National Cocoa Research Articles

Productivity Of Various Cocoa Clones (Theobroma Cacao L.) At Different Rainfall Levels In Tettikenrarae Village, Soppeng Regency

Changes in rainfall are one of the causes of declining production in cocoa plants and cause land degradation, thus reducing national cocoa productivity. This study aims to analyze the productivity of various clones of cocoa plants at different rainfall levels so that the relationship between production levels and cocoa productivity at different rainfall levels is known. This study used the observation method. Data collection was done by random sampling in farmers' farms by determining the appropriate sample plants. The sample plants used came from three different clones, namely MCC Clone 01 (M01), MCC Clone 02 (45), and Sulawesi Clone 1 (S1) which were 13 years after planting and still productive. Rainfall data was obtained from available data at the BMKG of South Sulawesi Province. Data analysis was conducted to determine the productivity comparison of three cocoa clones at different rainfall levels. The results showed that: 1) Different rainfall levels affect the productivity of various cocoa clones in Tettikenrarae Village, Soppeng Regency. This can be seen in the parameters of number of seeds and weight of seeds, with productivity respectively for clone MCC 02 amounting to 4350.66 kg, clone S1 4326.78 kg, and clone MCC 01 with a production of 3863.29 kg. 2) Productivity of cocoa clones in Tettikenrarae Village, Soppeng Regency is best in moderate rainfall conditions, where clone MCC 02 has the highest productivity of 1820.47 kg which occurs in rainfall of 100 - 300 mm.

Indonesian Climatic Factors and Its Effect on Cocoa Productivity

One of the important aspects in cocoa cultivation is productivity, as it is related to the ability of national cocoa producers to meet market demand. Cocoa productivity is affected by many factors, including climate factors. On this basis, this study aims to determine the trend of national cocoa productivity and climatic factors (maximum temperature, minimum temperature, mean temperature, and rainfall) and to determine the influence of climatic factors on cocoa productivity. By applying a descriptive method, this research utilized secondary data with a time span between 1961-2021, which were analyzed using quadratic regression model. From the analysis, it was clear that there had been increasing tendency for national cocoa productivity, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, mean temperature and rainfall from year to year. Meanwhile, the climatic factors that affect cocoa productivity are the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and mean temperature with an optimum point of 30.53°C; 21.31°C and 25.87°C respectively. Temperature generally has a negative effect on cocoa productivity, although it does not have a big impact. However, continuous exposure to temperature will lead to a more harmful threat to cocoa productivity. This research contributes to the use of non-linear regression analysis, especially quadratic regression model in determining climatic factors that influence cocoa productivity in Indonesia, considering that not many studies have used similar model.

Cocoa Mucilage as a Novel Ingredient in Innovative Kombucha Fermentation.

Cocoa tree plantations aim to harvest grains found in the cob to produce cocoa and chocolate. There has been a growing interest in valorizing the secondary components of the cocoa fruit, such as the peel, placenta, and mucilage/pulp, as valuable sources of nutrients for healthy food preparation. In other words, by-products derived from these raw materials are an exploitable source of nutrients in the preparation of healthy food. In the present study, two varieties of cocoa, National Cocoa Fino de Aroma (NCFA) and Colección Castro Naranjal 51 (CCN-51), were evaluated and harvested during both dry and rainy seasons. This evaluation was based on the profiling of the cob, peel, grain, placenta, and mucilage in different stages of ripeness (underripe, ripe, and overripe). Also, from the ripe raw material, a fermented beverage prototype was developed, such as kombucha, with different concentrations of mucilage (40, 60, 80, and 100 g/L). Physicochemical analyses, such as acidity, °Brix, pH, moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber, vitamins, sugars, and polyphenols of the raw mucilage material and acidity, °Brix, and pH values of the fermented kombucha, were carried out. The best performances were obtained with the CCN-51 variety in the rainy season. Among the fermented drink panelists, the CN40 treatment (Nacional Mucilage + 40 g/L of sugar) received the highest acceptability and was considered the best. Given its efficiency, nutritional content, and potential applications, this product presents a promising strategy to address Sustainable Development Goals related to zero hunger, health and well-being, and climate action.

