National Gas Research Articles

Hybrid Hydrogen–PV–e-Mobility Industrial Energy Community Concept—A Technology Feasibility Study

As renewable energy sources are spreading, the problems of energy usage, transport and storage arise more frequently. In order that the performance of energy producing units from renewable sources, which have a relatively low efficiency, should not be decreased further, and to promote sustainable energy consumption solutions, a living lab conception was elaborated in this project. At the pilot site, the produced energy (by PV panels, gas turbines/engines) is stored in numerous ways, including hydrogen production. The following uses of hydrogen are explored: (i) feeding it into the national natural gas network; (ii) selling it at a H-CNG (compressed natural gas) filling station; (iii) using it in fuel cells to produce electricity. This article introduces the overall implementation plan, which can serve as a model for the hybrid energy communities to be established in the future.

PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL FUEL SMUGGLE IN THE BORDER OF EAST NUSA TENGGARA AND TIMOR LESTE

Indonesia is one of the countries with abundant natural resources, this can be seen from the abundant human resources that are able to improve the management of existing natural resources. This is also emphasized in Article 33 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD RI 1945). A different fact is faced by small communities in the border area between Nusa Tenggara Timur Indonesia and Timor Leste. The problem is that the small communities there are not unable to enjoy subsidy relief due to wrong targets but because of smuggling carried out to neighboring countries. In several criminal cases that occurred in the border area between East Nusa Tenggara and Timor Leste, one of them was the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Satgas Pamtas) RI-RDTL East Sector Border Security Task Force, Yonif Raider 408 / Sbh, thwarted the smuggling of thousands of liters of fuel oil. (BBM) in the RI-RDTL border area.There have been many efforts made by the government to improve the welfare of its citizens by utilizing existing natural resources, especially in the oil and gas sector, one of which is in terms of access to energy consumption through fuel oil (BBM) subsidies which are still being debated. Some are of the view that state assistance must be maintained, but on the other hand, they still think that fuel subsidies are still not on target. A different fact is faced by small communities in the border area between Nusa Tenggara Timur Indonesia and Timor Leste. In addition, at the opening of the International Convention on Indonesian Upstream Oil and Gas 2020, which was organized by SKK Migas, the Government also supported the improvement of the investment climate in Indonesia's upstream oil and natural gas (oil and gas) sector, amid a decline in national oil and gas production and sluggish movement of strategic industries due to the the Covid-19 pandemi.

Evidence of a South Asian Proto‐Monsoon During the Oligocene‐Miocene Transition

AbstractThe geological history of the South Asian monsoon (SAM) before the Pleistocene is not well‐constrained, primarily due to a lack of available continuous sediment archives. Previous studies have noted an intensification of SAM precipitation and atmospheric circulation during the middle Miocene (∼14 Ma), but no records are available to test how the monsoon changed prior to this. In order to improve our understanding of monsoonal evolution, geochemical and sedimentological data were generated for the Oligocene‐early Miocene (30–20 Ma) from Indian National Gas Hydrate Expedition 01 Site NGHP‐01‐01A in the eastern Arabian Sea, at 2,674 m water depth. We find the initial glaciation phase (23.7–23.0 Ma) of the Oligocene‐Miocene transition (OMT) to be associated with an increase in water column ventilation and water mass mixing, suggesting an increase in winter monsoon type atmospheric circulation, possibly driven by a relative southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone. During the latter part of the OMT, or “deglaciation” phase (23.0–22.7 Ma), a long‐term decrease in Mn (suggestive of deoxygenation), increase in Ti/Ca and dissolution of the biogenic carbonate fraction suggest an intensification of a proto‐summer SAM system, characterized by the formation of an oxygen minimum zone in the eastern Arabian Sea and a relative increase of terrigenous material delivered by runoff to the site. With no evidence at this site for an active SAM prior to the OMT we suggest that changes in orbital parameters, as well as possibly changing Tethyan/Himalayan tectonics, caused this step change in the proto‐monsoon system at this intermediate‐depth site.

