National Flag Research Articles

An Agenda-setting Study of National Day Coverage in State and National Newspapers

The paper describes an agenda-setting study of national day coverage in state and national newspapers. The specific aspects examined were the framing of the national day news in episodic or thematic terms, quotation of sources, and priming strategies. The theoretical framework of the study was the agenda-setting theory on how the salience attached to issues is influenced by the mass media. The media discourse data analyzed were 48 news articles related to national day that were published on 31 August 2016 in four newspapers. Textual analysis of the headlines and articles were conducted. The results showed that the national day articles were mainly in episodic frames, reporting particularly parades and events or competitions where the national flag is displayed. The thematic frames were mainly on the ordinary Malaysians’ experiences as well as those with links to the 1957 events. The newspapers deemed politicians as the most important source to quote for newsworthiness. The politicians played an important role in priming the readers or the Malaysians to appreciate what they have. One priming strategy was to bring up positive values on unity in diversity, patriotism and freedom which had been achieved due to the sacrifices of past Malaysians. The other priming strategy was mentioning or showing symbols of national identity, particularly the national flag and sometimes the national anthem, to invoke feelings of patriotism. The findings suggest that the Malaysian newspapers tell readers what and how to think about national identity and ethnic relations. Keywords: agenda-setting; national day; framing; priming strategies; media discourse

国旗・国歌法の制定とナショナリズム(I 特集論稿「ナショナリズムと教育政策」)

国旗・国歌法の制定とナショナリズム(I 特集論稿「ナショナリズムと教育政策」)

The Analysis of the Competitiveness of the Container Ports in the Northeast Asia and the Countermeasures of Busan Port using BCG Technique

최근의 동북아 물류환경으로는 2008년 글로벌금융위기 와 중국의 중속경제성장의 新狀態시대 도래, 둘째 이에 따른 중국 컨테이너물동량의 성장 패러다임의 획기적 변화 즉, 물동량 증가세의 현저한 하락, 셋째 부산항의 2000년대 경쟁력 하락 반전 및 글로벌금융위기 이후 비교적 선전 그리고 최근 2년간 한진해운 부도사태로 인한 물동량 성장세 부진, 넷째 2030년 북극항로의 상용화 전망에 따른 부산항의 교차항로 허브항만으로서의 역할 기대 등이 제시될 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 이러한 동북아 물류환경 속에서 동북아 컨테이너항만시장을 분석하고, 동북아 주요 항만의 경쟁입지를 동태적으로 분석하여 우리나라 컨테이너 항만의 대응방안을 제시하는데 있다. 연구방법론으로는 문헌조사와 더불어 BCG 매트릭스기법을 채택하여 2000년부터 2014년 기간에 걸쳐서 5년 단위로 기간을 설정하여 동북아 주요 항만별 경쟁력이 시계열적으로 분석되었다. 결론으로는 첫째, 우리나라 컨테이너 항만체제의 부산항의 One Port System으로 재편이 요구된다. 둘째, 환적항 전략 실행 주체인 강력한 국적선사의 육성정책이 요구된다. 셋째, 현재 부산항이 상해항에 대한 갖는 하역료 등 가격경쟁력과 항만서비스의 품질 등을 지속적으로 강화해 나가야 한다.In the latest logistical environment, the following may be proposed. Firstly, the global final crisis in 2008 and the dawning of China s mid-speed economic growth, Secondly, the dramatic change of container throughputs in Chinese Ports- that is to say- a marked drop in the rate of container traffic increase, Thirdly, the reversal of competitive power of Busan Port in 2000ʼ s and the recovery of competitive power of the Port after the global financial crisis. Finally the role of Cross Route Hub of Busan Container Port in the era of Northern Sea Route. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the container port market in the North East Asia under the said business environments and to execute the Boston Consulting Group Technique as a methodology and to suggest the countermeasures of the container ports in Korea. Some conclusions may be drawn as follows. Firstly the container port management system in Korea is requred to transit from ʻthe two port systemʼ to ʻ the one port system-Busan Portʼ. Secondly, the fostering of national flag liner shipping companies is recommended. Firnally current Busan Portʼs competitive position over Shanghai Port in terms of port prices and services should be maintained.