WHAT MAKES COCOA FARMERS CONVERT COCOA LAND? CASE STUDY: TWO COCOA PRODUCING DISTRICTS IN SOUTHEAST SULAWESI PROVINCE, INDONESIA

Southeast Sulawesi province, as one of the cocoa baskets and the center of the National Cocoa Movement (GERNAS), continues to experience a decline in cocoa production and land area. One factor is the widespread conversion of cocoa land. This phenomenon needs to be highlighted and studied further because it can affect the sustainability of the cocoa value chain in Southeast Sulawesi. This study aims to determine what factors influence cocoa farmers in converting cocoa farmland to other farms in Southeast Sulawesi Province's two leading cocoa-producing districts. The research sites were purposely selected because they are the two leading cocoa-producing districts in the province. This study used logistic regression analysis. Cocoa farmers in Kolaka district converted cocoa land to patchouli farming, while cocoa farmers in East Kolaka district converted their cocoa land to rice farming. The analysis results show that the main factors that significantly influence cocoa farmers' decision to convert cocoa land are cocoa farming experience and the price of other commodities (including the level of income farmers receive from farming other commodities). The primary policy that the government can take in maintaining cocoa land area is to provide price certainty for cocoa itself. So far, cocoa farmers have always faced price uncertainty, and cocoa's value chain and sustainability in Southeast Sulawesi Province need to be clarified.

Molecular characterization of national cocoa collection from the leading traditional growing areas in Ecuador

Ecuador is the leading producer and exporter of fine cocoa, with plantations over 80 years old, preserving distinctive aroma and flavor characteristics. The research objective was to screen the genetic variability of a collection of National cocoa from Ecuador's leading traditional cocoa growing areas, denominated as Centennial National Cocoa Plants (CCNC). This germplasm collection with 243 accessions was analyzed with 20 microsatellites (SSR) markers. DNA genotyping was highly informative, generating a total of 109 SSR alleles with an average of 5.5 alleles per locus. Only 0.8% of duplicate accessions were identified. The average genetic diversity obtained was 0.447, and the polymorphic content index was 0.414, which shows a high genetic diversity. The clustering, main coordinates, and population assignment analysis revealed that the samples are classified into two subpopulations (GN and GM), differentiated by their level of heterozygosity, with a fixation index value of 0.105. The results showed that microsatellite markers and statistical tools provide useful information that favors managing and conserving genetic variability in CCNC collection. Keywords: fine and aroma cocoa, Sabor Arriba, DNA genotyping, SSR markers

TINJAUAN KRITIS TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN HILIRISASI KAKAO DI INDONESIA

<p>The Indonesian government has implemented a policy of exporting cocoa beans through the Minister of Finance Regulation No. 67/PMK.011/2010 to stimulate the growth of the processing industry. This article examines the policy's effectiveness and impact on the cocoa industry. This study uses a literature review method from various secondary data sources. The results revealed that the implementation of the export duty policy had achieved its goal of developing the national cocoa industry and increasing exports. The policy impacts are the decline in cocoa bean exports, the growing cocoa processing industry, and the increase in processed cocoa exports. This policy raises side effects such as insufficient volume and quality of cocoa beans. The disconnect between upstream and downstream subsystems in cocoa agribusiness hinders the development of the national cocoa commodity. The government needs to carry out a few things to thrive cocoa industry. The government should implement a synergic and comprehensive policy alignment on the Indonesia cocoa agribusiness system, review the export duty rate policy to a flat 15%, improve productivity and increase cocoa beans production to compensate for the increased capacity of the cocoa processing industry. The government must also revitalize the national cocoa development movement by increasing cocoa competitiveness.</p>

Effect of Pectimorf on the rooting ability, and morpho-physiological trials of national cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) under different substrates

