing finance products and potential and opportunities associated with innovations in housing finance products. The programme will address issues like Productive Housing in Rural Areas, issues related to Reverse Mortgage and Aam Aadmi Awas along with existing housing finance products.

Direito à Moradia e Gentrificação: A Política de Aluguel em Foco

O presente estudo aborda as formas de realização do Direito Fundamental Social à Moradia e as respectivas políticas públicas de Habitação no Brasil. Analisa como se dá a produção do espaço urbano no país, partindo desde os paradigmas advindos com o extinto Banco Nacional de Habitação (BNH) até os dias atuais. Trabalha a definição daquilo que é efetivamente o direito à moradia, com enfoque na tradição patrimonialista brasileira. Perpassa pelas consequências da má administração da política habitacional em nível nacional e, assim, formula perspectivas para possíveis soluções ao grande déficit habitacional e à segregação urbana em nossas cidades.

A Study of Competition and Concentration of Indian Mortgage (Housing) Finance using Herfindahl Model

The growth in housing activities in recent years reflects the optimistic state of the housing finance market in the country. With a growing number of players, the mortgage (housing) finance sector is becoming market driven. The market has witnessed change in lending practices in certain segments to accommodate customer needs. There seems to be high intensity of competition among different players of the housing finance sector. The findings of the study reveal that the business of housing finance is highly concentrated in nature and revolves around a few players only. The top players are HDFC Limited, National Housing Bank, SBI, ICICI and LICHFL. Amongst these three HFIs, HDFC Limited is taking the lead. Talking about the value of HH index with respect to the level of concentration, the trend has continued to remain the same over several years. The performance of these institutions has been influenced by more than just customer demand. Stricter NPA norms, softening interest rates, and stiff competition in mobilizing low-cost deposits have all affected the supply-side factors, which in turn has influenced the performance of these institutions in terms of volume and competitiveness.

The Robustness of Residex as a House Price Index

The Robustness of Residex as a House Price Index

The trajectory of social housing policy in Brazil: From the National Housing Bank to the Ministry of the Cities

This paper discusses social housing policy in Brazil since the 1990s by analyzing government programs' institutional arrangements, their sources of revenues and the formatting of related financial systems. The conclusion suggests that all these arrangements have not constituted a comprehensive housing policy with the clear aim of serving to enhance housing conditions in the country. Housing ‘policies’ since the 1990s – as proposed by Fernando Collor de Mello, Itamar Franco, Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Luis Inácio Lula da Silva's governments (in the latter case, despite much progress towards subsidized investment programs) – have sought to consolidate financial instruments in line with global markets, restructuring the way private interests operate within the system, a necessary however incomplete course of action. Different from rhetoric, this has resulted in failure as the more fundamental social results for the poor have not yet been achieved.

Commentary: On form, comparability, and levels in the income and health relationship

Based on information from the tax register. Total income is the sum of several different types of income. The following method of calculation is used: net income (according to the central government taxation rules) or basis for surtax on gross income (the highest amount for every individual in the household is selected). Included in total income are: student loans and grants from the state educational loan fund; housing allowance from the Norwegian national housing bank; family allowance; miscellaneous tax-free social security benefits (including basic benefit, supplementary benefit, maternity benefit, education grants, etc.); parents’ tax deduction; other transfers.

The Closure of the Brazilian Housing Bank and Beyond

This paper analyses the continuing crisis of the Brazilian housing finance system in the second half of the 1980s and early 1990s. The paper assesses the impact of the closure of the Brazilian National Housing Bank in 1986 on future developments within the circuit of housing finance and in relation to social housing production. The paper briefly analyses the SEAC scheme, set up during the Sarney government (1985-89) and the MAS/CEF housing programme, set up during the Collor government (1990-92). The paper adds to a previous Urban Studies paper which focuses on developments in the first half of the 1980s.

Securitization of Assets: Developments Abroad and Prospects in India

Securitization of Assets is a tool in the asset-liability management of banks and financial institutions to tide over the liquidity and other risks and also to supplement income by way of profit on sale of loans. Housing finance sector is one area where securitization is in practice and government has identified National Housing Bank as a facilitator for providing guarantee. This paper focuses on development of securitization in the US and Europe where it has diversified from a mortgage loan phenomenon in the 70’s into non-mortgage based loans giving rise to Asset Based Securities (ABS). It also brings out the impediments and constraints in the way of realising the potential of ABS in India. The growth of securitization in India has been affected mainly due to the non-development of the debt-market. The onus of developing and popularising the asset based securities in India lies on the merchant banker.

Private housing finance in India: Reaching down-market?

