National Cholesterol Education Program Definition Research Articles

Utility of waist-to-height ratio, waist circumference and body mass index in predicting clustered cardiometabolic risk factors and subclinical vascular phenotypes in children and adolescents: A pooled analysis of individual data from 14 countries

AimsThe clinical utility of waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in predicting cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) and subclinical markers of cardiovascular disease remains controversial. We aimed to compare the utility of WHtR with waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) in identifying children and adolescents (youths) at risk for cardiometabolic outcomes, including clustered CMRFs, high carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), and arterial stiffness (assessed as high pulse wave velocity, PWV). MethodsWe analyzed data from 34,224 youths (51.0 % boys, aged 6–18 years) with CMRFs, 5004 (49.5 % boys, aged 6–18 years) with cIMT measurement, and 3100 (56.4 % boys, aged 6–17 years) with PWV measurement from 20 pediatric samples across 14 countries. ResultsWHtR, WC, and BMI z-scores had similar performance in discriminating youths with ≥3 CMRFs, with the area under the curve (AUC) (95 % confidence interval, CI)) ranging from 0.77 (0.75–0.78) to 0.78 (0.76–0.80) using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) definition, and from 0.77 (0.74–0.79) to 0.77 (0.74–0.80) using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition. Similarly, all three measures showed similar performance in discriminating youths with subclinical vascular outcomes, with AUC (95 % CI) ranging from 0.67 (0.64–0.71) to 0.70 (0.66–0.73) for high cIMT (≥P95 values) and from 0.60 (0.58–0.66) to 0.62 (0.58–0.66) for high PWV (≥P95 values). ConclusionsOur findings suggest that WHtR, WC, and BMI are equally effective in identifying at-risk youths across diverse pediatric populations worldwide. Given its simplicity and ease of use, WHtR could be a preferable option for quickly screening youths with increased cardiometabolic risk in clinical settings.

Normal-Weight Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

The disadvantage of using body mass index (BMI) as an obesity diagnostic tool is that it cannot distinguish between fat mass and lean mass, which may understate the impact of obesity on metabolic complications. This population-based cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between normal-weight obesity (NWO) and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults aged 20 years (5962 males and 6558 females) who took part in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2008 to 2011. NWO was defined as having a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 and a body fat percentage of 26.0% in males or 36.0% in females. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined using the revised National Cholesterol Education Program definition, with a Korean-specific waist circumference threshold of >90 cm for males and >85 cm for females. NWO males and females were 2.7 times (p < 0.001) and 1.9 times (p < 0.001) more likely to develop metabolic syndrome than normal-weight non-obese males and females, respectively. Additionally, NWO females were 1.3 times (p = 0.027) more likely to develop MetS even after adjustments for all measured covariates. The current findings of the study show that NWO is a proxy biomarker of MetS to be considered for early intervention.

Temporal Trends of the Prevalence of Abdominal Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Children and Adolescents between 2007 and 2020.

The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is increasing worldwide, which is of concern because obesity can lead to various complications such as metabolic syndrome (MS). Waist circumference (WC) and waist-height ratio (WHtR) are useful indicators of abdominal obesity and MS. In this study, we investigate trends in the prevalence of abdominal obesity and MS using two different references. Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007 to 2020) were used. In total, 21,652 participants aged 2 to 18 years and 9,592 participants aged 10 to 18 years were analyzed for abdominal obesity and MS, respectively. The prevalence of abdominal obesity and that of MS were compared using the Korean National Growth Chart in 2007 (REF2007) and the newly published WC and WHtR reference values in 2022 (REF2022). Both WC and WHtR showed an increasing trend. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 14.71% based on REF2022, 5.85% points higher than that of 8.86% based on REF2007. MS based on REF2022 had a higher prevalence for both the National Cholesterol Education Program definition (3.90% by REF2007, 4.78% by REF2022) and the International Diabetes Federation definition (2.29% by REF2007, 3.10% by REF2022). The prevalence of both abdominal obesity and MS increased over time. The prevalence of abdominal obesity and MS increased in Korean children and adolescents from 2007 to 2020. When analyzed by REF2022, both abdominal obesity and MS showed higher prevalence rates than when using REF2007, indicating that previous reports were underestimated. Follow-up for abdominal obesity and MS using REF2022 is needed.

