National Competitiveness Research Articles

A REVIEW OF ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL METHODS AND THEIR IMPACT ON U.S. COMPETITIVENESS IN THE GLOBAL MARKET

This research explores the integration of advanced educational methods in the United States and its implications for national competitiveness. The literature review underscores the critical link between education and economic competitiveness by examining the historical evolution of the U.S. education system. U.S. education's current state reveals strengths and weaknesses, necessitating innovative solutions. The potential impact of advanced methods on student outcomes, the reduction of educational disparities, and alignment with workforce needs are analyzed. Challenges such as resistance to change, equity concerns, and ethical considerations are addressed. Policy implications emphasize the need for flexible, equitable, and data-driven strategies to maximize the transformative potential of advanced educational methods for a more inclusive and globally competitive future. Keywords: Advanced Educational Methods, U.S. Education System, Global Competitiveness, Student Outcomes, Educational Disparities, Policy Implications.

Green Logistics Research Review Report

With the rapid development of the social economy, the modern logistics industry is, on the one hand, an important part of supporting the development of the national economy and enhancing the national economic competitiveness. On the other hand, logistics activities are also one of the main factors leading to the deterioration of the ecological environment and the waste of social resources, the development of green logistics has become the key to the transformation of the logistics industry. The article uses CiteSpace software to conduct a quantitative analysis of the literature on the theme of "green logistics", aiming to sort out the knowledge structure and research hot spots in the field of green logistics, summarize the research process of green logistics at home and abroad; secondly, classify the research and development directions of logistics Explore.

Artificial Intelligence Curriculum Development for Intelligent System Experts in University

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a pivotal technology for enhancing national and industrial competitiveness in the digital transformation era. Consequently, the cultivation of specialized talent in AI has garnered significant attention. This study analyzed AI-related department curricula at major universities worldwide, identifying critical courses for each academic semester. The data we collected included course titles, syllabi, and learning objectives, which were refined and analyzed afterward. Furthermore, we comparatively examined university AI education programs based on the content of Computer Science Curricula 2023, a widely recognized framework for computer science education. The insights gleaned from our analysis revealed that AI curricula are built upon a foundation of computer science, emphasizing the importance of a deep understanding of various related domains within the field of computer science. Based on these findings, we proposed a curriculum for AI departments, considering the need for a comprehensive understanding of computer science alongside specialized AI courses. This study aims to provide foundational data for advancing AI education and guide educational program improvements. Ultimately, it aspires to contribute to developing specialized professionals in the AI field, thereby bolstering national and industrial competitiveness in the rapidly evolving digital landscape.

AI technology specialization and national competitiveness.

This study investigates the factors influencing specialization in artificial intelligence (AI) technology, a critical element of national competitiveness. We utilized a revealed comparative advantage matrix to evaluate technological specialization across countries and employed a three-way fixed-effect panel logit model to examine the relationship between AI specialization and its determinants. The results indicate that the development of AI technology is strongly contingent on a nation's pre-existing technological capabilities, which significantly affect AI specialization in emerging domains. Additionally, this study reveals that scientific knowledge has a positive impact on technological specialization, highlighting the necessity of integrating scientific advancements with technological sectors. Although complex technologies positively influence AI specialization, their effect is less pronounced than that of scientific knowledge. This suggests that in rapidly advancing fields, such as AI, incorporating new scientific knowledge into related industries may be more advantageous than simply advancing existing technologies to outpace competitors. This insight points nations toward enhancing AI competitiveness in new areas, emphasizing the vital importance of both scientific and technological capabilities, and the integration of novel AI knowledge with established sectors. This research offers critical guidance for policymakers in less technologically and economically developed countries, as these nations may not have the technological infrastructure required to foster AI specialization through increased technical complexity.

근대 국가, 국민의 자격, 그리고 정신성(mentality) - 우생학(eugenics)과의 상관관계를 중심으로

The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between the modern nation-state, national qualifications, and mentality in relation to eugenics. This aims to reveal the significance of human science and biomedical measures in national policy and its implementation, thereby providing a theoretical opportunity to critically examine the general perception of the bio-political characteristics of modern states and the correlation between human abilities and spirituality. Accordingly, here, first, we will reveal the correlation between the modern state - modern thought - national qualifications - mental capacity - Galton’s eugenics, and second, within this link, examine biometrics and intelligence test as a methodology for determining national qualifications, that is, human mental capacity. Thirdly, we will look at the problem of the feeble-minded who were its direct victims. This will be an opportunity to critically reflect on the tendency to understand national competitiveness or its efficiency in conjunction with meritocracy based on intellectual capabilities.