India's economic liberalisation and financial reform policies determine its housing finance sector, which is developing and expanding, particularly in the private sector. The housing finance market is regulated and supervised by the National Housing Bank, which tries to stimulate housing finance corporations serving the small man. The reasons why the attempts of down-marketing housing finance through the private sector are not as successful as may be expected are highlighted. This case study shows that the potential of down-marketing housing finance anticipated by neo-liberalism is rather limited. Furthermore, it teaches us lessons which may be useful for the development of the housing finance market in other developing countries.

Federal Housing Policy and Hud

The authors first review the origins and birth of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Second, they analyze four recurrent types of problems: (1) lack of consistent presidential and congressional support for low-income housing and urban aid, (2) primary reliance upon the private sector to meet housing needs, (3) HUD's structure, internal conflicts, and shortcomings, and (4) the complexity of housing and urban problems. Third, they recommend three major changes: (1) splitting HUD into two agencies to deal separately with housing and urban development, (2) merging all federal housing programs into the new housing agency, and (3) creating a national housing bank. Finally, they advocate the adoption of progressive housing policies to better benefit poorer housing consumers.

Slum finances in Madras

Shelter is one of the basic human needs. It is next to food and clothing. A house is per Se a place of dwelling, though it does generate income by way of letting a portion of the house and/or operating an economic activity within it. It is especially so in the areas of economically weaker sections (EWS). Thus, owning a house is closely connected with gradual improvement in the standard of living. Construction, owning and sustaining ownership of a house by the EWS involves two major attributes: namely, the economic c~~p~lbility of EWS and the provision of shcltcr by the govcrnmcntal agencies, including finance. Indian cities have long cxpcricncc in provision of houses to EWS. However, the stud& available indicate that the mcrc provision of houses/house sites to EWS of the city population has neither improved the standard of living nor has it guaranteed the sust~linat~ility of that ownership by the EWS. It has been made clear that houses available for EWS are, by and large. below their economic capacity. Even when they arc capable, most of the time they arc not encouraged to mobitisc finances to build or to upgrade their houses. India, with its vast Con~pIcxities, has been finding it diffic~ilt to provide meaningful economic opportunities of living, particularly for the EWS. Formally loanable funds are as scarce in India as in any other developing country. Further, the competing forms of utilisation of funds result in high interest rates and complicated procedures to obtain loans, which in turn keep the EWS from availing thcmsclves of formal loanablc funds. The National Housing Bank, which should finance housing activities in the country, is a welcome attempt, although it is too late it was established in April 1988. Both the Draft National Housing Policy and the National Housing Bank seem to have a bias towards the middle and upper middle/upper income households, as any other new programmes have in the past. It leads to the conclusion that the National Housing Bank is not essentially meant for the urban and rural poor. It is explicit when it admits that “the group’s task is limited to dealing with the problems of encouraging the flow of finance to the non-subsidised sector”. Formal housing finance is still made difficult by socio-cultural, informational and spatial barriers to EWS. In such cases, housing policy for the EWS needs either to incorporate an economic instrument to upgrade the skills of EWS so as to make them able to earn more, along with provision of housing components, or to provide readymade houses. What is the choice of policy-makers today? What seems to emerge is greater attention to economic inputs while providing shelter. This paper attempts to reveal the circumstances by which and the extent to which the EWS are made to mobilise finances formally and informally. What are

Spatially and Socially Progressive State Policy and Programs: The Case of Brazil's National Housing Bank

Abstract A variety of conceptions of the state, from pluralist to Marxist, can be used to interpret the social and spatial dimensions of state activity and the limits of state relative autonomy. Three of these state theories are compared and assessed in this paper in the context of an empirical analysis of the performance of Brazil's massive National Housing Bank (BNH), which set ambitious goals of spatially and socially progressive resource redistribution. A comparison of BNH's investments in two cities (Curitiba and Salvador) reveals that the latter, which is relatively poor, has received more loan money, but a smaller share of it has gone to low-income households. BNH has been able to transfer substantial resources to the urban periphery, thus fulfilling its spatial objective and demonstrating how the state can spatially disperse resources, but has had far less success with its social objective of providing housing loans to the periphery's poor. This is largely attributable to its institutional form co...

THE HOUSING OF THE URBAN MIDDLE CLASSES IN BRAZIL

Recent literature on housing studies (Batley, 1977; Bolaffi, 1983) fail to explain why the post‐1964 authoritarian regime in Brazil allocated a vast proportion of federal expenditure on housing to the urban middle classes concentrated in the South East region of Brazil. Since the creation of the National Housing Bank in 1964 state involvement in housing provision has been enormous. Housing has been one of the areas of general personal consumption in which successive governments for the past twenty years have been keenly concerned. Several million dwellings have been financed by the Federal Housing System since 1964. Currently there are a variety of programmes requiring direct public expenditure, including the provision of state and municipal housing, payments to trade union housing associations and state financed mortgages.