Serum uric acid level independently predicted metabolic syndrome in non-diabetic hypertensive patients

Background: Arterial hypertension may accompany metabolic syndrome (MetS) which is strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases. Determining high-risk groups concerning MetS development is crucial to prevent this undesirable clinic. Serum uric acid level was demonstrated to be associated with development of hypertension and MetS in normal population. It was aimed to investigate the role of serum uric acid for the prediction of MetS in non-diabetic hypertensive individuals. Material and methods: Patients who were diagnosed with arterial hypertension between January 2021 and June 2021 were included in the study. Diabetes mellitus was determined as an exclusion criteria. Metabolic syndrome was considered as the clustering of high blood pressure, elevated glucose level, abnormal cholesterol levels, and abdominal obesity conditions according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) definition. Patients were divided into two groups by the presence of MetS. Results: The mean age of 107 non-diabetic hypertensive patients was 48.5 ± 8.6 years and 50 (46.7%) of them were female. A total of 56 patients (52%) had MetS. Waist circumference (101.2 ± 11.3 vs. 106.7 ± 10.1 cm, p = 0.020), body mass index (30.6 ± 4.9 vs. 32.8 ± 4.1, p = 0.016), E/e’ ratio [9.2 (7.3–11.1) vs. 10.6 (9.1–13.4), p = 0.003], EAT [5.9 (4.8–8) vs. 7.9 (6–9.6), p = 0.006], and serum uric acid level (4.75 ± 1.10 vs. 5.82 ± 1.21 mg/dL, p &lt; 0.001) were higher in MetS (+) group. Multivariable regression demonstrated that serum uric acid [(odds ratio) OR = 2.217, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.300–3.783, p = 0.003] and body mass index (OR = 1.214, 95% CI: 1.032–1.428, p = 0.019) were independent predictors of MetS presence. Conclusion: Serum uric acid level predicted MetS presence in non-diabetic hypertensive individuals independently. This practical blood parameter can be used to evaluate those who are at risk of MetS development.

Dyslipidemia Among Adults With Congenital Heart Disease

BackgroundAtherosclerotic disease is an important cause of morbidity among adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). Prevalence of dyslipidemia in this group is poorly described. ObjectivesThis study aimed to describe the prevalence of dyslipidemia among adults with CHD. MethodsA prospective, outpatient screening study was conducted among adults aged ≥18 years at 4 New England ambulatory congenital cardiology centers. Participants were surveyed regarding cardiovascular risk factors. Nonfasting fingerstick samples were obtained for analysis using a point-of-care lipid analyzer. ResultsLipid screening was completed on 186 participants (median age 30 [range 18-71] years, 50% female). Eighteen (10%) had simple CHD anatomy, and 63 (34%) had complex anatomy. Only 15% of 169 respondents reported history of high cholesterol. Eighty-five (46%) participants met National Cholesterol Education Program definition of dyslipidemia with 60 (32%), 62 (34%), and 37 (20%) having low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C <40 mg/dL), high non–HDL-C (≥130 mg/dL), and high total cholesterol (TC ≥200 mg/dL), respectively. TC was higher among participants with simple CHD than among those with moderate and complex lesions (mean 178.4 ± 48.7 vs 170.1 ± 35.0 vs 157.6 ± 34.5 mg/dL; P = 0.03). HDL-C was lower among participants with complex CHD than among those with simple and moderate lesions (mean 44.1 ± 13.5 vs 46.9 ± 12.5 vs 49.8 ± 15.3 mg/dL; P = 0.05). ConclusionsDyslipidemia is highly prevalent among our cohort of adults with CHD, despite <15% reporting a prior diagnosis. Low HDL-C was more common in complex CHD, and high TC was more common in simple or moderate CHD. Lipid screening should be part of preventive health maintenance for all adults with CHD.

