National Food Security Mission Research Articles

Revitalizing Millets for Nutritional Security & Fortifying Food and Uplifting Small and Marginal Farmers in India: A Review

This comprehensive analysis explores the significance of millets as a solution for small and marginal farmers in India. The country faces substantial challenges in food and nutritional security, exacerbated by climate change, inequality, and inadequate infrastructure. Millets offer a promising solution, addressing malnutrition, ensuring food security, and demonstrating resilience to climate change. By diversifying cropping systems and promoting value addition, millets provide income-generating opportunities for farmers. However, challenges such as low productivity, limited awareness, insufficient value chain infrastructure, and market linkages hinder the widespread adoption of millets. Government initiatives, including the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture and the National Food Security Mission, aim to support millet cultivation and production. Furthermore, policies promoting research and development, market access, and minimum support prices contribute to the growth of the millet sector. The nutritional benefits, climate resilience, and income opportunities associated with millets make them a valuable solution for small and marginal farmers. By investing in technology, infrastructure, and policy sup-port, India can harness the potential of millets to achieve sustainable agricultural practices, improve livelihoods, and ensure food and nutritional security.

IMPACT OF NFSM ON CHANGE IN KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF BENEFICIARY AND NON-BENEFICIARY FARMERS ABOUT RECOMMENDED PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF CHICKPEA

National Food Security Mission (NFSM) is a centrally sponsored scheme launched in 2007-08, with mission aims to increasing the productivity at the individual farmers through the adoption of improved technologies and farming practices. To assess the effectiveness of the NFSM-pluses in Rajasthan state the chickpea crop is select for this study because India is the single largest producer of chickpea in the world and it is called as King of Pulses. The study was conducted in two Agro-climatic zones of the Rajasthan state i.e. Ic (Hyper arid partial irrigated) and zone IIIa (Semi-arid eastern plains). From these zones 120 Beneficiary Farmers (BFs) and 120 Non-beneficiary Farmers (NBFs) were selected randomly from selected village. Thus, total sample size of 240 respondents. The findings of study shows that majority of beneficiary farmers (46.67%) and non-beneficiary farmers (40 per cent) had medium knowledge level about recommended package of practices of chickpea. According to practice wise extent of knowledge it was found that both BFs and NBFs possessed maximum knowledge level for practice like Time of sowing with (91.53 MPS & 74.03 MPS) and assigned first rank while last rank order assigned for the practices like Physiological aspects (59.50MPS), Plant protection measures (42.25 MPS) and Weed management due to lack of knowledge, its complexity and risky application to the crop. The comparative data related to extent level of knowledge between BFs and NBFs show significance difference in all packages of practice of chickpea cultivation except the Irrigation Management show good impact of NFSM on change in knowledge level of beneficiary farmers of both Agro-climatic zones. The value of rank correlation (rs) was 0.61 which shows positive rank correlation between beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmer’s knowledge level.

A Review: Pulses Production, Productivity, Status and Way Forward for Enhancing Farmers Income of Bundelkhand Region, India

Total pulses area in Uttar Pradesh, contributes of pulses through the Bundelkhand region, more than half but the productivity is low because lack of technological approaches for pulse growing area. This review paper assessed the cultivation of pulses production, productivity and area, of Bundelkhand and in India also. The technologies and infrastructure need to be accepted pulses cultivation and accurate policies for the farmers through government. Pulses are next to cereals regarding their nutritional and economic significance to human health. The pulses crop highly water sensitive like chickpea, lentil, mung bean and black gram are dominant in drought prone areas and improve soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Rainfed Agriculture has emerged as an opportunity in raising pulse production which is depend on amount and distribution of rainfall growing area. The cropping system of pulses cultivation year-after-year has observed that incidence of disease, insect-pests and weeds increase in Bundelkhand region. In pigeon pea, chickpea and lentil crops, important biotic agent for affecting production. United Nations declared 2016 ' "International Year of Pulses" was to increase production and consumption of pulses 10% by 2025 and raise public awareness towards health through social media. The many initiatives schemes govern by government of India for increase the pulses growing area and production such as ISOPOM (Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil palm and Maize) (2004-05 to 2009-10), NFSM Pulses (National Food Security Mission, 2007-08), for Technology demonstration. The Bundelkhand regions as 5 lakhs farmers of 14 districts of two states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh should be linked with Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University (RLBCAU) and benefited from this university to produce pulses.