Cocoa is an economical cash crop that is formerly planted worldwide. Cuttings are a method of vegetative propagation suitable for maintaining desirable characteristics in cocoa trees. A greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate the optimal concentrations of Pectimorf® (0, 10, 50, and 100 mg L-1) for rooting ability and seedling establishment as well as some physiological trials of 4 months EETP-800 national cocoa cuttings grown under two different substrates (S1: 80% soil + 20% sand and S2: 70% soil + 20% sand + 10% rice husk). The data showed that in most cases there are no significant differences in vegetative growth and root characteristics as well as gas exchange parameters between the two substrates. On the other hand, the application of Pectimorf® concentration enhanced all tested traits compared to untreated plants. The most effective in this regard was 100 mg L-1, that giving the highest value of all trials. As for the interaction effect, the result also shows that the application of Pectimorf® concentration in special at 100 mg L-1 among two substrates had an additive effect on plant growth, gas exchange, and survival percentage compared to non-treated cuttings. The application of 100 mg L-1 Pectimorf® with S2 substrate produced stronger seedlings with a higher survival percentage. This protocol can be used commercially for cocoa propagation commercially.

Arbuscular mycorrhizae in two national cocoa production systems (organic and chemical fertilization) in the province of Los Ríos, Ecuador

The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of mycorrhizae in national cocoa plantations (Theobroma cacao L.) with different production systems, through the relationship between soil physicochemical characteristics and the ecology of arbuscular mycorrhizae as bioindicators of soil quality. Sixty soil and root samples were taken from the cantons of Quevedo, Buena Fé, Valencia, La Maná, and Mocache, to recover and count arbuscular mycorrhizae that inhabit the cocoa rhizosphere. Descriptive statistical methods were used for the general representation of the results of the observations; inferential methods were used to determine if the study factor (fertilizer application) in the influence on the ecological parameters of mycorrhizae. In terms of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species richness, the PERMANOVA test showed that there were no significant statistical differences in fungal genus richness between farms with fertilization (p: 0.9936). I

Assessing the condition and capability of soils in cocoa districts of Ghana using geovisualization

Improving agricultural soil conditions is essential for attaining global soil security against land degradation. This requires the use of complex geospatial farm soil information, the absence of which hinders sustainable cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) soil management in West Africa. This study seeks to create geospatial visibility (awareness) on the conditions and capabilities of cocoa soils. Specifically, to examine the geospatial distribution of soil organic carbon (OC), clay, pH, iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) in the entire cocoa-growing Districts of Ghana. A visual analysis of geographically referenced secondary data from farm soil survey conducted by the National Cocoa Rehabilitation Programme (NCRP) of Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD) was made. The data were collected based on stratified random sampling of soils at 20 cm depth in 739 newly established cocoa farms, covering 60 Districts. R-GIS enabled descriptive analysis that showed District level mean and standard deviation of these soil properties in colour-graduated thematic maps. Generally, Cocoa District soils were low with 0.42 g kg−1 OC, 5.3 pH, 0.09 cmolc kg−1 Fe with Al in excess of 7.48 cmolc kg−1. Soil clay capability was 22.2%. Combined with a dearth of awareness, policy and economic incentives to improve these conditions, imply cocoa soil security is very low as well. The geovisual maps provide spatially explicit soil information for managing and monitoring cocoa soil security, specifically, Al, OC and pH at the Districts. Farmers, agricultural extension workers, soil scientists, agronomists, policymakers like COCOBOD and development practitioners may use these findings as a guide for restoring cocoa soils.

Improving the sustainability of cocoa smallholders farming in Aceh, Indonesia

Cocoa is the main plantation commodity in Aceh as Aceh government reinforces Aceh as the national cocoa resource. Various efforts have been performed through many development and training programs for sustainable cocoa production. This study was aimed to identify the sustainability of cocoa smallholder farming based on the ecological, economical, and social aspects. This study was conducted in Aceh Tenggara and Pidie Jaya District. The study method used descriptive-quantitative method by calculating the score range of sustainability level. The result showed that cocoa smallholders challenged sustainability problems based on ecological, economical, and social aspects. The sustainability of cocoa smallholder farming in Aceh Tenggara District achieves a better performance based on the economical, ecological, and social sustainability aspects than in Pidie Jaya District.