Second ship registry in flag choice mechanism: The implications for China in promoting a maritime cluster policy

In the highly competitive shipping industry, flagging out has become an important operation strategy for shipowners. To attract vessels to use their national flags, the traditional maritime countries (TMCs) have adopted various incentive-based and rule-based marine policies. Among them, the establishment of second ship registers is one of the most effective, as shown by the success of EU countries. To understand the influence of the second ship register upon vessel registration and the mechanism of flag choice decisions, this study transforms binary and nested logit models with individual-level data into aggregate-level models. The empirical estimate suggests that the policy of establishing second ship registers significantly affects the number of vessels register back to their national countries, though this effect varies for different countries. The results of the nested logit model in analyzing the flag choice mechanism suggest that the second ship register is clustered to the nest of foreign ship registers. This suggests that the second register is more similar to open ship registers in function than to national registers, which indicates the convergence of maritime policies between the TMCs and open registers. This result has significant implications for China as it develops as an international maritime center. This study strongly recommends that China reorient its maritime policy by incorporating Hong Kong as its second ship register to provide a competitive operational environment for shipping companies and thereby foster a maritime cluster.

«Culture of daily life» in the context of integration of migrants from the Caucasus countries

The paper deals with the results of standardized and in-depth interviews with representatives of the Caucasian peoples (Azerbaijanis, Armenians and Georgians), now living on the territory of Samara and Samara Region. The interviews were executed in 20162017 within the project supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. The main areas of study of sociocultural problems of migration in the Russian science were discussed. The survey results registered preservation and functionality in the new environment of such markers of cultural boundaries as the ethnic style of the house interiors (carpets, glassware, national flag, pictures, etc.), the use of national cuisine, musical selections. Every second respondent notes, that he continues to read the periodical press in mother-tongue. Such indicators of cultural potential of diaspora communities as communication with representatives of other people and the installation in matrimonial behavior are considered. Representatives of the Caucasian diaspora communities demonstrate differentiated by groups of analysis interaction with neighbors and colleagues. Armenians most closely communicate with neighbors and co-workers. Almost all respondents indicate close contact with friends, among them representatives of different nationalities. The vast majority of respondents are positive about the inter-ethnic marriage. Close communication and friendship with representatives of host community, and positive attitudes in matrimonial behavior is something we see as the individual integration strategy, contributes to integration of foreign culture migrants from states of the Caucasus in the host community.

Balance and Selection of Interests about to Allow the Residents into National Flag Cruise Ship Casino

Balance and Selection of Interests about to Allow the Residents into National Flag Cruise Ship Casino

대한민국 제1공화국에서의 교회와 국가간의 갈등에 대한 연구 -국기 배례 거부를 중심으로-

대한민국 제1공화국에서의 교회와 국가간의 갈등에 대한 연구 -국기 배례 거부를 중심으로-

Red color in flags: A signal for competition

AbstractThe color‐in‐context theory and ecological valence theory suggest that color preference depends on the context and ecological object that define the psychological meanings of colors. The present study was conducted to identify the preference for the color red in national flags across the world. We explored 192 national flags across the world and found that red was the most frequently used color. Through a systemic examination of symbolic meanings behind use of the color red in flags, it was also found that the color red was often attached with an aggressive connotation. In contrast, the flags of the selected international collaborative organizations did not appear to prefer red. These results support the hypothesis of “red flag preference” in real‐world competitive contexts. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