Policy interventions, market, and trade considerations with special reference to rapeseed and mustard

Rapeseed and mustard oil is one of the most consumed edible oils in India due to pungency and colour. India needs nearly 15-20 million tonnes of rapeseed and mustard seed to meet its growing demand as against current production of 9-10 million tonnes of seeds. As per WHO standards, mustard oil with low saturated fatty acid content and high mono unsaturated fatty acid content is a healthy oil and therefore needs special importance in domestic edible oil basket. Currently (2022-23), Government of India (GOI) is implementing National Food Security Mission (NFSM) - (Oilseeds & Oil palm) for increasing oilseeds production and area expansion under oil palm. The NFSM (OS&OP) will be dropped and two new Scheme National Mission on Edible oils (NMEO)-Oilseeds and NMEO-Oil Palm will be implemented with the aim to enhance the edible oilseeds production and oils availabilityin the countrybyharnessing oilseeds and palmoil productivityand to reduce import burden on edible oils. Besides, NMEO-OS the private participation in technology demonstration, input supply, procurement of produce, value addition, infrastructure development and honey production are very much essential to increase edible oils production.

Relational Analysis between Profile of Farmers and Extent of Adoption of Cluster Frontline Demonstrations (CFLDS)

Krishi Vigyan Kendra's (KVKs) conducted Cluster Front Line Demonstrations (CFLDs) under the National Food Security Mission (NFSM) to showcase the productivity of newly released technologies on farmers' fields. These demonstrations aimed to disseminate various technologies and engage farmers and extension workers in farming and extension activities. The study focused on Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh. For CFLDs beneficiary farmers, the study found that variables such as education, training, mass media exposure, innovativeness, scientific orientation, management orientation, economic orientation, and risk orientation had a significant positive relationship with the extent of adoption. However, age and farming experience showed a significant negative relationship. Farm size, extension contact, social participation, and achievement motivation were not significantly related to changes in yield level.In the case of non-beneficiary farmers, education, social participation, scientific orientation, management orientation, economic orientation, and achievement motivation were negatively significant, while age, farm size, farming experience, training, extension contact, mass media exposure, and innovativeness were not significantly related to changes in yield level. When considering all 14 independent variables together, they explained approximately 73.60% of the variation in yield level changes among beneficiary farmers and 55.20% among non-beneficiary farmers participating in CFLDs.

Mapping the Pluralities of Agrarian Change in India: The Role of Intermediaries and Caste–Tribe Relations in Jharkhand

The agricultural economy of Jharkhand is primarily understood to be ‘subsistence’ agriculture. However, an ongoing agrarian change in rural Jharkhand has drawn less academic attention. This substantial change is from indigenous seeds to high-yielding varieties of paddy seeds enabling food sufficiency in the villages to a larger extent. In addition, the introduction of commercial crops like vegetables, watermelons and marigolds is another attendant change. This article is concerned with ethnographic fieldwork in two neighbouring villages of district—Khunti of Jharkhand, where farmers have been influenced by intermediaries (both old and new) restricted to State, NGOs and private companies (agricultural input suppliers). Also, the introduction of various governmental schemes, such as the ‘Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India (BGREI)’ programme, a part of ‘National Food Security Mission’ and ‘Special-Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana’, has encouraged agrarian change in rural Jharkhand. Despite Jharkhand being a low agricultural productivity region, there is a proliferated presence of transnational connections such as agribusiness companies and research institutions linked to State institutions and NGOs to form a new set of agricultural intermediaries. These agricultural intermediaries at the regional level in the Khunti district influence the crop choice, cropping pattern and usage of inputs (seeds, fertilisers and pesticides). The study also tries to understand agrarian (labour) relations among caste–tribe communities of rural Jharkhand.