Improvements of soil quality and cocoa productivity with agricultural waste biochar

National cocoa production has been decreasing, which was in 2017 down to 600,000 tons/year, only a third quarter of national need. The decline is due to a decrease in national cocoa production caused by lower productivity in smallholder cocoa. In 2003, the productivity was 1,100 kg/ha/year and in 2017 was only 820 kg/ha/year. The low productivity is caused by pod rot disease, pod borer, and vascular streak dieback (VSD). Not only that, soil degradation was also found to be a contributing factor. Compost or manure have been used as ameliorants, but they should be in high volume and have a short-term effect (3-4 months), easily decomposed, and produce CO2 that damages the ozone layers. A more suitable solution is using biochar which is more resistant to decomposition (hundreds of years), can hold CO2, water, and nutrients from being washed away by erosion. In addition, biochar does not require Cocoa farming generate organic waste that can be processed into biochar, such as cocoa pods, cocoa or shade trees from pruning. The biomass produced can reach up to 8-18 tons/year and is adequate to improve the soil fertility in cocoa plantations.

The comparison of productivity before and after cocoa national movement program (gernas) implemented in Mamasa Regency West Sulawesi

In early 1990, Indonesia entered as the third-largest exporter in the world after Ivory Coast and Ghana. The number of cocoa farmers is estimated to be 1.4 million households, generally on a small scale, with an area of about two hectares of cocoa. The very high increase in cocoa prices during the economic crisis in the late 1990s contributed significantly to the poverty alleviation of cocoa farming communities, especially those in rural areas. Almost 20 percent of the national cocoa production comes from West Sulawesi Province. The Cocoa National Movement Program (Gernas) in West Sulawesi is a locomotive for community-based development as a holistic, integrated program involving stakeholders to increase productivity and quality and encourage the growth of the cocoa trade and industry. The Central Government subsequently carried it out formed the National Movement for the Improvement of Cocoa Production and Quality. The research showed that there had been a significant increase in cocoa productivity in Mamasa Regency, West Sulawesi, between before the National Movement Program and after its implementation through rejuvenetion, rehabilitation, and intensification programs. Rehabilitation activities are higher than those of rejuvenation and intensification. Rejuvenation increased cocoa production from 342.68 kg.ha–1.year–1 in 2008 to 605.05 kg.ha–1.year–1. Rehabilitation increased cocoa productivity from 332.47 kg.ha–1.year–1 in 2008 to 720.98 kg.ha–1.year–1 and intensification increased cocoa productictivity from 328.27 kg.ha–1.year–1 in 2008 to 531.45 kg.ha–1.year–1 during the program implemented.

Evaluation of the technical efficiency in the production of National Cocoa in the main cantons of the province of Guayas

A comparative analysis of the technical efficiency in the production of national cocoa among the main producing cantons of the province of Guayas was carried out. For this, the study was based on an analysis with inductive reasoning and empirical-analytical paradigm, through the elaboration of surveys to 361 UPA's in the cantons of: Milagro, San Jacinto de Yaguachi, El Empalme, Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno, Naranjal and Simón Bolívar; these data served as the basis for the elaboration of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. The results show that on average, the Simón Bolívar canton is the canton with the highest technical efficiency, with 50% of the total UPAs surveyed in the range of 70% and 99% effectiveness. Finally, regarding the observed averages of allocative efficiency, it can be concluded that Jujan has the highest average with 75%.
 Keywords: Technical and Allocative Efficiency, National Cocoa, Enveloped Data Analysis, Non Parametric Method.
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Determination of Cocoa Powder Quality Produced by Small-Medium Enterprise Using Six Sigma Analysis

Cocoa powder now has become a common craft product of small-medium processing enterprises (SME) in Indonesia. Small-medium enterprises developprocessing sequence in smaller quantity compared to big company, nonetheless it must follow the national cocoa powder standard of SNI 3737:2009. The aim ofthis experiment was to evaluate the SME cocoa process production performance through Six Sigma analysis of the product to comply the standard requirements.The cocoa powder product was evaluated using three critical to quality (CTQ) parameters involving water content, color, and fineness. National standard determinedthe maximum water content value is 5%, the color is brown or Agtron number 65 and minimum fineness percentage of particle (75 µm) must be 99.5%. This resultexplain the stability process of SME which is exceeding the control limit value of non conformity product. Its process capability showing the Sigma value of2.6 with defect per million value was 126,667. The CTQ parameters which contribute to the high non-conformity are fineness 78.95% and color 21.05%. The roughcocoa powder or fineness affects the highest non-conformity related to the high fat content in cocoa cake as input process and can be revised by upgrading thepressing machine performance.