Dyslipidemia is an Independent Predictor of Rapid Progressive Disease in Patientswith Chronic Liver Disease

Introduction: In chronic liver disease (CLD), the lipid profile biomarkers are altered because of decreased lipoprotein biosynthetic capacity.&#x0D; Objectives: To identify the association of dyslipidemia with various characteristics in chronic liver disease patients.&#x0D; Patients and meth­ods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Civil Hospital, Karachi. The study was conducted between 1st July to 31st December 2017. A total of 211 adults with chronic liver disease were included in the study.&#x0D; Data regarding age, gender, body mass index (BMI), duration of CLD, family history of dyslipidemia, and severity of cirrhosis were obtained. A 5ml fasting (12-14 hours) venous blood was collected and sent to the laboratory forthe measurement of lipid profiles. Dyslipidemia was established based the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III) guidelines and definition. &#x0D; Results: The mean age of the study patients was 43.16(8.63) years. The majority of the subjects were males (57.3%). The mean duration of CLD in years was 5.21(2.32). The prevalence of dyslipidemia was found to be 76.3%. Dyslipidemia was prevalent among patients of the age group &gt; 45 years and male gender. Variables including age, gender, income, duration of CLD and family history of dyslipidemia showed significant association with dyslipidemia. In the multivariable stage analysis, the only retained significant variables are gender and family history of dyslipidemia. &#x0D; Conclusion: The prevalence of dyslipidemia among chronic liver disease patients was high. Various characteristics of the CLD patients were found to be significantly associated with dyslipidemia and identified as potential risk factors for its development.

Association between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Older Adults.

Background: Little is known about the relationship between non-exercise-based estimation of cardiorespiratory fitness (eCRF) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korea. The current study examined the prognostic role of eCRF in the risk stratification of MetS in a representative sample of Korean older adults (1822 men and 3069 women). Methods: The data used in the current study were extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys IV and V. eCRF was obtained using a previously validated algorithm. MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program definition with the acceptance of a Korean-specific waist circumference cutoff point. Results: Lower eCRF was significantly correlated with abnormalities in several components of MetS, including abdominal obesity, elevated glucose, elevated triglycerides, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, there was an inverse linear relationship between MetS prevalence and eCRF levels; higher eCRF was significantly and independently associated with lower prevalence of MetS. Conclusion: The current findings suggest that eCRF can be adopted as a prognostic measure in determining the risk for MetS for elderly persons.

Beta-Cell Function, Self-rated Health, and Lifestyle Habits in 64-Year-Old Swedish Women with Metabolically Healthy Obesity Phenotype.

BackgroundA subset of obese individuals do not present metabolic abnormalities that commonly define the metabolic syndrome (MetS). This is referred to as a metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of the MHO phenotype and its relationship with beta cell dysfunction by measuring C-peptide and proinsulin, anthropometric-, metabolic- and lipid appearance, as well as lifestyle behaviors and self-rated health in a cohort of 64-year-old Swedish women.MethodsThe National Cholesterol Education Program definition was used to assess MetS. We defined normal weight as body mass index (BMI) 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 and obesity as BMI ≥30 kg/m2 to categorize participants as metabolically healthy normal weight, MHO, and metabolically unhealthy obese.ResultsThe MHO phenotype represented 36.3% of obese participants and 16.3% of total participants. The MHO group were at greater risk of having proinsulin levels >11 pmol/L, indicating impaired beta cell function. Further, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, fasting plasma levels of insulin, and C-peptide showed significant trends, with the MHO phenotype group having intermediate levels among three groups. Health behaviors such as leisure time physical activity and alcohol intake were also intermediate in individuals with the MHO phenotype.ConclusionIn this study, we demonstrate that over a third of the obese women in our sample were MHO. Further, women with the MHO phenotype showed intermediate profiles considering beta cell function and insulin resistance, as well as metabolic variables, and tended to rate their general health as worse than otherwise similar individuals of normal weight.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in nondiabetic Libyan females