Die betekenis van die bepalings van die 1996 Grondwet: Die aanhef en hoofstuk 1

The Preamble and Chapter 1 This contribution is intended to be the first installment of a systematic interpretation of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996. 
 Due to the foundational and repetitive reference in the text to values, regard must constantly be had to those values when this Constitution is interpreted. 
 Even though the preamble does not contain positive norms, is an important interpretive source of the foundations of the Constitution. An important deviation from the preamble of the 1993 Constitution, is that the term Rechtsstaat ("constitutional state") is not employed. The introduction of this notion in South African law and its meaning in general is described. With reference to relevant dicta in recent constitutional cases, the Constitutional Principles in terms of which the 1996 Constitution was formulated and the text of the Constitution itself, it is argued that this is essentially a Rechtsstaat Constitution, but that the divergence in the range of constitutional values creates the danger of the constitutional state floundering in the waters of the social state. 
 Section 1, being the foundational provision, is not unamendable, but it is very tightly entrenched. The most profound values of the Constitution are set out in this compact formulation. The question is inevitably raised whether, where values have to compete for precedence in concrete circumstances, a hierarchy of values must be construed. An analysis of section 1 in the context of other relevant provisions of the Constitution reveals that human dignity is the primary nuclear value of the
 Constitution, supported by equality and freedom. Democracy, supremacy of the
 Constitution and the rule of law are structural and procedural values of the Constitution subordinate to the nuclear values and non-racialism and non-sexism are derived values. 
 How it is possible for a constitution to be superior law, as section 2 provides regarding the 1996 Constitution, is analysed against the background of the social contract theory. The weaknesses of this theory are exposed and it is argued that the force external to the Constitution that guarantees its primacy, is its practical legitimacy, i.e. sufficient support or acceptance of the authority of the Constitution by the citizenry. Section 2 is phrased in strong terms and means that no juridically relevant conduct, be it of a private or public law nature, can escape the test of constitutionality. 
 In the interpretation of section 3 the nature of citizenship and nationality is analysed with reference to international authorities and definitions of these concepts are developed. The legal implications of citizenship in the context of the Constitution are set out and the historical context of citizenship having been used in pre-constitutional times as an instrument for creating separate ethnic states, is described. The current post modern tendency in places to devalue citizenship is contrasted with the importance being attached to the notion in South Africa in the context of nation building and the employment of expatriates. 
 Regarding sections 4 and 5 the formal regulation of the national anthem and national flag is described. The national anthem may be amended by presidential proclamation, but changes to the national flag require an amendment of the Constitution. 
 Section 6, which deals with the complex language matter, protects linguistic diversity rather than the status of any languages. The Constitutional Court has determined that, although no express provision to this effect exists, individuals are entitled to use the language of their choice in their dealings and communications with the government. The state is required to promote "the indigenous languages of our people." This is interpreted to include the nine official indigenous African languages, Afrikaans, Khoi, Nama and San. In the determination of language policies Municipal Councils are required to take the language usage and preferences of the inhabitants into account and in the national and provincial at least two official languages must be used. Essential facts regarding language usage, demographic distribution, etc. must be taken into consideration for the determination of a language policy to conform to the Constitution.

THE PATTERNS OF KOREAN’S NARRATIVE: BASED ON THE ‘RULE OF THREE’

Korea has several conflicting images. The first image was that Korea has been a small and weak country. Korean Peninsula places at the collision point of continents and oceans, so it has been forced to encounter the frequent invasions from other strong neighboring countries. The second image is that Korea is a very interesting and dynamic society which has a long history and excellent cultures. Nowadays Koreans are known to be very smart and excellent in arts and science. Owing to the ardent desire for the children’s education, young Korean students are more educated and talented than those of any other nations. Between the passive belittlement opinion and extremely exaggerated applause, there could be more balanced third opinions suitable for Korean’s position.Korea is trying to confirm its identity through the comparison with other countries; China, Japan, and the United States. China has been the most powerful empire at the center of East Asia. For this reason, Korea chose a voluntary way of submission to China for a long time. Of course, there happened to be a time of resistance as an opponent. Korea sometimes has kept the attitude of "subservience to the stronger" on China. Japan has been considered as a less civilized country than Korea. But it grew to be the most powerful imperialist’s nation in East Asia and dominated Korea as a kind of substantial colony for 35 years. At the beginning of 20th century, the United States emerged as the super power among the all nations. Their power influenced to lots of nations as a police of the world as if they were the only police who can keep world peace. They were the friendly helper to South Korea for a long time. But it is not strange there were some occasional conflicts between the two nations.In general, Korea has chosen a policy of obedience to these powerful countries. But on the contrary of realistic attitude to them, Korean has continuously kept the attitude of independence and resistance in their deep minds. In the folk tale, it is the universal law that the weakest finally wins the strongest. The pattern of Korean’s narratives is same to that folk tale.Koreans feels a kind of empathy to these folk tales for they have been too weak themselves. So they made their own tales based on the contrast between strong and weak. Koreans have felt serious agony against inevitable power between continent/ ocean, China/ Japan, China/ United States. These were the Koreans’ destiny in their daily life. But Koreans developed lots of fictitious narrative which shows the imaginative victory of Korean.The pattern of ‘Rule of three’ can be divided into four; simple or cumulative, progressive or ascending, contrasting or double negative, dialectical. In this paper, I am going to introduce some Korean narratives, which show the victory of the weakest. The stories of General Yushin Kim and Great Monk Samyeong could be chosen the representative examples of Korean narratives."Three colored national flag" has been used in the world. For example, French people uses three colored flag for the meaning of liberty, equality and fraternity. I guess, in Poland, the legend of ‘three eagles’ could be used for the relationship of Russia, Germany and Poland or Germany, Czech and Poland. Currently, it can be used for the Korean’s dilemma between the powerful Group Two. Koreans are always asking to themselves: which way we must choose to survive between two powerful brothers, what is the third way we can choose as the youngest brother. These questions are making many narratives on Korean themselves.