Post-harvest handling of cocoa commodities

The purpose of this research is to get the management of cocoa commodity post-treatment and is explicitly to know the feasibility of the post-harvest handling, knowing the costs incurred by farmers during post-harvest, analyzing fat content, moisture content, and the levels of cocoa bean polyphenols production. The research was conducted in Marioriwawo, Lilirilau, Citta, and Liliriaja, Soppeng regency. Testing of chemical properties in the Laboratory of Chemistry Engineering Makassar Polytechnic. Results of post-harvest treatment stages include harvest time, fruit picking, fruit breakdown, sorting of seeds, fermentation, drying, packaging, and storage. The process of post-harvest handling phase is, post-harvest handling conducted by farmers can be said to be worthy because almost 100% of farmers do post-harvest handling following the guidelines technical improvement movement of national cocoa production and quality. The cost of farmers who do the fermentation is higher than the cost incurred by farmers who do not ferment. The level of cocoa beans has been following the prevailing SNI (Indonesian National Standard). The fat of cocoa beans has not been a valid SNI, but it has a quite high-fat content.

Chemical Pretreatments on Residual Cocoa Pod Shell Biomass for Bioethanol Production

Cocoa pod shell is an essential agricultural residue in Ecuador, and this study addressed its potential valorization for bioethanol production. For this, three types of pretreatments, acid, alkaline, and autohydrolysis, were applied to pod shells from two different cocoa types, national and CCN-51. to remove the lignin. Untreated and treated biomasses were characterized by composition, thermal stability, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FITR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The treated biomass was then enzymatically hydrolyzed with cellulase. Reducing sugars were quantified after pretreatments and enzymatic hydrolysis, and the pretreatment liquors and the enzymatic hydrolysates were subjected to alcoholic fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There were substantial differences in composition between both biomasses, particularly in lignin content, with national cocoa having the lowest values. All pretreatment conditions had significant effects on biomass composition, structure, and thermal properties. After alkaline pretreatment, the biomass presented the highest cellulose and lowest lignin contents, resulting in the highest reducing sugar concentration in the pretreatment liquor. The highest lignin content was found after the acid pretreatment, which resulted in low, reducing sugar concentrations. Autohydrolysis produced similar results as the acid pretreatment; however, it resulted in the highest sugar concentration after enzymatic hydrolysis, while the acid-treated sample had negligible levels. After fermentation, there were no differences in productivity among the pretreatment liquors, but autohydrolysis had the largest ethanol yield. In the hydrolysates, it was also autohydrolysis that resulted in higher productivity and yield. Thus, there is an indication of the formation of inhibitors, both enzymatic activity and ethanol production, in the acid and alkaline pretreatments, and this should be tackled in future research. Nonetheless, given the crucial changes observed in biomass, we believe that cocoa pod shell pretreatment has potential for the generation of reducing sugars that could be further used in different bioprocesses, nor only bioethanol production.

Actividad fotosintética y su relación con el rendimiento de diez clones de cacao nacional

Con la finalidad de identificar clones con un buen desempeño fisiológico, obtener información relevante de la actividad fotosintética y su correlación con la producción del cacao nacional, se evaluó la actividad fotosintética: la tasa de fotosíntesis (A), conductancia estomática (gs), eficiencia de uso de agua (EUA) y actividad fotoquímica: eficiencia cuántica del PSII (FPSII), tasa de transporte de electrones (J) y la producción de mazorcas y almendras de cacao de 10 clones de cacao nacional cultivados en el norte de Esmeraldas. Se encontraron diferencias en A, gs, J y FPSII entre los clones; observándose las mayores A en PMA 12, T8 e INIAP 484, producto de altas gs y J. Hubo una correlación positiva y significativa entre J, fotosíntesis potencial (J/10) y la producción de cacao en los clones evaluados, sugiriendo que las mayores A, producto de una mayor actividad fotoquímica en el cacao ecuatoriano, contribuiría con una mayor cantidad de foto asimilados, que podrían explicar parcialmente una mayor producción. Los resultados indican que los clones T8, T1, T11 y PMA 12 muestran un alto desempeño fotosintético, con una mayor tolerancia a enfermedades (menor índice de mazorcas enfermas) y una mayor producción, por lo que podrían ser recomendados para la zona del Norte de Esmeraldas; mientras que los clones T13, INIAP 484, T23 y T24, funcionan de manera opuesta, es decir baja producción, baja capacidad fotoquímica y susceptibles a enfermedades (alto índice de mazorcas enfermas).