Abstract Background: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined as a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, including central obesity, dysglycemia, hypertension (HPN), elevated triglycerides (TGs), and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). MS increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Objective: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of MS and its components among nondiabetic Libyan females using the definition proposed by National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III). Methods: A total of 122 randomly selected nondiabetic Libyan females were included in the study. Detailed medical history was obtained from all participants. Blood pressure, weight, height, waist and hip circumference were measured. Body mass index and waist–hip ratio were calculated. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and lipid profile were collected. Standard oral glucose tolerance test with 75 GM glucose was performed. The MS was defined by ATP III and International Diabetes Federation criteria. Results: According to NCEP definition, the prevalence of the MS in the study group was 42.6%. The most common component was abdominal obesity (67.2%). FBG was ≥ 100 mg/dl in 47.5%. The prevalence of both HPN and low HDL-C was 45.9%. About 26.2% of the participants have their TG ≥ 150 mg/dl; all were MS patients. Conclusions: The prevalence of MS and cardiovascular risk factors were high among Libyan females. Public health authorities and health-care providers should implement strategies for prevention, screening, and management of cardiovascular risk factors to reduce the burden of its potential complications.

Prospective study of metabolic syndrome as a mortality marker in chronic coronary heart disease patients

BackgroundWe aimed to clarify the impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as assessed by different definitions on the cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). MethodsA total of 1692 patients, 6–24months after myocardial infarction and/or coronary revascularization at baseline, were followed in a prospective cohort study. MetS was identified using four different definitions: standard National Cholesterol Education Program definition (NCEP-ATPIII) based on the presence of ≥3 of the following factors: increased waist circumference, raised blood pressure, hypetriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased fasting glycemia; modified NCEP-ATPIII definition (similar, but omitting antihypertensive treatment as an alternative criterion); presence of “atherogenic dyslipidemia”; or “hypertriglyceridemic waist”. The primary outcome was a fatal cardiovascular event at 5years. ResultsDuring 5-year follow-up, 117 patients (6.9%) died from a cardiovascular cause. Patients with MetS by modified NCEP-ATPIII (n=1066, 63.0% of the whole sample) had significantly higher 5-year cardiovascular mortality [adjusted hazard risk ratio (HRR) 2.01 [95%CI:1.26–3.22]; p=0.003] than subjects without MetS. However, when testing single MetS component factors, the majority of attributable mortality risk was driven by increased fasting glycemia (≥5.6mmol/L) [HRR 2.69 (95%CI:1.29–5.62), p=0.009] and the significance of MetS disappeared. None of the other MetS definitions, i.e., standard NCEP-ATPIII (n=1210; 71.5%), “hypertriglyceridemic waist” (n=455; 26.9%) or “atherogenic dyslipidemia” (n=223; 13.2%) were associated with any significant mortality risk. ConclusionsThe co-incidence of MetS has a limited mortality impact in CHD patients, while an increase in fasting glycemia seems to be more a specific marker of mortality risk.