Perbandingan Pemanfaatan Industri Migas oleh Perusahaan Minyak dan Gas Nasional Petrobras dan Sinopec

National oil and gas companies are an important sector in the national development of a country, both in terms of meeting the needs of energy and industrial raw materials in the country so that their management must be carried out optimally. This study was conducted to determine the comparison of the national oil and gas company owned by Brazil, namely Petrobras and owned by China, namely Sinopec in conducting exploration of the oil and gas industry. The research method used in writing this article is descriptive qualitative. This method aims to describe in general the differences between national oil and gas companies owned by Brazil and China and then focus on certain phases to be able to find some specific aspects intensively and in depth. The data collection technique used is library research from various literatures that are relevant to the subject matter of the research object, in the form of books, journals, and articles from the internet. The data analysis technique used is qualitative with a case study approach. Relevant data were collected and then analyzed qualitatively, namely by connecting one phenomenon to another to draw a final conclusion on the conditions of comparable differences between the two national oil and gas companies from these two different countries in exploiting and exploring natural resources and ensuring their availability. Even though both are present as national oil and gas companies, Petrobras and Sinopec have their own strategies and methods in utilizing the oil and gas industry.

Modelling of integrated local energy systems: Low-carbon energy supply strategies for the Oxford-Cambridge arc region

The energy supply system is undergoing enormous change to deliver against cost, security of supply and decarbonisation objectives. Robust decisions on the provision of infrastructure requires integrated models to perform analytics across the entire energy supply chain.A national level combined gas and electricity transmission network model was upgraded to represent local energy systems. Multiple energy vectors including electricity, gas, hydrogen and heat were integrated within the modelling framework. The model was utilised for a study of the Oxford-Cambridge arc region.The study assessed how different energy supply strategies, from electrification of heat to use of ‘green’ gases or local heat networks, could affordably reduce carbon emissions from the Oxford-Cambridge arc region energy system whilst considering constraints from the national system. The modelling process generated a diverse range of options for energy supplies, the choice of supply networks and end use technologies. The analysis illustrated the cost effectiveness and emission reduction potential of electrification of heat despite the requirement for additional network and supply capacity. Additionally, insulation and other energy efficiency solutions were also analysed. Potential barriers to technological change such as upfront costs, lack of awareness and perceived technology shortcomings were discussed in the context of the strategies assessed.

Thermoeconomic optimization and performance analysis of solar combined heating and power systems: A comparative study

Although solar energy is one of the most abundantly available and inexhaustible forms of clean renewable energy, its use suffers from economic barriers mainly linked to its intermittence. This article aims at comparing to a conventional reference system (national grid and gas boiler) four different solar combined heating and power systems, namely photovoltaic panels with solar-assisted heat pump, national grid and solar thermal panels, photovoltaic and solar thermal panels together and photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector. The study is carried out for an individual house of 120 m2 located in Chambery, France. The optimal designs (number of solar panels and electrical and thermal storage capacities) are determined for each case using genetic algorithm based on a thermoeconomic indicator, i.e. the total unit product cost. Furthermore, the solutions are compared against one another and with the reference case, using the following additional indicators: solar self-production, solar self-consumption, energy produced by solar panels, energy requirement from grid and fuel savings. Implementation of unit solar panel-driven systems without storage shows the lowest unit product costs, with a positive solar contribution, especially for solar-assisted heat pump with photovoltaic panels (-41% than the reference). Further, a wise increase of the solar system sizes allows to improve the solar self-production (by up to 30%) and fuel saving indexes (by up to 3230.3 kWh/y), at the expense of the solar self-consumption, while maintaining unit production costs lower than the reference system (0.1836€/kWh). Despite of their intermittence, solar thermal collectors, with grid-driven electric boiler as backup, are proving to be an economical competitor to the reference gas boilers (with 11% lower unit product costs). However, photovoltaic systems suffer from low economic competitiveness compared to the high efficiency and low cost French national grid (by −36%), which could be compensated when coupled with heat pump to satisfy heating demand.

Techno-economic analysis of combined heat pump and solar PV system for multi-family houses: An Austrian case study

With the increasing amount of building renovations in Austria, the potential increases for replacing conventional national gas heating systems with heat pumps (HP) and thereby reduce CO2 emissions particularly when combined with solar photovoltaics (PV). The Austrian subsidization scheme for HP and PV systems are different for every state, creating confusion and inconstancy for potential adopters. This study provides a parametric techno-economic analysis of PV + HP systems to identify the critical economic parameters on profitability and make policy recommendations. A case study in Vienna is modelled using demand from the Building Model Generator and black box efficiency models for the HP and PV simulated with hourly time steps. The results show that both air-source and ground source heat pumps are currently profitable with PV under current subsidy schemes. The benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) is highly influenced by capital costs and subsidies, however natural gas prices have the greatest influence. Increasing natural gas prices by 0.01 €/kWh, or 17%, is enough to replace all other complicated subsidies for both HP and PV. This is equivalent to a carbon emissions price of 33 €/ton and could result in a reduction of CO2 emissions in multi-family houses by approximately 45%–60%.