Effective skills supply and grand vocational education: Interdisciplinary thinking on China's vocational education

Vocational education, the product of specialized division of labor in modern society, seeks to address the challenges of modern life by offering vocational culture and technical education. There are two opposite theoretical judgments on the function of vocational education. One argues that it is merely a means to produce diplomas for occupational monopoly, lacking efficacy in skill formation. Conversely, the other views it as a crucial carrier of effective skills supply and a significant comparative advantage in shaping national competitiveness. In China, the ongoing tension between the supply of diplomas and that of effective skills has long influenced the evolution of the vocational education system. It is urgent for China to revive Yanpei Huang's Grand Vocational Education (GVE) to achieve high-quality development of vocational education. Although there is still a long journey ahead, we have a promising future ahead in building a skill-based society where "the state values skills, society promotes skills, and individuals possess skills", as it underscores the significance of GVE.

NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS ASSESSMENT: SEARCHING FOR AN ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGY

The article presents the results of applying the author's methodology for assessing national competitiveness, based on an analysis of the effectiveness of macroeconomic systems in the operation of nine main growth factors in relation to 91 states in the period from 2003 to 2021. The results obtained demonstrate certain discrepancies with the data of international ratings of national competitiveness; however, they reflect the author’s concept of its assessment, which implies the effectiveness of the marketization of natural, human, and financial capital by macroeconomic systems and not the infrastructural and institutional quality of the latter.

Price Distortions and Competitiveness of Cotton Production in Pakistan

The research is conducted to determine the cotton price distortions, as well as competitiveness at national and international levels. National competitiveness has been measured by using the nominal protection coefficient (NPC) and benefit-cost ratios for the period 2008-09 to 2018-19. To gauge international competitiveness, trade base indices under the revealed comparative advantage approach are used. A comparison of the international competitiveness of Pakistan with major cotton-exporting countries has also been made. The results of this research revealed that at the national level cotton producers in Pakistan faced implicit taxation for most of the years during the study period, as NPCi averaged at 0.87 as an import substitution crop. Export parity prices were slightly less or equal to the domestic prices by varying degrees as NPCe averaged at 1.06. The production cost grew at the rate of 12.3% per annum, while cotton output prices grew at the rate of 8.4 percent per annum. Consequently, a decrease was registered in the benefit-cost ratio during the study period. Pakistan has experienced comparative and competitive advantage for cotton as indicated by results of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) indices. A comparison of Pakistan’s indices with main exporters/competitors demonstrated that Pakistan has a relatively higher comparative and competitive advantage for cotton. However, Pakistan’s international competitiveness exhibited a declining pattern since 2011-12. This result is consistent with the national level scenarios as the benefit-cost ratio has declined over this period. It can be concluded that productivity growth and a reduction in input costs are needed to improve overall competitiveness in cotton production and trade.

Evaluation of changes in the lingual situation in the Kazakhstan lingual policy

Relevance. Language policy and societal language processes are crucial in forming nation-states with distinct linguistic and cultural identities, particularly in post-Soviet countries like Kazakhstan. Purpose. This purpose of the study is to analyze language changes in Kazakhstan since independence and evaluate current language policies and their future prospects. Methodology. The research employs comparative, statistical, analytical-synthetic, and graphic methods to examine language modernization parameters and policy perspectives in Kazakhstan. Results. The study analyzed population census data from 1999, 2009, and 2021, presenting statistical information through diagrams and tables. It compared different stages of Kazakh language identity formation from the early 20th century to the present. The research focused on the educational system parameters and the implementation of the trinity of languages concept in secondary and higher education. Conclusions. The study highlights that Kazakhstan�s language policy emphasizes the trilingual concept, promoting Kazakh, Russian, and English to foster national identity and international competitiveness. The research underscores the significant progress in increasing Kazakh language usage and proficiency, alongside the need to further integrate the language into various societal sectors such as science, business, and technology to enhance its functionality and influence. Keywords: language modernization; trinity concept; national linguistic identity; multilingual education; sociolinguistics