Metabolic syndrome and the risk of sudden cardiac death in middle-aged men

BackgroundLittle is known about the relationship between metabolic syndrome and sudden cardiac death (SCD). We examined the association of metabolic syndrome, as defined by World Health Organization (WHO), International Diabetes Federation (IDF), National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and American Heart Association (AHA) — IDF interim criteria, with incident SCD. We also assessed the association of a continuous metabolic risk score with SCD. MethodsA total of 1466 middle-aged men participating in a prospective population-based cohort study from eastern Finland with no history of coronary heart disease or diabetes at baseline were included. ResultsDuring the average follow-up of 21years 85 SCDs occurred. Men with the metabolic syndrome as defined by the WHO, NCEP, IDF and interim criteria had a 2.2–2.6 fold, increased risk for SCD, after adjusting for lifestyle and traditional cardiovascular risk factors not included in the metabolic syndrome definition (P<0.001–0.011). A one-standard deviation increase in the metabolic risk score (composed of the sum of Z-scores for waist circumference, insulin, glucose, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure) was associated with a 1.68-fold higher (95% CI 1.33-2.11) risk of SCD. Even when adjusting further for systolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol and body mass index, the association remained significant for the interim criteria and the metabolic risk score, but not for WHO, NCEP, or IDF definitions. ConclusionsMen with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for SCD. Incident SCD associated with the IDF/AHA interim criteria and metabolic risk clustering estimated by a score is not explained by obesity or traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Key messagesMen with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for sudden cardiac death. Incident sudden cardiac death associated with metabolic risk clustering estimated by a score in not explained by obesity or traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Prevention of the metabolic syndrome may help reduce the health burden of SCD.

Metabolic syndrome is associated with left ventricular dilatation in primary hypertension.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) has been shown to predict cardiovascular events in hypertension. Recently, a new four-group left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy classification based on both LV dilatation and concentricity was proposed. This classification has been shown to provide a more accurate prediction of cardiovascular events, suggesting that the presence of LV dilatation may add prognostic information. We investigated the relationship between MS and the new classification of LV geometry in patients with primary hypertension. A total of 372 untreated hypertensive patients were studied. Four different patterns of LV hypertrophy (eccentric nondilated, eccentric dilated, concentric nondilated and concentric dilated hypertrophy) were identified by echocardiography. A modified National Cholesterol Education Program definition for MS was used, with body mass index replacing waist circumference. The overall prevalence of MS and LV hypertrophy (LVH) was 29% and 61%, respectively. Patients with MS showed a higher prevalence of LVH (P=0.0281) and dilated LV geometries, namely eccentric dilated and concentric dilated hypertrophy (P=0.0075). Moreover, patients with MS showed higher LV end-diastolic volume (P=0.0005) and prevalence of increased LV end-diastolic volume (P=0.0068). The prevalence of LV chamber dilatation increased progressively with the number of components of MS (P=0.0191). Logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of MS entails a three times higher risk of having LV chamber dilatation even after adjusting for several potential confounding factors. MS is associated with LV dilatation in hypertension. These findings may, in part, explain the unfavourable prognosis observed in patients with MS.

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Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MS) has been shown to predict cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension. Recently, a new four-group left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy classification based on both LV dilatation and concentricity was proposed. This classification has been shown to provide a more accurate prediction of cardiovascular events, suggesting that the presence of LV dilatation may add prognostic information. We investigated the relationship between MS and the new classification of LV geometry in patients with primary hypertension. Design and method: A total of 372 untreated hypertensive patients were studied. Four different patterns of LV hypertrophy (eccentric non-dilated, eccentric dilated, concentric non-dilated, and concentric dilated hypertrophy) were identified by echocardiography. A modified National Cholesterol Education Program definition for MS was used, with body mass index replacing waist circumference. Results: The overall prevalence of MS and LV hypertrophy was 29% and 61% respectively. Patients with metabolic syndrome showed higher prevalence of LVH (P = 0.0281) and dilated LV geometries, namely eccentric dilated and concentric dilated hypertrophy (P = 0.0075). Moreover, patients with MS showed higher LV end diastolic volume (P = 0.0005) and prevalence of increased LV end diastolic volume (P = 0.0068). The prevalence of LV chamber dilatation increased progressively with the number of components of metabolic syndrome (P = 0.0191). Logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of MS entails a three time higher risk of having LV chamber dilatation even after adjusting for several potential confounding factors. Conclusions: MS is associated with LV dilatation in hypertension. These findings may, in part, explain the unfavorable prognosis observed in patients with MS.

Applying the Framingham risk score for prediction of metabolic syndrome: The Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Study, Iran.

