Competitiveness Of National Economy Research Articles

Competitiveness analysis and evaluation of entrepreneurial ecosystems: a multi-criteria approach

The purpose of this paper is, to propose a methodology for the comparison and ranking of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (EEs) in order to offer the decision maker a straightforward way of assessing the competitiveness of national economies. EEs are a coordinated set of individual and institutional agents, on the national level, aimed to pursue economic development through the discovery and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Among the various approaches found in EE research, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor consortium evaluates the national economic development of more than 100 countries, concerning both individual and contextual factors. Entrepreneurship Framework Conditions of national EEs are rated on an annual basis by groups of domain experts on a number of predefined criteria. These ratings describe the various facets of the EEs, exposing strengths and weaknesses of the contextual environment, offering a snapshot of the competitiveness conditions of the national economy. However, comparative studies examining the relative performance of each EE, are needed in order to communicate useful information and help stakeholders make insightful decisions and design policy. The ranking of EEs as different alternatives based on multiple criteria is a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem. The relative importance of each criterion is defined either by experts or by statistical methods. The selection of criteria weights is usually a cumbersome procedure. The utilization of non-weighted or equal weight methods, eliminates the need for definition of weights, it has less computational overhead and can produce distinct and objective rankings of the alternatives. The Greek EE is taken as a working example, and it is compared with a number of developed and developing countries, as alternatives. The consistence of the ranking results produced by the method proposed is compared with the evaluations of other EE metrics and the results of other well accepted MCDM methods. The application of the method produced a distinct ranking for each alternative EE. The Greek EE ranked below average among the countries of the comparison group, implying that it is less conducive for entrepreneurship development, although it is categorized among the most developed Innovation Driven economies. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are thoroughly discussed offering useful conclusions.

Energy Use Efficiency Past-to-Future Evaluation: An International Comparison

Despite the many benefits that energy consumption brings to the economy, consuming energy also leads nations to expend more resources on environmental pollution. Therefore, energy efficiency has been proposed as a solution to improve national economic competitiveness and sustainability. However, the growth in energy demand is accelerating while policy efforts to boost energy efficiency are slowing. To solve this problem, the efficiency gains in countries where energy consumption efficiency is of the greatest concern such as China, India, the United States, and Europe, especially, emerging economies, is central. Additionally, governments must take greater policy actions. Therefore, this paper studied 25 countries from Asia, the Americas, and Europe to develop a method combining the grey method (GM) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) slack-based measure model (SMB) to measure and forecast the energy efficiency, so that detailed energy efficiency evaluation can be made from the past to the future; moreover, this method can be extended to more countries around the world. The results of this study reveal that European countries have a higher energy efficiency than countries in Americas (except the United States) and Asian countries. Our findings also show that an excess of total energy consumption is the main reason causing the energy inefficiency in most countries. This study contributes to policymaking and strategy makers by sharing the understanding of the status of energy efficiency and providing insights for the future.

THE IMPACT OF OIL PRICES ON THE GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS OF NATIONAL ECONOMIES

The influence of various factors on the competitiveness of national economies is investigated in many articles, however, there is little research on the impact of resource prices on it. This article aims to examine the effect of crude oil prices on the global competitiveness of both producing countries and countries consuming oil. Based on annual data from 60 countries for 2006–2017, a regression analysis of panel data with fixed effects shows that exceeding the annual growth rate of oil prices over GDP growth rates reduces the growth rate of the global competitiveness index, and it is twice strong for oil exporting countries than for countries non-oil exporters. And the growth of average labor productivity, total factor productivity, the share of employed in the total population, High-technology exports, and the Gross capital formation raises the country's global competitiveness index. Due to the rise in world oil prices, exporting countries are moving downward in the global competitiveness ranking more than non-oil exporters.Keywords: oil price, global competitiveness index, panel dataJEL Classifications: C33, C55, F6, O47DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8089

The Interrelation between Economic Growth and National Economic Competitiveness: The Case of Ukraine

The Interrelation between Economic Growth and National Economic Competitiveness: The Case of Ukraine