Sadan Jha, Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag

Sadan Jha, <i>Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag</i>

“We are not changing it”: A Reassessment of the History of the Flag

According to conventional historical accounts, the New Zealand Ensign Act 1901 changed the national flag from the Union Jack to the current flag. This article shows that the 1901 Act did not change the national flag; it merely reconfirmed that the New Zealand ensign was ‘the recognised flag of the colony’. During 1900 the public became confused when an apparent rival national flag emerged thanks to a bureaucratic bungle. The 1901 Act abolished the rival flag, which was highly unpopular due to its unsightly white disc.

Holding your flag: The effects of exposure to a regional symbol on people's behavior

AbstractResearch has shown that exposure to the national flag alters people's behavior and political and intergroup judgments. In several field studies conducted in an area of France with a strong regional identity, we examined the effect of the presence of the regional flag versus the national flag versus no flag on behaviors. Various situations (e.g., money solicitation, implicit helping behavior, food tasting) were tested in Brittany, on the French west Atlantic coast. Car drivers, passersby in the street, and patrons in bakeries were exposed to no flag versus the French flag versus the Brittany flag held by requesters or presented on a product or on a car. Findings showed that the regional flag increased helping behavior dramatically. Other studies also revealed that the presence of the Brittany flag reduced aggressiveness and influenced preference for food products. The power of a flag as a symbol that could increase in‐group membership is discussed.

Coloring Outside the Lines of the Nation. An Iconological Analysis of the Tunisian Revolution

The Tunisian revolution not only liberated the country of its tenacious autocratic ruler, it also impacted, in a profound way, the imagination of prevailing political subjectivities. After Ben Ali fled the country, unsettled post-colonial tensions over the delineation of these changing subjectivities re-emerged, coloring outside the lines of the nation. The present paper analyzes this contentious process of becoming through an iconological analysis of the entangled dynamics of re-imagination that the national flag underwent during the Tunisian revolution, starting from the liberation phase in December 2010, through the constitutional phase and the promulgation of the new constitution in 2014, until the inauguration of the National Flag Square in March 2017. The present iconological analysis is not only paradoxically witness to the very limitation of the power of icons to engender dignified relationalities within a given nation, but is also witness to the slow closure of the revolutionary space and the gradual blockage of revolutionary processes of subject formation. This blockage was productive for the precarious restoration of national unity and state prestige necessary for the completion of the new constitution, but less for the demands for liberty, social justice and dignity so central to the revolution.

On national flags and language tags: Effects of flag-language congruency in bilingual word recognition

French-English bilinguals performed a generalized lexical decision experiment with mixed lists of French and English words and pseudo-words. In Experiment 1, each word/pseudo-word was superimposed on the picture of the French or UK flag, and flag-word congruency was manipulated. The flag was not informative with respect to either the lexical decision response or the language of the word. Nevertheless, lexical decisions to word stimuli were faster following the congruent flag compared with the incongruent flag, but only for French (L1) words. Experiment 2 replicated this flag-language congruency effect in a priming paradigm, where the word and pseudo-word targets followed the brief presentation of the flag prime, and this time effects were seen in both languages. We take these findings as evidence for a mechanism that automatically processes linguistic and non-linguistic information concerning the presence or not of a given language. Language membership information can then modulate lexical processing, in line with the architecture of the BIA model, but not the BIA+ model.