Features of planning and implementation of energy-saving measures at compressor stations of main gas pipelines

Currently, the National gas supply operator in Kazakhstan pays special attention to the rational use of natural gas for its own and technological needs, while maintaining the optimal management of the gas transportation system, taking into account the specific technical situation of the equipment. Energy efficient management of gas pipelines is one of the priority directions for optimizing gas costs. The use of innovative methods of energy-saving technologies during the operation of the gas transmission system, an increase in the efficiency of gas-pumping units, as well as the implementation of automated energy saving control systems, will significantly increase the efficiency of gas transportation.

PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL FUEL SMUGGLE IN THE BORDER OF EAST NUSA TENGGARA AND TIMOR LESTE

Indonesia is one of the countries with abundant natural resources, this can be seen from the abundant human resources that are able to improve the management of existing natural resources. This is also emphasized in Article 33 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD RI 1945). A different fact is faced by small communities in the border area between Nusa Tenggara Timur Indonesia and Timor Leste. The problem is that the small communities there are not unable to enjoy subsidy relief due to wrong targets but because of smuggling carried out to neighboring countries. In several criminal cases that occurred in the border area between East Nusa Tenggara and Timor Leste, one of them was the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Satgas Pamtas) RI-RDTL East Sector Border Security Task Force, Yonif Raider 408 / Sbh, thwarted the smuggling of thousands of liters of fuel oil. (BBM) in the RI-RDTL border area.There have been many efforts made by the government to improve the welfare of its citizens by utilizing existing natural resources, especially in the oil and gas sector, one of which is in terms of access to energy consumption through fuel oil (BBM) subsidies which are still being debated. Some are of the view that state assistance must be maintained, but on the other hand, they still think that fuel subsidies are still not on target. A different fact is faced by small communities in the border area between Nusa Tenggara Timur Indonesia and Timor Leste. In addition, at the opening of the International Convention on Indonesian Upstream Oil and Gas 2020, which was organized by SKK Migas, the Government also supported the improvement of the investment climate in Indonesia's upstream oil and natural gas (oil and gas) sector, amid a decline in national oil and gas production and sluggish movement of strategic industries due to the the Covid-19 pandemic.

E&P Notes (June 2021)

E&P Notes (June 2021)

Energy from food waste

Energy from food waste

The debt crisis on Ukraine’s natural gas market and ways to solve it

The article considers the main reasons that have led to the debt crisis in the natural gas market of Ukraine due to the accumulation of debt from gas supply and gas distribution companies. The purpose of the study is to identify the main prerequisites for the formation of debt in different segments du-ring the reform of the natural gas market through partial implementation of the requirements of European energy legislation. Having chosen the European vector of development Ukraine is interested in meeting the requirements of European policy within the framework of its international obligations and aspirations for European integration. This necessitates adaptation of the national institutional environment to the basic requirements of the Second and Third energy packages. According to the existing international obligations, the national natural gas market is undergoing significant changes towards liberalization and development of competitive environment. However, in the segment of retail market and supply of natural gas to household consumers for a long time the necessary changes in the institutional environment did not occur or temporary decisions were made, which did not contribute to solving the sector’s crisis, but only froze the existing model of relationships between various market participants. Reluctance to implement unpopular solutions in the supply of natural gas to household consumers and attempts to shift the increase in the cost of gas supply tariffs for the needs of the household consumers to other categories of consumers led to a constant redistribution of monopolistic influence and accumulation of significant debt between market participants. The article analyzes the causes of debt between various participants in the retail segment of the natural gas market, which makes it possible to identify the main factors of such debt. These factors include: the lack of a sufficient level of transparency in the tariff for natural gas supply and transportation services; the absence of a 100% accounting for various categories of consumers, which makes it necessary to establish consumption standards, which later become the object of significant abuse; the existing model of public service obligations, which, given the significant redistribution of natural gas, results in significant market distortions; and the imperfect approach to calculating the costs of gas distribution companies in terms of temperature coefficients in the tariff, provided that gas metering exists not in energy units, but in cubic meters. Based on the results obtained in the article, the author sets forwards various recommendations for the implementation of measures, whose main content is to eliminate the institutional prerequisites that lead to the risks of market failures, which may cause debt.