Entrepreneurial universities and the third mission paradigm shift from economic performance to impact entrepreneurship: Germany’s EXIST program and ESG orientation

AbstractThe proliferation and intensity of modern grand challenges, and the current broad public awareness of them, has resulted in a demand for entrepreneurship with an eye toward environmental, social and governance (ESG) matters, not just profits and economic gain. When it comes to economic applications, this realigned focus on impact-oriented entrepreneurship has significantly altered the way in which entrepreneurial universities address their third mission of service to society. The overall paradigm shift toward an ESG orientation drives these entrepreneurial universities to structure their efforts in technology transfer and creating academic spinoffs to produce startups which heavily employ impact entrepreneurship and ESG principles. This paper finds that governments can assist with this transition by creating funding programs, or updating existing funding programs, which favor the selection of impact entrepreneurship focused spinoffs that make use of ideas and knowledge from the university sphere. The EXIST program from the German government serves as a prime example of just such a financial mechanism that has evolved across multiple decades to more heavily incentivize academic spinoffs that place ESG at the core of what they do, in addition to the original goals of producing economic and technological development and increasing local, regional and national competitiveness. These findings bear implications for government and university leaders in regard to technology transfer policy and academic spinoffs at entrepreneurial universities.

The Role of Accountants in Facing Economic Digitalization Towards The Era of Society 5.0

In preparation for the era of Society 5.0, economic digitization has brought drastic changes that have triggered the evolution of the accounting profession. The Society 5.0 zone is seen as an area that encourages interaction between humans, technology and robots to improve the quality of life. Economic digitalization is a global phenomenon that is driving structural changes in the business and financial sectors. In the modern informatics era, technological advances have had a significant impact on accounting practices and strategic decision making by organizations. This research aims to track the development of economic digitalization and provide an overview of the important role of accountants in the context of Society 5.0. The results of this research show that the role of advanced accountants must be broad and flexible in order to participate in the digital revolution that is taking place. Competent and responsive accounting professionals will play a vital role in promoting national economic stability and competitiveness, as the country advances towards Society 5.0.

SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP DYNAMICS: ITS INFLUENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE ENTREPRENEURIAL CONTEXT

Entrepreneurship has been acknowledged as one of the primary drivers of economic growth in various countries worldwide. In the era of globalization and increasing competition, entrepreneurship becomes crucial in strengthening a nation's competitiveness. This study aims to examine the dynamics of situational leadership and its influence on human resource development in the context of entrepreneurship. The research method employed in this study is a qualitative literature review using data obtained from Google Scholar for the period from 2009 to 2023. The study findings indicate that situational leadership dynamics have a significant impact on human resource development (HRD) in the context of entrepreneurship. This concept emphasizes the importance of leadership adaptation to various rapidly changing and complex situations. By recognizing individual needs and team dynamics, leaders can facilitate learning, growth, and innovation within the organization.

Running up that hill: a literature review and research agenda proposal on “gazelles” firms

AbstractIn recent years, “gazelles”—a small set of high-growth firms—have attracted considerable interest from researchers for their capacity to contribute significantly to the competitiveness of nations. However, in management literature, the research on this topic is still incomplete, and a broad but focused review is needed to understand the phenomenon fully. Therefore, the paper aims to analyse in depth the literature on “gazelles” published in the Business, Management, and Accounting and Decision Sciences fields, shedding light on opportunities arising from emerging research topics related to the phenomenon. In meeting this aim, the work is built on a systematic literature review, and Elsevier’s Scopus database was selected and scanned to access publications. The analysis identifies in the sample under investigation the quantitative characteristics (temporal distribution of publications, journals included in the sample, and methodological approach adopted by authors), as well as seven main topics resulting from the qualitative coding process (performance, policy and employment, innovation, entrepreneurship, corporate governance and decision-making, human resources, and strategy). Finally, a comprehensive outlook and a critical analysis of the state-of-the-art research on these specific high-growth firms have been provided through the proposal of a conceptual framework. This study also proposes a research agenda for scholars while providing insightful suggestions from a practical point of view.

Behind the Huawei sanction: national security, ideological prejudices or something else?