ASSESSMENT OF CLUSTER TEXTILE ENTREPRENEURSHIP EFFICIENCY

Introduction. In modern world not only the certain producer, but also the country in general has to be competitive. Strengthening of competition on the global market causes the necessity in creation of new forms of business which provide survival and prosperity of national producers and the state in general. Rather effective solution of a problem of ensuring competitiveness on the national and global markets is the concept of national economy clustering. Creation of a territorial cluster does not guarantee its high efficiency at all. While implementing each of the cluster project developers face with an issue of efficiency assessment of its functioning.Hypothesis. The research of cluster entrepreneurship effectiveness helps to identify the most influential factors of its realization, directions of cluster initiatives contribution through the changes of the development vector.The aim of the research is to develop methodical justification of efficiency assessment of certain industry sector cluster functioning.Methodology of the research is based on the Michael Porter`s concept of territorial clusters development.Results: The features of cluster development in different regions of Ukraine have been analyzed. The approaches of efficiency assessment of economic clusters activity existing in scientific literature have been studied. The method of efficiency assessment of entrepreneurial activity of textile industry clusters taking into account sectoral features of business has been offered.Conclusions: The necessity of taking into account the industrial sectors of clusters helps to identify priority directions of clustering in many regions of Ukraine, the biggest potential of clustering and inter-industrial cooperative links. Using the results of the research in Ukrainian practice will contribute to the improvement of territorial policy in the sphere of cluster entrepreneurial development of economy. It will give an opportunity to increase the competitiveness of national economy on the global market.

The Problem of Living Standards and Quality of Life in the Age of Digitalization

The authors substantiate the relevance of the study of the processes of digitalization of modern society. They show that the main factor of transformation in all spheres is information technology, which is the driver of the next industrial revolution. The researchers prove that at the current stage of social development the level of ICT development is one of the key indicators of the competitiveness of national economies. The article presents a number of examples of developed and developing countries where programs and strategies for the development of digital economies are already being implemented. The authors review similar programs and projects implemented in Belarus, analyze the experience of the Belarusian state in the development of infrastructure conditions and the legal framework on the way to the creation of an IT-country. The thesis that the process of digitalization of the economy, society and the state, on the one hand, opens up Windows of opportunity and growth for economic and social actors; on the other hand, it leads to the emergence of new, as yet unexplored, risks and threats. The advantages of sociological science as a tool to explore these new opportunities and risks based on the assessment and expectations of the population are shown. The sociological concepts "standard of living" and "quality of life" are considered and compared, the authors offer their interpretations of these notions. They prove that modern rapidly digitizing communities have access to the latest technologies and the ability to use them become powerful factors affecting the living standards and quality of life of individuals. The scientists investigate a number of contradictions preventing improvement of quality of life in the conditions of increasing digitalization of social processes, namely: unevenness of development of ICT in different spheres of activity of society and higher rates of development of technologies in comparison with the speed of their development by the population. On the base of analysis of statistical information and sociological research data the authors point out the factors reducing the digital readiness of the population including insufficient computer and digital literacy of the population, psychological conservatism, fear of facing threats to information security, lack of confidence in the usefulness and practical applicability of new knowledge. The researchers also formulate prospects of further research within the given problematics.

U.S. Visa Policies and STEM PhD Employment in Technology Startups

Visa policies to retain United States-trained STEM PhDs are of central importance to national innovation and economic competitiveness. There is also growing interest in “startup” visas that stimulate entrepreneurial activity and job creation, particularly in technology sectors. However, there is little understanding of how visa policies might influence foreign PhDs’ employment in technology startups. This study investigates differences between 2,324 foreign and US PhDs from US research universities using a longitudinal survey of individuals’ preferences and characteristics during graduate school and their subsequent employment in a startup or established firm. Among PhDs whose first job is industrial research & development, 15.8% of US PhDs work in a startup compared with 6.8% of foreign PhDs. Foreign PhDs are as likely as US PhDs to apply to and receive offers for startup jobs, but conditional on receiving an offer, they are 56% less likely to work in a startup. This disparity is partially explained by differences in visa sponsorship between startups and established firms and not by foreign PhDs’ preferences for established firm jobs, risk tolerance, or preference for higher pay. Foreign PhDs who first work in an established firm and subsequently receive a green card are more likely to move to a startup than another established firm, suggesting that permanent residency facilitates startup employment. These findings suggest that US visa policies may deter foreign PhDs from working in startups, thereby restricting startups’ access to a large segment of the STEM PhD workforce and impairing startups’ ability to contribute to innovation and economic growth.