Assessing effects of renewable deployment on emissions in the Saudi power sector until 2040 using integer optimization

We quantify the impacts of renewable deployment on carbon emissions and natural gas supply in the Saudi power sector. A capacity expansion model, which simultaneously considers generation and transmission builds covering a planning horizon up to 2040, was created. The simulated scenarios, which entailed retiring liquid fuels from the Saudi power sector and accounted for different gas prices, consider the following candidate build technologies: nuclear, gas, solar photovoltaics, wind, concentrated solar power with storage, and battery storage. Renewables can reduce carbon emissions by 66 million tons to 114 million tons (25–41 %) by 2040 depending on the gas price. The abatement costs were estimated to range between 20 $/ton and 50 $/ton of carbon dioxide. Within Saudi Arabia, renewable deployment can also defer national gas supply expansion plans but not investments in expanding domestic gas transport capacities. Finally, under certain conditions when deploying significant renewable capacity, better transmission interconnection between regions manages renewable intermittency more cost-effectively than storage deployment.

Biological biogas upgrading in a membrane biofilm reactor with and without organic carbon source

Biogas upgrading is a necessary step to minimize the CO2 of raw biogas and to make it suitable for gas liquefaction or introduction into the national gas grid. Biomethanation is a promising approach since it converts the CO2 to more methane on site, while taking advantage of the organisms responsible for biogas production in the first place. This study investigates the suitability of a pseudo-dead-end membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) for ex-situ biogas upgrading using biogas as sole carbon source as well as for additional acetoclastic methanation when an organic carbon source is provided. Results prove that the concept of MBfR is especially advantageous for ex-situ hydrogenotrophic methanation of biogas CO2, yielding high product gas qualities of up to 99% methane. It is discussed that cross-flow membrane operation could reduce mass flux of inert methane through membranes, attached biofilms, and reactor liquid, and, thus, improve methanation space time yields.

SPE Board Announces Nominees 2023 President and 2022 Directors

SPE Board Announces Nominees 2023 President and 2022 Directors Medhat (Med) Kamal is the nominee for 2023 SPE President. He and six others make up the new slate of nominees recommended for positions open on the SPE Board of Directors. 2023 SPE President Medhat (Med) Kamal is a Chevron Fellow Emeritus with primary responsibilities including competency development within the company, identification and development of emerging and white-space technology opportunities, and provision of technological advice and counsel to senior management. He formerly was a fellow and leader at the dynamic reservoir characterization group for Chevron Energy Technology Company. Before Chevron he worked for ARCO, Flopetrol Schlumberger, and Amoco. North America Regional Director Simeon Eburi is a frontier exploration and new ventures petroleum engineer with Chevron, responsible for generating conceptual field development for exploration and business development opportunities. He has spent much of his professional life at Chevron in roles ranging from production operations supervisor in Bakersfield, California, and decision and economic analyst/advisor for deepwater US Gulf operations to production engineer in Oklahoma. Africa Regional Director Oghogho Effiom is a senior development planner for Shell Nigeria, where she enables integration between all disciplines to ensure consistencies across projects regarding development concepts, scenarios, and decisions. She formerly was a senior production geologist with Shell Nigeria. Asia Pacific Regional Director Henricus Herwin is the vice president for technical excellence and coordination at Pertamina, facilitating the expansion of the development and production staff ’s technical capabilities through publications, training, and networking. Prior to his current post, Herwin served as vice president of geoscience and reservoir for Pertamina as well as the head of the development and planning division. Before joining Pertamina in 2018, he held various upstream positions at Total. Middle East and North Africa Regional Director Hisham Zubari is the senior advisor to the Minister of Oil for Bahrain, where he identifies, initiates, plans, and manages national energy and sustainability initiatives related to energy efficiencies, renewable energy, and circular economy. He also acts as a senior advisor to the Bahrain National Oil and Gas Authority. Prior to his current posts, Zubari was deputy chief executive officer of Tatweer Petroleum and general manager for human resources and administration for Bahrain Petroleum Company, among other positions. Completions Technical Director Karen Olson is a senior completions advisor for Well Data Labs and an independent consultant. She previously was technology director for Southwestern Energy Company. Olson has been a completion/ reservoir engineer for more than 37 years, starting her career as a fracturing engineer for The Western Company of North America. She has also worked at S.A. Holditch and Associates, Mobil Oil, and BP. Reservoir Technical Director Rodolfo Gabriel Camacho-Velázquez is a professor in the petroleum engineering department at the National University of Mexico, where he teaches courses related to naturally fractured reservoirs and provides guidance and monitors research progress on the subject. He worked with Pemex for 25 years, where he was the manager of different positions identifying assets’ technical needs and provided guidance on the dynamic characterization and behavior of complex, naturally fractured reservoirs.