Impact of National Food Security Mission (NFSM) on Income and Productivity in Adilabad District of Telangana

National Food Security Mission (NFSM) was launched in October 2007 with new targets of additional production of 25 million tons of food grains comprising of 10 million tons rice, 8 million tons of wheat, 4 million tons of pulses and 3 million tons of coarse cereals by the end of 12th Five Year Plan. Redgram is cultivated in 2.77 lakh hectares across Telangana state. It is the major crop for Mahabubnagar, Adilabad, Ranga Reddy, Medak, Nalgonda, Warangal, and Khammam districts. The present study was carried out in the Adilabad district of Telangana with sample of 105 respondents in the year 2020-21 and data was collected with the help of well-structured interview schedule. Before and after change in the income and production of the red gram under NFSM was determined. To determine impact on income and production, paired t test was run with the help of SPSS software. The result with the help of paired t-test concluded that change was witnessed in the income and production of the red gram beneficiaries with the intervention of NFSM Scheme.

Yield Gaps and Scaling up of Sesame Variety (RT-351) in Potential Areas of Rajasthan

The study evaluates the cluster front line demonstrations (CFLDs) conducted under the national food security mission on sesame (RT-351) by 26 KVKs of Rajasthan state. Four thousand one (4001) partner farmers responded to the study during 2016-2020. The CFLDs were undertaken in a 172.00 ha area in 26 districts during these five years. Yield gaps and technology index were calculated under the study. The result shows an extension gap of 1.35 q ha-1 and a technology gap of 2.78 q ha-1. The technology index was found to be 35.11 per cent, while a yield advantage of 36.17 per cent was found in CFLDs. KVKs of Rajasthan state could add Rs. 1.45 crores to the income of partner farmers. The improved variety & better extension services significantly enhanced production and productivity. Participatory approaches in the sesame seed supply chain and institutional linkage were critical for scaling up sustainable technology and improving farmers’ access to quality and sufficiently improved seeds. More capsules per plant and resistance to stem & root rot attracted the farmers. Technical backstopping, supplying of seed, and seed exchange through farmer-to-farmer extension were crucial on a sustainable basis. Regular monitoring by experts and farmers’ feedback is vital for sustained production and productivity improvement of the sesame crop.

A Machine Learning Approach for Stochastic Pattern Analysis for the Measurement of Time-Series Datasets

Time series data analysis is used in many domains of applications to perform efficient prediction, anomaly detection and forecasting using various techniques. Recently, there is a surge in demand for comprehensive data mining techniques that can be applied on agricultural prediction. Data mining techniques can be used effectively for predicting the agricultural growth using stochastic model sensing concept which is used to perform better analysis for predicting the dataset. The proposed work introduces a stochastic model that can be applied for agricultural data to predict the growth of any crops using primary time series datasets The framework has assisted in taking correct decisions to classify the dataset based on the threshold value of micro and macro nutrient obtained from National Food Security Mission (NFSM). This paper focus on analyzing the stochastic pattern that assist the proportion of micronutrient elements and also predicts the feature that affect the growth of agriculture by increase or decrease the level of micronutrient elements. Thus, the Expected Growth of Agriculture (EGA) has increased or decreased based on the strength of soil nutrients. Moreover, it will recommend chemical fertilizers and nutrients range to improvise the agriculture growth for each crop. The processed soil sample dataset based on the threshold value of micro nutrient level is obtained from National Food Security Mission (NFSM). There are several numerical illustrations that are performed for micronutrient data prediction as well as analyze the increase or decrease of growth level in agriculture based on micronutrient levels like Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu using Stochastic Weibull Distribution (SWD) model.

Policy Options for Scaling-Up SRI

The challenge of increasing food production, in the context vertical expansion through improved productivity per unit of land area under the situation of adapting to the changing climatic conditions that impose water scarcity and Green House Gases (GHG) emissions from the rice fields. Many research findings showed that SRI method outperforming in terms of yield and reduction in cost of cultivation along with several perceived ecosystem benefits. Finally, the researchers suggest for further promotion and scaling up of the SRI method in suitable regions of India is highly imperative. SRI is knowledge and experience-based method of rice production than input centric technology. The SRI method has been piloted in most of the countries and a section of farmers realized its full or partial potential but they are reluctant to spread their success with their fellow farmers. It is right time to undertake a few studies by the behavioural scientists to nudge this innovative method of SRI among farmers to the niche paddy growing areas. Grain yields reported from field experiments carried out in different parts of India showed yield increases ranging from 9.3% to 68% as compared with conventional practice. The Ministry of Agriculture that included SRI as part of the National Food Security Mission in 133 food-insecure districts. The research wing of SAU should evolve new or modify the available transplanters and weeders for the exclusive mechanization under SRI method. The beneficial effects of SRI like water-saving, use of less inputs and reaping higher benefits by SRI technology should be made aware among farmers through demonstration. The scaling up of SRI needs to be buoyed out by the joint efforts of State Agricultural University Researchers, ministry of Extension personnel’s, not for profit organizations with farmers. Upscaling of SRI strategy will help achieve national as well as household food-security. This paper clearly describes the role of every institutional responsibility in reaching the unreached.