Digital supremacy is fundamental to national security and global economic competitiveness. An imperative of protecting critical information infrastructure (CII) is the theoretical basis for cybersecurity policies. The cyber competition has the potential to reshape global tech supply chains and international economic governance. The winner will make standards and rules that can take the most advantage of a first mover. The assumption that governments across jurisdictions embrace similar policies, regardless of their ideologies, is not a paradoxical proposition any more in the time of globalisation 2.0. Both the US and China use law enforcement power to advance their national strategic interests. The imposition of sanctions against Huawei is an epitome of the current US–China cyber competition game far beyond the mere economic scenario. This study seeks to explore whether the unilateral approaches would be well justified in a new normal of the decoupling era and how to establish a viable global cyber governance regime.

부패방지법의 입법체계 정비방안

The Criminal Law, the Unfair Solicitation Prohibition Act, the Conflict of Interest Prevention Act, the Public Officials Ethics Act, and the Public Officials Report Protection Act have been enacted and implemented in Korea to eradicate corruption according to the type of corruption, the degree of corruption, and the change of the times. After the enactment of the Unfair Solicitation Prohibition Act and the Conflict of Interest Prevention Act, Korea ranked 31st in 2022. Since the Public Officials Ethics Act contains a number of contents to be regulated in the Conflict of Interest Act, it is necessary to regulate it in the Conflict of Interest Act, but it is necessary to reasonably improve the Public Officials Ethics Act. In addition, although it was originally intended to enact the Unfair Solicitation and Conflict of Interest Prevention Act, the anti-corruption system is operated under the division of law, so the efficiency and effectiveness of corruption prevention need to be reorganized into an integrated law. On December 4, 1998, and December 2, 1999, the Framework Act on Anti-Corruption was proposed to the National Assembly twice to prevent and eliminate fundamental corruption, but the Framework Act on the Prevention of Corruption was withdrawn or automatically discarded due to the expiration of the National Assembly due to differences in positions between the ruling and opposition lawmakers. In 2001, the Corruption Prevention Act, a general corporation of the Public Officials Act, was enacted to establish a clean social climate by efficiently regulating corruption prevention and corruption activities. After examining the main contents of Korea's anti-corruption legislation, including the Constitution, and related anti-corruption laws, it is necessary to consider the implications of the anti-corruption legal system by referring to legislative examples in the UK, the US, and France. Korea's anti-corruption system under the Corruption Prevention Act is centered around public organizations and public officials, but it does not regulate corruption prevention and corrupt practices for companies, making it impossible to break the chain of corruption. There is a need to strengthen democracy, the rule of law and national competitiveness by enacting the Basic Anti-Corruption Act and introducing an anti-corruption system not only for public officials but also for companies above a certain size (mid-sized companies and large corporations). Therefore, the relationship with other laws, the anti-corruption responsibilities of the state, local governments, public organizations, companies, and citizens, basic anti-corruption principles, anti-corruption policies, comprehensive anti-corruption plan and implementation plan, corruption risk assessment system, and civil rights. It would be desirable to regulate the committee's compulsory investigation rights, city/provincial anti-corruption committees, public organization anti-corruption committees, establishment of anti-corruption offices, internal audits and public audit request systems, and penalties, etc., in the Framework Act on Corruption Prevention.

An Empirical Study of the Determinants of Digital Trade Competitiveness in APEC Economies: Based on Porter’s Diamond Model

Purpose – This study aims to analyze the impact of each factor on the international competitiveness of digital trade by selecting nine major APEC digital trading countries based on Porter’s “Diamond Model”. Design/Methodology/Approach – Based on Porter’s “Diamond Model”, this study established indicators influencing the national competitiveness of nine APEC member countries, and panel analysis was conducted by selecting eight indicators, including digital trade exports (DTE), production factors, demand conditions, corporate organization, strategy and competition, related and supporting industry performance, and government and opportunities, as explanatory variables. Findings – According to the panel regression analysis results, among the explanatory variables, both the number of fixed infrastructure broadband subscribers (FBS) and services trade exports (CSE) had a significant positive effect on digital trade competitiveness. Research Implications – The development of digital trade is closely related to the support of various infrastructure facilities, and information and communication technology-based digital trade has to offer technical assurances and methods for data input and output for industrial development. Most traditional service industries in APEC member countries still account for a large proportion. The export growth of service trade heavily relies on the overall improvement of the competitiveness of the service trade. Therefore, it is necessary to seize the development opportunities of the service trade, expand the export market share of traditional service industries, and actively develop emerging modern service industries to promote the harmonious development of the overall service trade industry and enhance the international competitiveness of digital trade.