Unravelling a large methane emission discrepancy in Mexico using satellite observations

We use satellite observations from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) to map and quantify methane emissions from eastern Mexico using an atmospheric inverse analysis. Eastern Mexico covers the vast majority of the national oil and gas production. Using TROPOMI measurements from May 2018 to December 2019, our methane emission estimates for eastern Mexico are 5.0 ± 0.2 Tg a−1 for anthropogenic sources and 1.5 ± 0.1 Tg a−1 for natural sources, representing 45% and 34% higher annual methane fluxes respectively compared to the most recent estimates based on the Mexican national greenhouse gas inventory. Our results show that Mexico's oil and gas sector has the largest discrepancy, with oil and gas emissions (1.3 ± 0.2 Tg a−1) higher by a factor of two relative to bottom-up estimates—accounting for a quarter of total anthropogenic emissions. Our satellite-based inverse modeling estimates show that more than half of the oil/gas emissions in eastern Mexico are from the southern onshore basin (0.79 ± 0.13 Tg a−1), pointing at high emission sources which are not represented in current bottom-up inventories (e.g., venting of associated gas, high-emitting gathering/processing facilities related to the transport of associated gas from offshore). These findings suggest that stronger mitigation measures are critical to curbing the anthropogenic footprint of methane emissions in Mexico, especially the large contribution from the oil and gas sector.

From Fragile to Collapsed Statehood: The Case of the Republic of Yemen (1990-2020)

The unification of the two Yemeni states?the northern Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) and the southern People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY), respectively?in 1990 has been a resounding failure. Merging the tribal-dominated northern and state-party dominated southern regimes meant increasing the number of factions competing for access to state resources to satisfy material and security needs of their respective networks of influence. In particular, efforts at growing the resource base of the unified state after 1990, by means of an expansion of oil and gas exploration and extraction, raised the revenue base of the state in an unsustainable manner. Such growth in national oil and gas rents increased rather than decreased competition over state authority to control the spoils. The major subsequent events, such as the 1994 civil war, the 2004-2010 “Saada wars” against the Houthi movement, the Yemeni version of the “Arab Spring” in 2011, the failure of the National Dialogue Conference (March 2013-January 2014), and the start of the Saudi and Emirati bombing campaign and subsequent ground war in Yemen since March 2015 all triggered major clashes between different factions of the Yemeni state bureaucracy, army, and civil society. On each of these occasions, efforts to freeze out some Yemeni actors produced escalating conflict between the remaining factions instead of a winning coalition that could have reestablished a degree of stability. The article explains how local, regional, and global factors have jointly overwhelmed the Yemeni actors, and how foreign intervention has led to the further deterioration of the pre-existing national crisis.