An Econometric Analysis of Food Inflation in India

"In India, Food inflation seems to be persistent in recent years. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between macroeconomic growth variables and food inflation in India. The period of study was from 1982-83 until 2019-20, the data on food wholesale price index, consumer price index for agricultural labour, interest rate and exchange rate were collected from various secondary sources; dummy variables of trade liberalisation and National Food Security Mission were utilised in this study. The collected data were analysed to check cointegration relationships among the variables by using the Johansen Cointegration Test (JCT) and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). From 1982-83 to 2019-20, food inflation has been increasing at a rate of 7.47 per cent per annum. Among all the commodities eggs, meat and fish (148.9 %) were found to have a high percentage change in inflation over the last decade (2010 to 2020). The JCT results revealed a long-run cointegration relationship between variables, with three cointegration equations. The error correction model result suggested the existence of a short-run relationship between the variables and the previous year’s error term was corrected at a 12.6 per cent convergence speed within the year. The Chow test was used to estimate the presence of structural breaks, and the findings (Fcal>Ftab) revealed that there was a substantial difference between the coefficients of the three groups. The core idea of the study is that food inflation and other macroeconomic targets must be consistent."

Impact evaluation of seed replacement on pulse productivity in India

Pulses are traditionally an essential part of the Indian diet and primary protein source for the poorer and the vegetarian population in the country. Pulse productivity has been stagnant in India due to the widespread use of low-quality farm-saved seeds and low seed replacement rates. The present study was carried out during 2019–20 to assess the drivers of seed replacement and its ex-post impact on yields of chickpea and pigeonpea in India. The study is based on the data on 1764 chickpea and 944 pigeonpea farmers from the nationally representative Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households conducted during 2013. A probit model was used to study the drivers of seed replacement, and coarsened exact matching technique used to assess the impact on yields causally. We found that access to irrigation and institutional credit can increase seed replacement and result in increased chickpea productivity. Chickpea farmers in districts under the National Food Security Mission on pulses (NFSM-pulses) are more likely to be replacing seeds. In pigeonpea, access to irrigation alone is the key driver. Further, using coarsened exact matching estimation, we found that seed replacement is indeed beneficial for chickpea farmers and would lead to increased chickpea productivity in India.

​Impact of Cluster Front Line Demonstrations on the Yield and Economics of Chickpea under National Food Security Mission in Bharatpur District of Rajasthan, India

Background: Chickpea is an important legume crop that plays an important role in the food and nutritional security of people in the developing countries and contributing to protein intake. It is a soil building crop and being a leguminous crop, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic fixation, there by helps in N cycling within the ecosystem. Methods: Cluster front line demonstrations of chickpea were conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kumher, Bharatpur (Rajasthan) during Rabi season from 2016-17 to 2019-20. A total 350 front line demonstrations were conducted on chickpea in 140 ha area by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of chickpea production potentials. Result: The results of the demonstrations observed that on an average yield of chickpea under improved technology ranged from 11.83 to 17.52 q/ha with a mean of 14.47 q/ha; which was 20.95 per cent more yield as compared to farmer’s practices (11.97 q/ha). Moreover, average yield was also recorded higher under demonstration (14.47 q/ha) over district (8.17 q/ha) and State (10.74 q/ha) average. The study exhibited mean extension gap of 250.75 Kg/ha, mean technology gap of 627.75 kg/ha with mean technology index of 29.71 per cent. Higher mean net return of Rs. 46618/ha with mean B: C ratio of 3.10 was obtained with improved technologies in comparison to farmers’ practices (Rs. 36737/ha). The present study resulted to convincing the farming community for higher productivity and returns.