External competitiveness and the role of fiscal policy: does fiscal austerity matter?

During and after the sovereign debt crisis that hit most of the EU member states after the Great Recession, the question of the effectiveness of fiscal policy vis-a-vis ensuring sustainable growth rates and changing the economic structure of member states was highly debated. Accordingly, this paper investigates the effects of shocks in government purchases and net taxes on the export competitiveness of the eleven new EU member states: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia. The countries are treated as a homogenous sample, but the empirical analysis extends beyond this. Namely, the paper examines two subsamples based on the exchange rate regimes of the eleven new EU member states: the fixed vs the flexible exchange rate regime. By applying the panel VAR analysis, over the 1999-2015 period, we have reached the following conclusions. First, fiscal austerity influences the level of exports in our sample. Second, the effects of shocks in fiscal policy on the level of exports are short-lived. Third, shocks in government purchases are the most important determinant for all the new EU member states. And fourth, shocks in net taxes influence the level of export only in the countries that have the flexible exchange rate regimes. Our results contribute to the literature that examines the effects of fiscal policy on the competitiveness of national economies by highlighting both the duration effect of fiscal policy on the level of export and also by pointing to the optimal economic instrument used with respect to the currency arrangement of the country.

Real Exchange Rate and Competitiveness of National Economy

The article presents the results of empirical investigation devoted to assessing the degree of impact of real exchange rate on economic growth and the dynamics of total factor productivity for various groups of countries, including the CIS countries, countries exporting raw materials, developing countries targeting inflation, in the period 1990-2017 years, using the system generalized method of moments.

Considerations for Quality Assurance of E-Learning Provision

Today’s learning landscape differs greatly from that of a few years ago (Bates, 2015; Daniel, 2016; Mathes, 2019; Ossiannilsson, Williams, Camilleri, Brown, 2015). The main global challenges highlighted so far and affecting and influencing education are globalization, changing demographics and increasing digitization (Schwab, 2016). The United Nations’ UNESCO sustainability goals aim to meet these challenges (2015a; 2015b). In the field of education, the SDG4 focuses on education for all through its core areas of access, equity, equality, equality, inclusion and lifelong learning. Mobile learning is the first choice for most people today. The way learners learn is changing dramatically, due to the fourth industrial revolution, not just the way we learn, but also the way we live, perform, communicate, and interact (Schwab, 2016). Today, learning is possible anywhere, anytime and through any type of device. In the context of globalization and the knowledge-based economy, the quality of higher education is increasingly seen as strategically important for national economic development and competitiveness. High quality and relevant higher education provide students with the knowledge, skills and transferable core competences they need to succeed after graduation, in a high-quality learning environment that recognizes and supports good learning and teaching. The combination of educational technologies is both natural and demanding, so quality aspects must be taken into account (Bates, 2017, Daniels, 2016, Heurtas et al., 2018).

Course Design for College Entrepreneurship Education – From Personal Trait Analysis to Operation in Practice

Nowadays, many countries are promoting entrepreneurial education or the “innovation, entrepreneurship, and creativity” education. Entrepreneurial education can enhance a nation’s economic competitiveness and give rise to new business. At the moment, entrepreneurial courses are mostly designed by school teachers; however, while school teachers may possess business experience, they lack in entrepreneurial experience. Hence, entrepreneurial education courses call for experts with entrepreneurial experience to contribute to course designs and assist with course teachings. Entrepreneurial education not only improves a student’s entrepreneurial skills, but also enables each student to explore their personal characteristics in order to advance the collaboration efficacy of the team as a whole. This study asked six experts with entrepreneurial experience in the information industry to work with school teachers in course design as well as teaching collaboration. The course design starts with three talk sessions given by professionals who share with students their thoughts and experiences in entrepreneurial products, team organization, fund raising, and profit calculation. Following that, each student is asked to share their own thoughts on entrepreneurial products and start searching for team members and planning their project. During the course, each team receives six individual advising sessions from the professionals, with topics ranging from product modeling, feasibility, product market estimation, fundraising methods, and profit calculation. The experts also provide each team member with personal trait analysis. Last but not least, the course invites five management-level industry professionals to play the role of venture capital investor, and evaluate each team’s product modeling based on their presentation. This study reviews the grades given by the experts as well as the evaluations given by the three industry managers to assess whether the entrepreneurial education course’s student entrepreneur teams satisfy the industry’s expectations.

THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE FOR IMPROVING COMPETITIVENESS OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

TThe aim of the paper is to examine the interdependence of the selected indicators from the Global Competitiveness Report and the Innovation pillar, which is used as a proxy indicator of the science competitiveness. This relationship is analyzed within the sample of 9 countries. The analysis uses available information sources in WEFs annual reports. The key contribution of this paper consists in providing clearer into factors competitiveness in the analyzed countries and pointing out the priority actions for the authorities to improve and increase the competitiveness level of science, and its contribution to the national economy competitiveness level. The research results can serve policy makers in shaping strategies and policies for the competitiveness improvement and the future of economic development in the analyzed countries.

Development of the efficient competitiveness mechanism for maritime transport enterprises

The present state of maritime transport has been studied, the dynamics and prospects of its development have been determined, the main advantages of the maritime industry have been presented in the article. Different economic methods have been used. Thus, it has been stressed that globalization processes, characterizing the current state of the world economy development, intensify interstate economic ties, greatly enhancing the role of transport, maritime one in particular as it is a mainstay of globalization due to long water area dividing main economic region of the world. It has been stated that maritime transport is a central element of international transport networks, which serve value chains and international trade. Accordingly, this industry should constantly increase its competitive advantages for further growth of the overall level of national economy competitiveness. Maritime transport enterprises are deemed one of the key constituents of country`s transport system since it accounts for the largest part of cargo turnover in international transportation, as water transport, marine one, in particular, plays an important role in ensuring the integration of countries into the world economy. The analysis and proofs that the phenomena of competition and competitive advantages are key development factors of marine enterprises, set to build up steadily their competitive advantages for further growth of the overall level of national economy competitiveness have been provided. It was also determined that one of the most important factors that is the key to the high level of competitiveness of modern maritime transport is the port economy, which determines the need for measures to increase the competitiveness of seaports. Thus, considerable attention has been paid to the main directions of increasing the competitiveness of the state’s port industry. The range of evaluation issues of competitiveness ensuring mechanisms of port enterprises from the viewpoint of the following approaches: process approach, marketing approach and cluster approach have been defined in this article by the authors.

КЛАСТЕРИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ: ВІРТУАЛЬНІСТЬ ТА ПРАКТИКА ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ

The modern stage the development of Ukraine economy is require the reasonable methodological aspects to determination of effectiveness and authenticity the existence of clusters, its the applied value and virtual for the purpose of further aspects of development the theoretical principles of management enterprises in the conditions the modern progress of national economy trends. A research purpose is mark research of practice the using of clusters in modern Ukrainian reality, exposure of its virtual constituents, evaluation the role of clustering for development of theory practices the management of enterprises and its influence an economy on the competitiveness of national economy and maintenance of motion to the European and world society. As an object of research economic activity of enterprises the different industries comes forward economies of Ukraine, which are in the search of new directions of innovative development on the basis of creation of different types of clusters. Methods and principles of scientific cognition of general and special methods and receptions became methodological basis of research that the effective used in the process of ground and the applied value of the use of clustering. Including the methods of systematization and generalization? what are used for the analysis of the existent aspects of creation the clusters in different industries of activity of enterprises; inductions and deductions, what are use for the ground of the applied value of clustering; between disciplinary analogy, what are use for the evaluation the virtual of application and adaptation of clusters to the operating of modern enterprises conditions. Supposition became the basic hypothesis of research, that modern cluster educations in different industries of Ukraine national economy have more virtual than practical application, and - basic its further development its legislatively-normative determination and use must become in the direction of creation the competitive products. The statement of basic materials. It is well-proven that the applied methods of clustering have likeness with the reliable methods of realization of prognosis, when the variety of the possible states of the economic systems is planned. Common reliable idea about development does not give reliable information a cluster about development of single enterprises in it, that is why conduct each in such cluster associations more casual character, than reliable activity to the cluster, has yet a subject. There is authenticity of that not every subject will be consistently and to move on a scenario which is offered in a cluster association, but will incarnate that which answers its idea about prosperity and necessities. In-process of expose was wrote the mechanisms of presentation the participants of cluster about a utility, satisfaction system of values, which is carried in itself by creation of different clusters. Offered approach consideration about cluster society have originality and practical meaningfulness and allow to send processes creation of clusters on determination of compatible values and necessities for its participants and receipt of public economic effects from it. The conducted research allowed to formulate a conclusion, that clustering have the hidden potentials, that not allow effective develop the economy of enterprises, but take in attention the virtual features of perception the clustering, it follows to pay attention to necessity: creation of legislatively-normative base in relation to functioning of clusters, presence of instruments the state support of activity of clusters on regional and national levels for creation of competitive products; creation of compatible values and requirements in mutual relations in a middle clusters and receipt of the objective applied effects in relation to functioning of clustering.

Economic and Statistical Analysis of Trade and Economic Cooperation Between the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation

The authors developed economic and statistical analysis on bilateral economic and trade and investment partnership between the Republic of Kyrgyzstan and the Russian Federation for the past decade and formulated proposals for the further coordination of long-term foreign economic policy.The paper provides an analytical review of intercountry trade and investment cooperation with emphasis on manufacturing. It is based on data from various international organizations (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Eurasian Economic Commission) and the National statistical committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. Extensive statistical material supports the thesis on using the benefits of integration for the economy of the Kyrgyz Republic, even though it remains dependent on political fluctuations and has an underdeveloped business environment.The authors examine the implementation of bilateral contracts, projects and agreements from 2008 to 2016, with an emphasis on critical long-term interests of two states, and discuss perspectives for trade and economic cooperation in the medium and long terms. They also cover questions regarding coordination of economic policy in the abovementioned areas. Considerable attention is given to evidence-based reasoning in favor of strengthening the Russian-Kyrgyz partnership in the field of trade and investment. There is also a need for statistical support for the implementation of joint programs to improve the sustainability and competitiveness of national economies, as well as a broad integration cooperation agenda within the Eurasian Economic Union and other associations.

Value-Oriented Model of Tuition in the Context of University 3.0 Paradigm

Introduction. This article presents the analysis of transformational changes in the Russian system of higher education. The authors aimed to develop a value-oriented model for the organization of educational activities. The concept of University 3.0 serves as a modern basis for ensuring the global competitiveness of national economies in the digital world. Materials and Methods. The methodological approaches of the study were systematic, comparative and problem-chronological methods. Results. The study expanded the understanding of the main stages of transformation in the higher education system in the Russian Federation. The results show that the destruction of the Soviet academic culture was accompanied by the destruction of the historical institutional balance. As a result, it became necessary to form new norms that define both the rules of interaction within the educational community and the place of this community in the overall social structure. The concept of Education 3.0 is designed to form these normative frameworks and ensure their interiorisation both in the pedagogical community and among students. It is revealed that in the modern Russian educational environment they are formed spontaneously, mainly due to the independent development of new technologies by students, while teachers continue to adhere to the previous educational concepts. Discussion and Conclusion. The practical significance of the study lies in the proposal of specific measures, the implementation of which will form the reputation of the University, attract additional investment, enhance its competitiveness both at the domestic and international level. The timeliness of the study lies in the fact that the analysis of the educational reform was carried out taking into account the needs of value-based management. The results of the study will be useful for the management of higher education institutions to reformulate development concepts, as well as for the executive authorities to further reform the educational system.