KAJIAN PEMBERDAYAAN KAKAO RAKYAT MENJADI MASYARAKAT MANDIRI MELALUI AGROINDUSTRI

Government efforts to improve the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa in the international world have been done by launching the National Cocoa Production Improvement and Quality Movement (GERNAS). In order for the GERNAS movement to take place, the development of the region needs to be done comprehensively, especially in the leading commodity centers, such as cocoa commodity in Luwu Raya in South Sulawesi Province, which still tends to produce cocoa beans (not in processed form) The people are more independent then empowerment should be directed to the agroindustry, and it becomes an urgent thing. To empower people's cocoa into an independent community based on cocoa agro-industry, it must be supported by its own cocoa commodities ranging from on-farm to off-farm that are interconnected with each other, and are integrative and sustainable. The research technique is descriptive survey approach. The selected research site is Luwu Raya in South Sulawesi Province. Data collection techniques were conducted by: library study and interview with related parties, ie officials at government institutions, cooperatives, manufacturers, associations of cocoa farmers, and farmers groups selected purposively. Secondary data mining is done by collecting: documents or transcripts in related institutions, and journals. Data and information obtained then analyzed by descriptive correlative. Based on the results of the research, empowering people's cocoa into an independent community through agro-industry becomes a necessity. In order to become an independent community, what should be done is: (a) transferring technology based on local potential, (b) facilitation of the government in the provision of bailouts and processing machines, and (c) support in the regulations in favor of the farmers.

Requirement analysis of blockchain systems on cocoa supply chain

The long cocoa supply chain in Indonesia makes cocoa difficult to trace, data in several countries in Indonesia related to national cocoa data. National cocoa production data is needed in creating policies that are right on target, so these things need to be done. The development of industry 4.0 makes the creation of blockchain technology that can overcome these problems. To create a blockchain system for the cocoa supply chain needs a requirement analysis for the time of making the application. The purpose of this research is to identify the needs and know the interactions that occur in the blockchain chain system in the cocoa supply chain. The method used is requirement analysis, use case diagram, and sequence diagram. The results of this study are two inputs: the structure of the cocoa supply chain and activities that occur in the cocoa supply chain, four stakeholders: farmers, collectors, agroindustry, and exporters, one output: the blockchain system from the cocoa supply chain. Interactions that occur in the system is log in to the system, add the activity, execution phase, ordering phase, and validation phase.

EFISIENSI PENGGUNAAN INPUT DAN SKALA PRODUKSI USAHATANI KOMODITAS KAKAO DI KECAMATAN UDANAWU KABUPATEN BLITAR

Udanawu was one of the cocoa producing areas in Blitar. The average age of cocoa plants in Udanawu was 24 years old, so that if the yield was compared with cocoa plants that were still in their productive age, they were still far away. Cocoa productivity in Udanawu of Blitar was greater than the national cocoa productivity. Whereas when compared with East Java cocoa productivity was smaller than cocoa productivity in East Java. In this case, it was suspected that in the implementation there were factors that support cocoa productivity in Udanawu so that their productivity could be higher than the national cocoa productivity. The data analysis method used was the exponential production function approach with a total sample of 40 farmers. Based on the results of the study showed that: (1) cocoa production in Udanawu of Blitar, as a whole was influenced by land area, labor, chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer and pesticides. Of the five variables there was one variable that was significant to the significance value of 5%, namely the land area variable and significant to the significance value of 10%, namely chemical fertilizer. While the other three variables were not significant to the significance value of 5%, namely the variable labor, variable organic fertilizer, and variable pesticide, (2) the scale of production of cocoa farming in the Udanawu of Blitar was on the scale of production (Constant Return to Scale).