Impact on Cluster Frontline Demonstrations on the Productivity of Mustard (Brassica juncea)

Cluster frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) are the long-term educational activity conducted in a logical method on partner farmer’s field to show the worth of new technology under micro farming. The present investigation was carried out during the Rabi season (October to March) of respective year 2016-17 to 2019-20 under the National Food Security Mission, Government of India. Four hundred thirteen CFLDs were conducted in 165.2 ha area with the farmers and scientists of KVK. The CFLDs were conducted at adopted fifteen villages of Dholpur district. Cultivation technology was applied under CFLDs included scientific intervention. The highest yield was obtained in demonstrated practices (DP) with an average of 2272.00 kg ha-1 as compared to farmer practice (FP) with an average of 1829.00 kg ha-1. Further, an average additional return (` 16,063.6), effective gain (` 14,335.8), net return (` 64,512.1 ha-1) and benefit-cos ratio (3.49) were found in the DP as compared to farmer practice. An average occurrence of Alternaria blight, white rust, stem rot, aphid were recorded 27.44, 5.93 and 14.85 and 25.05, respectively showed in DP as compared to farmer practice. An average extension gap, technology gap and technology index between and was noted 443.0 kg ha-1, 234.75 kg ha-1 and 10.39%, respectively. The results indicate that the use of scientific intervention under CFLDs to increase the production and profitability of Mustard.

Impact of Government Initiatives on Total Factor Productivity of Pigeon Pea Cultivation in India

Background: India is the largest producer as well as consumer of pulses in the world due to higher relance of their people on vegetarian sources of proteins, however, we have been dependent on import of pulses for meeting our demand for pulses over several decades. As a strategy to be self-reliant in pulses production two important initiatives were taken by the government of India viz. implementation of Accelerated Pulses Production Program (A3P) and inclusion of pulses in the National Food Security Mission (NFSM-Pulses) during 2010-11. Pigeon pea has tremendous medicinal and pharmacological properties and uses in addition to the good quality source of proteins. Significant improvement observed in production and productivity of pigeon pea after the A3P and NFSM-Pulses was questioned for its Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth. Methods: This study was designed to assess impact of A3P and NFSM-Pulses on TFP of Pigeon pea in major Indian producing states. TFP was estimated with the help of Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) using Data Envelopment Analysis Program (DEAP) version-2.1 in five states of India viz., Gujarat, Karnataka, MP, Maharashtra and UP which contribute more than three-fourth pigeon pea production in India. Result: TFP change in period-II (after A3P and NFSM-Pulses) was invariably higher than the TFP change in period-I (before the initiatives) in all the studied states. It indicates that these government initiatives contributed to the enhancement of production and productivity of pigeon pea with the support of better technology adoption rather than just led by higher use of inputs.

Impact of national food security mission (NFSM) interventions in wheat crop of Jammu region

Impact of national food security mission (NFSM) interventions in wheat crop of Jammu region

Constraints Encountered by Beneficiary Farmers in Adopting National Food Security Mission (NFSM) Interventions in Selected Districts of Karnataka State, India

India is facing the problem of food insecurity since independence. The Government has taken several measures to overcome this, still there was no maximum change that has taken place in the status of country’s food security. For the growing population the country has to produce more and more year after year. To make this possible the government announced National Food Security Mission Scheme to enhance the productivity of crops and income of the farmers through various crop based interventions. The present study on constraints faced by beneficiary farmers of NFSM in adopting NFSM interventions was undertaken in Belagavi and Haveri districts of Karnataka State with sample size of 180 beneficiaries from different components of NFSM viz., NFSM – Rice, NFSM – Pulse and NFSM – Coarse Cereals. Expost - facto research design of social research was used in the present investigation. The major constraints faced by the beneficiary farmers in adopting NFSM interventions among the beneficiary farmers of Belagavi district were, lesser amount of subsidy (in Rs), limited number of demonstrations and subsidy paid after purchase while an initial payment remains the highest problem. Whereas in case of Haveri district, the major constraints encountered by beneficiary farmers were, poor quality materials/machinery are supplied, non availability of particular seed varieties or hybrids and redtapism.