Analysis of competitiveness development of Ukrainian products in the conditions of globalization

The article considers competition as a category, in which the state’s vigorous activity defines and implements a competitiveness strategy, establishes the «game rules» for market relations. The current state of Ukrainian products competitiveness in accordance with the Global Competitiveness Index in 2017–2018 is analyzed. For actualization an existing problem, the goal is set to analyze and identify the causes of goods, products and services low competitiveness, which produced in Ukraine, and to summarize the ways of their improvement in the context of modern globalization, transformation and European integration processes. The main advantages of national economy competitiveness ensuring are highlighted, but at the same time it is determined that a goods, which Ukraine exports, cannot adequately fill the country’s budget, that is, a raw materials have never been a commodity, which can save an economy. It was proposed to take as an example of the Poland experience, where the products manufacturing of European brands is carried out under tolling schemes. It has been established that the main factors, which hold back the competitiveness development of Ukrainian products in the context of globalization are the domestic market imperfection, the tax policy ineffectiveness, an incentives inhibition for innovation and investment activity, corruption, shadow economy, imperfection of public administration system in the framework of competitive advantages protecting of domestic commodity producers. The following ways of existing problem solving are proposed, namely: to determine the priorities of economic development and to direct resources for implementation of the most promising and efficient branches of national production, which have the proper competitive ability to enter an international market, to stabilize the tax system, financial and monetary policy; to improve of competition regulation system and stimulate innovation processes implementing in the economy.

МОТИВАЦІЯ ПЕРСОНАЛУ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА В УКРАЇНІ

The paper seeks to provide a comparative analysis of the categories of ‘entrepreneurship’,’motivation’ and ‘encouragement’ based on research studies by Ukrainian scholars. It is argued that entrepreneurship and small and medium-sized business in particular, in the context of market transformations in Ukraine should become a critical factor in boosting socioeconomic development of the country. Extensive study of a vast body of statistical data and domestic research findings has revealed the specifics and trends of doing business in modern Ukraine. The paper also discusses and provides deeper insights into the basic aspects of shadow economy in Ukraine which hinders the development of the national economy competitiveness, growth of social living standards as well threatens Ukraine’s further integration into economic space of developed European countries. The current state of the shadow economy in Ukraine has been tracked along with revealing the essential factors driving the national shadow economy and suggesting a set of relevant consistent actions to combat this negative phenomenon. The paper also describes the key methods of employee encouragement and motivation at domestic enterprises together with providing the monitoring results on the common leadership and management mistakes that occur in the process of staff motivation in the national business settings. Based on the authors’ diverse personal experience of working in different domestic companies, an individual scheme of staff motivation is proposed which can harmonize the common objectives of the employer and the employee, thus contributing to enhance the competitiveness of domestic enterprises. In the frameworks the given conceptual analysis of specific characteristics of doing business in modern Ukrainian realia and shadow economy effects, a methodology and principles of personnel motivation are suggested which facilitate an increase in labour productivity and boost employees’ personal interest in their due diligence and effective performance.

Ograničenja kompozitnih indeksa u merenju konkurentnosti

In economic theory and practice, different aspects of competitiveness are analyzed (productivity, export-import ratio, exchange rate, institutional development, etc.). Therefore, the measurement of national competitiveness involves understanding and evaluating numerous microeconomic, macroeconomic and institutional factors determining the competitiveness of the national economy. Today, measuring competitiveness is most often associated with a framework set up by the World Economic Forum, Doing Business and Heritage Foundation. Therefore, this paper will explain in more detail the methodology used to calculate the competitiveness index of these organizations. The paper discusses the method of assessing and ranking the competitiveness of national economies according to different composite indices (World Economic Forum, Doing Business list and Heritage Foundation), as well as limitations of individual indicators. The paper examines the hypothesis that composite indices in measuring competitiveness do not fully reflect the evolution of an economy, which will be shown by Pirson's correlation coefficient between the global competitiveness index and GDP per capita for the selected countries in the period 2012-2017.

The Role of Modern Day Education and Qualifed Workforce in Improving Corporate and National Economic Competitiveness

The Role of Modern Day Education and Qualifed Workforce in Improving Corporate and National Economic Competitiveness