戦前日本における「国旗」制式統一過程と国定教科書 ―文部省による制式決定（1940年）迄の経緯―

戦前日本における「国旗」制式統一過程と国定教科書 ―文部省による制式決定（1940年）迄の経緯―

TWINS OF LATGALE: ASSOCIATIONS AND LANGUAGE

The aim of the study is to offer initial materials of the associative research done in two twin families living in Latgale and speaking Latgalian dialect. In order to get deeper knowledge about Latgalian children’s language in general, sustained and quantitative studies have to be carried out in the future. In folklore and tribal traditions (mostly in Africa) that have survived to our days, human twins are considered taboo regardless of how identical they look. In some tribal traditions, the birth of twins is received as a good omen, but in some other, on the contrary, as a serious curse. Twins are even killed and their mothers deported (Lash 1993:5). Anyway, the birth of twins is considered a creation of incomprehensible power. In this article we will use stories and drawings of twins from two families in Latgale about the following concepts: happiness, unhappiness, young, old, hard work, laziness, Latvia, the world, Europe, freedom, President, crisis, homeland, Latgale. The drawings of twins reflect every child’s meaningful associations with his/her particular understanding of the concept. These signs appear in the drawing of the selected object or component, such as the old house and the new house, a cage, where a person can escape from, a pack in the hands of a hardworking man, President’s red tie, etc. It is also seen in the posture of the person depicted in the drawing, such as with hands raised in a cheerful leap into freedom or bended legs in a dance, as well as in one’s facial expression. The drawings and narration of twins from one family are more alike when children illustrate abstract concepts. In such cases they use their knowledge about the surrounding world which is learned from TV or pictures they have seen. For instance, the seven-year-old twins colour their country Latvia in the colours of the national flag of Latvia. The earth is represented in the colours of the globe - the blue and green – and it is in the shape of the globe. The President is depicted as a solemn person in a neutral pose wearing a black suit with a red tie. Europe is shown as a formless green area. Meanwhile, the children are more careful and detailed when showing the concepts which are connected with certain things, emotions and actions, for example, a hardworking person is one who brings in fire-wood, happiness is to get a LEGO box when you want to play, a shopping-bag full of various newly purchased items. The twins also more describe those concepts, which are heard from adults, for example, why Daugavpils has such a name.The most important differences are observed in those narratives and drawings of twins from one family where the child’s emotional associations are felt. For example, when depicting freedom, the child draws a grid and thinks how to escape from it or draws freedom as a happy man who is jumping or dancing. The children’s association about the concept of old is also different. One of the twins associates this concept with the time span and draws a clock, but the other twin, thinks of ancient times and draws an antique flag with a coat of arms in the centre. The twins also understand the concept of homeland differently – one equals it to the family, but the other twin thinks his homeland is Latvia. In general, we can acknowledge that the narratives and drawings of Latgale twins confirm the cognition that twins may be similar and not similar but never alike (Lash 1993:5-6).

태극기의 국기로서의 최초 사용과 인천

#태극기 #국기 #조미수호통상조약 #이응준 #박영효 #마건충 #슈펠트 #Taegeukgi #National Flag of Korea #Treaty of Peace #Amity #Commerce and Navigation #United States-Korea Treaty of 1882 #Li Eungjun #Pak Yeonghyo #Ma Jianzhong #Robert Wilson Shufeldt

Are There Women Out There?

Are There Women Out There?

Back to the Past: Analysis of the Amendments Regarding Emperor and the National Symbols in the LDP 2012 Constitutional Draft

AbstractSince the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan's (LDP) return to power in late 2012, there has been on-going discussions regarding the possibility of revising the Japanese constitution. Prime Minister Shinzō Abe has made numerous remarks regarding his intention to implement significant changes. Understandably, amendments to the controversial Article 9 as well as to the Article 96 have become the main points of interests for both journalists and scholars. Judging by the LDP's constitutional draft from 2012 there are other significant changes that the ruling party would like to implement. This article mainly analyses the proposed amendments regarding the position and significance of the emperor, national flag, and anthem, as well as separation of the state and religion. Based on textual analysis of the draft and analysis of the remarks made by Abe Shinzō regarding changing the constitution, this paper argues that, if implemented, the proposed changes would symbolically link contemporary Japan with its pre-1945 past. Furthermore, both the LDP's constitutional draft and leading politicians’ comments regarding the necessity of those amendments fit into a much broader narrative regarding Japan's historical past, and signify another attempt to reconstruct collective memory of both the Pacific War and occupation years.