Impact of cluster frontline demonstrations (CFLD) on yield of black gram (Vigna mungo) under rainfed conditions in Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir

The study was carried out by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kathua, to know the yield gaps between improved package and practices under cluster front line demonstration (CFLD) and farmer’s practice (FP) of Black gram crop under rainfed conditions. Cluster Front line demonstrations on Black gram were conducted on farmer’s fields during Kharif seasons of twosequentialyearsi.e2017 and 2018 under National Food Security Mission (NFSM), Govt. of India to demonstrate the impact of enriched agro-techniques on production and economic benefits under rainfed conditions. CFLD’s were conducted in 10 hectare area for two years with active involvement of farmers and scientific staff of KVK. According to analysis of data the highest grain yield was obtained in demonstrated plots with an average of 9.45 q/ha as compared to local check with an average of 6.2 q/ha. An average mean of extension gap, technology gap and technology index were calculated as 3.25 q/ha, 5.55q/ha, 36.66 percent, respectively. Adoption of improved package of practices in black gram cultivation recorded average higher B:C ratio (5.45) as compared to Farmers Practice (3.61) during the period of study. Thus, the productivity of black gram could be increased with the adoption of recommended improved package of practices. The study resulted in satisfying the farming community for higher productivity and returns.

Impact of cluster front line demonstration on mustard in Udaipur district of Southern Rajasthan, India

Sixty seven Cluster Front Line Demonstration (CFLD’S) on Mustard variety NRCHB-101 at farmer’s field of two adopted tribal dominated block i.e. Kotra and Falasiya under National Food Security Mission, Govt. of India, were conducted by Vidya Bhawan Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Udaipur during Kharif 2018 in 40 hectare, with active involvement of farmers and scientific staff of KVK. According to Analysis of data the highest grain yield was obtained in demonstrated plots with an average of 16.14 q/ha as compared to local check with an average of 12.48q//ha. The pooled extension gap between demonstrated Practices and farmers practices was recorded 3.66 q/ha. The average net return (39610 Rs/ha) was obtained in the demonstration plots and 28330 Rs/ha was in local check plots also the average benefit cost ratio was recorded higher in front line demonstrations (1:3.34) as compared to local check (1:2.84) during the evaluation period. The pooled incremental benefit cost ratio (IBCR) was recorded 7.44 with additional return of 11280 Rs/ha.

National Food Security Mission in India and Haryana

National Food Security Mission was launched in 2007-08 to increase the production of rice, wheat and pulses by 10, 8 and 2 million tonnes, respectively by the end of XI Plan through area expansion and productivity enhancement; restoring soil fertility and productivity; creating employment opportunities; and enhancing farm level economy. The Mission was continued during 12th Five Year Plan with new target of additional production of 25 million tonnes of food grains comprising of 10 million tonnes of rice, 8 million tonnes of wheat, 4 million tonnes of pulses and 3 million tonnes of coarse cereals by the end of XII Plan. Beyond 12th Plan, the mission is being continued with new additional target of 13 million tonnes of foodgrains comprising 5 million tonnes of rice, 3 million tonnes of wheat, 3 million tonnes of pulses and 2 million tonnes of nutri-cumcoarse cereals from 2017-18 to 2019-20. As per the target, NFSM has achieved the bumper production of rice, wheat, pulses and nutricum-coarse cereals, during 2017-18 (As per 3rd advance estimates), the production of rice, wheat, pulses and coarse cereals have been achieved at the level of 111.52 million tonnes, 98.61 million tonnes, 24.51 million tonnes and 44.87 million tonnes respectively. The total foodgrains production achieved during 2017-18 is 279.51 million tonnes (1.6%) increase against last year. New initiatives were taken for increasing production and productivity of Pulses from 2016-17 onwards and for Nutri-Cereals from 2018-19 onwards. The progress of NFSM in Haryana was `135.81 out of 525.68 lakh, ` 158.34 out of 569.14 lakh and ` 652.44 out of 1334.45 lakh for pulses, coarse cereals and commercial crops respectively in 2017-18.