Performance Evaluation of Oil and Gas Companies in Sultanate of Oman

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of ROA and ROE on the net profit of the selected Oil and Gas companies (O & G) in Oman; to analyze the effect of ROA on the assets performances of selected Oil and Gas companies in Oman and to analyze the relationship between ROE and debt-equity on the performances of oil and gas companies in Oman. Design/methodology/approach: The secondary data was obtained from the annual reports of Oman's major telecom providers listed in the Muscat Securities Market (MSM) for the period 2015 to 2020. The data collected from the financial statements were analyzed using ratio analyses with the help of excel. The secondary data was obtained from the annual reports of selected O & G companies in Oman, listed in the Muscat Securities Market (MSM) for the period 2015 to 2020. The collected data was analyzed with financial ratio analysis using excel and SPSS to evaluate the financial performance of the companies. Findings: The study revealed that amongst the overall financial performances of the O & G companies, Oman Oil Marketing, Muscat Gases, and Shell Oman Marketing topped the list followed by National Gas and Al Maha Petroleum. The study also revealed that there is a correlation between Return of Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE), and Assets Turnover Ratio (ATO) and Net Profit Margin (NP). ROA, ROE, and Debt Equity Ratio (DE) do not have any correlation with NP which purports that there is no relationship between ROA & NP, ROE & NP, and DE & NP. Research limitations/implications: The study revealed that the financial performances of the O & G companies in Oman can be measured through analysis NP, ROE, ROA, ATO & DE but it is of no significance to the company’s financial performances as ROA, ROE has no impact on the Net profit margin of the O & G companies in Oman. Similarly, neither ATO nor DE has any impact on the net profit margin. Social implications: The study helps the investors and management of the O & G companies to understand the variables and the efforts to reform financial measures and take necessary action and suitable decisions to enhance the financial performances of the oil and gas companies. Originality/Value: The study was carried out with five major selected O & G companies of Oman and the study had relied mostly on quantitative techniques involving financial ratios and correlation analysis. The study can be extended to other oil-based economies countries as well.

Боргова криза на ринку природного газу України та шляхи її вирішення

The article considers the main reasons that have led to the debt crisis in the natural gas market of Ukraine due to the accumulation of debt from gas supply and gas distribution companies. The purpose of the study is to identify the main prerequisites for the formation of debt in different segments during the reform of the natural gas market through partial implementation of the requirements of European energy legislation. Having chosen the European vector of development Ukraine is interested in meeting the requirements of European policy within the framework of its international obligations and aspirations for European integration. This necessitates adaptation of the national institutional environment to the basic requirements of the Second and Third energy packages. According to the existing international obligations, the national natural gas market is undergoing significant changes towards liberalization and development of competitive environment. However, in the segment of retail market and supply of natural gas to household consumers for a long time the necessary changes in the institutional environment did not occur or temporary decisions were made, which did not contribute to solving the sector’s crisis, but only froze the existing model of relationships between various market participants. Reluctance to implement unpopular solutions in the supply of natural gas to household consumers and attempts to shift the increase in the cost of gas supply tariffs for the needs of the household consumers to other categories of consumers led to a constant redistribution of monopolistic influence and accumulation of significant debt between market participants. The article analyzes the causes of debt between various participants in the retail segment of the natural gas market, which makes it possible to identify the main factors of such debt. These factors include: the lack of a sufficient level of transparency in the tariff for natural gas supply and transportation services; the absence of a 100% accounting for various categories of consumers, which makes it necessary to establish consumption standards, which later become the object of significant abuse; the existing model of public service obligations, which, given the significant redistribution of natural gas, results in significant market distortions; and the imperfect approach to calculating the costs of gas distribution companies in terms of temperature coefficients in the tariff, provided that gas metering exists not in energy units, but in cubic meters. Based on the results obtained in the article, the author sets forwards various recommendations for the implementation of measures, whose main content is to eliminate the institutional prerequisites that lead to the risks of market failures, which may cause debt.

THE EFFECT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON STOCK PRICES WITH THE EVENT WINDOW APPROACH: A CASE STUDY OF STATE GAS COMPANIES, IN THE ENERGY SECTOR

Stock price data at State Gas Company is defined as the time-series data comprising varying volatility and heteroscedasticity. One of the best models used to solve the problem of heteroscedasticity is the GARCH (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity) model. Therefore, this study aims to build the most suitable model for predicting the 186 days before and 176 days after the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as to provide recommendations to reduce the impact of daily stock price movements. Data were obtained by examining the daily stock price data in Indonesian National Gas Companies from 2019 to 2020. The study also discusses the Event Window, with the best model identified as AR (1) -GARCH (1,1). The result showed that an error of less than 0.0015 is AR (1) - GARCH (1,1), provided the best model for price forecasting of Indonesian National Gas Companies.Keywords: Stock Price, Heteroscedasticity, GARCH Model, Event WindowJEL Classifications: C5, O42, Q4, Q47DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10999