Хэл хүний бүтээл, соёл мөн

Multilingual education is one of the main factors of human competitiveness when economic, social and cultural competition among people increases in today's Globalized World where many nations coexist. It is extremely important for us Mongolians, who have a large territory but a small population and with powerful neighbors, to get an education in the world's major languages. Therefore, the author of this paper aimed to show the importance of optimally teaching Mongolian children from an early age the second and third languages, which are one of the main factors of the competitiveness of nations in the global environment.

Globalising innovation through co-inventions–the success case of the Korean lithium-ion battery industry

Radical innovations can shift the global competitiveness of entire nations. While countries typically struggle to absorb knowledge about novel technologies quickly, in which knowledge tends to be spatially sticky, an important exception is the fast catch-up of the Korean Li-ion battery industry from Japan in the early 2000s. In this paper, we conduct an exploratory case study on this surprising success story. Focussing on patent co-inventions between Korea and Japan, we investigate their significance, as well as underlying types of co-inventions and types of transferred knowledge. To this end, we proceed in four steps: (1) a Poisson regression model; (2) social network analyses; (3) patent inventor tracking and (4) patent coding. Our results indicate that Korean–Japanese co-inventions hold significantly greater influence than other cross-country co-inventions, including with patents without cross-country collaboration. We find a pronounced knowledge-transfer intensity during the early 2000s and observe two types of co-inventions: organisation-level and inventor-level. Predominantly, we observe inventor-level co-inventions, i.e. Korean companies hiring experienced Japanese engineers, that proved important to transferring sticky knowledge. Moreover, while most patents target the design of core battery components, the share of manufacturing patents are—contrary to theoretical expectations—highest during the first half of the observation period. We also discuss our findings and draw implications for policy, industrial and academic players, including industry localisation policies, technology-inherent catch-up strategies and directions for future research.

Web Mining of Online Resources for German Labor Market Research and Education: Finding the Ground Truth?

The labor market is highly dependent on vocational and academic education, training, retraining, and further education in order to master challenges such as advancing digitalization and sustainability. Further training is a key factor in ensuring a qualified workforce, the employability of all employees, and, thus, national competitiveness and innovation. In the contribution at hand, we explore an innovative way to derive knowledge about learning pathways by connecting the dots from different data sources of the German labor market. In particular, we focus on the web mining of online resources for German labor market research and education, such as online advertisements, information portals, and official government websites. A key question for working with different data sources is how to find the ground truth and common data structures that can be used to make the data interoperable. We discuss how to classify and summarize web data from different platforms and which methods can be used for extracting data, entities and relationships from online resources on the German labor market to build a network of educational pathways. Our proposed solution is based on the classification of occupations (KldB) and related document codes (DKZ), and combines natural language processing and knowledge graph technologies. Our research provides the foundation for further investigation into educational pathways and linked data for labor market research. While our work focuses on German data, it is also useful for other German-speaking countries and could easily be extended to other languages such as English.

The construction of smart city community environment under the application of animation immersion technology integrated into southern Fujian Folk Culture

ABSTRACT With the rapid development of global information technology, data resources play an increasingly prominent role in society. Countries have issued ‘smart city’ strategic plans one after another, taking the sustainable construction of smart cities as an important means to enhance national competitiveness and seize the commanding heights of the new round of the information technology revolution. This paper selects southern Fujian for experiments to develop modern communication methods in some areas of China that have not undergone smart city upgrades. First, the animation immersion method under smart city technology is taken as the starting point. The folk culture of southern Fujian is integrated to analyze the importance of developing the smart city community under big data. Second, a combined system dynamics model and structural equation modeling are established. It is applied to intelligent, sustainable urban construction to explore the possibility of new development paths. The cities that apply the model proposed here for intelligent, sustainable construction have increased their output value in all aspects within five years. The maximum annual growth rate has reached 17.11%. Planners and designers base the smart city community environment on animation immersion technology. From the perspective of animation immersion planning, integrating the animation immersion technology of southern Fujian folk culture into the sustainable construction and development of the smart city community environment will help enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of the region.