There has been a few studies about the predictability of metabolic syndrome (MetS) based on the Framingham risk score (FRS) as a tool for predicting the risk of 10-years cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Iranian population. The aim of this study was to compare the risk stratification obtained with the FRS and MetS in a cohort of the Iranian population. In this population-based study Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk study, Iran, MetS was diagnosed as defined by the revised National Cholesterol Education Program definition criteria (ATPIII) and the FRS was calculated using a computer program, previously reported algorithm. Overall, the prevalence 10-years risk of CVD for patients with MetS was significantly different with those without MetS (74.3 vs. 86.4% for low-risk patients, 18.1 vs. 12.3% for intermediate-risk people, and 7.6 vs. 1.3% for high-risk individuals) (P < 0.001). The frequency of intermediate-risk and high-risk for 10-year CVD in men with MetS (39.5 and 18.3%, respectively) was considerably higher than women with MetS (3.2 and 0.1%, respectively). Using multiple logistic regression, the odds ratio of MetS in intermediate-risk and high-risk FRS group was 1.7 and 6.7, respectively (P < 0.001). Significant association between the presence of MetS and high risk for CVD based on FRS was revealed in both men and women indicating a good concordance between MetS and FRS in predicting the risk of CVDs. However, the odds ratio of the development of risk of cardiovascular events among women was higher than men with MetS.

Percent Body Fat Standards in Korean Adolescents

Obesity is defined as the excessive fat accumulation which leads to health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) consultation reported Asian populations have different associations among body mass index (BMI), %BF and health risk from Caucasians. Some Asians showed increased health risks at lower BMI than Caucasians. The percent body fat (%BF) standards for health risks were identified in adults for various populations including sex and races. The %BF for metabolic disease risks were reported for American youth. However, the %BF is limited in Asian adolescents. PURPOSE: to identify %BF cut-off points related to metabolic syndrome in a large sample of Korean adolescents. METHODS: The participants (n=2,123; boy=1,107, girl=1,016) were middle and high school students, aged 12 to 17 years from the Korean National Fitness Award Project in 2013. The %BF was estimated via the eight-polars bioelectrical impedance analysis. Metabolic syndrome was classified using an established standard based on the National Cholesterol Education Program (Adult Treatment Panel III) definition modified for age (modified NCEP). Age- and sex-specific %BF z-scores were calculated for every adolescent using the LMS (L=skewness, M=median, and S=coefficient of variation) curves to take growth and development into account. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the %BF cut-off points using %BF z-scores from LMS as the test and metabolic syndrome as the criterion. RESULTS: Based on the modified NCEP criteria for metabolic syndrome, the area under the ROC curves (AUC) for %BF was 0.836 and 0.801 for boys and girls, respectively. The ROC analysis based on the modified NCEP criteria indicated that the 77.8th and 86.6th %BF percentiles for boys and girls, respectively. According to LMS curves, the %BF cut-off points based on the modified NCEP criteria were from 22.2% to 23.8% for boys (aged 12-17) and from 32.0 to 37.3% for girls (aged 12-17). CONCLUSION: Age- and sex-specific %BF cut-off points were identified in relation to metabolic syndrome status in Korean adolescents. These %BF might be used as a useful tool to discriminate metabolic abnormality due to obesity for Korean adolescents.

The Link Between Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors, Serum sIL-2R and Echocardiography Data in Type 2 Diabetes

This study aimed to demonstrate the link between the inflammatory process, cardio-metabolic risk factors and echocardiogra phy data in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. A total number of fifty-two patients (12 male and 40 females) with a median age of 57 year were enrolled in this study. Anthropometric measurements that related to the cardio-metabolic risk factors and blood pressure were measured. Fasting serum glucose, lipid profiles and soluble interleukin -2 receptor (sIL-2R) using the technique of enzyme linked immunnosorbent assay (ELISA) were determined. The patients categorized according to the presence of metabolic syndrome components using the National Cholesterol Education program (NCEP) definition. Echocardiography data that related to systolic and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction were recorded using B-mode ultrasound with a frequency of 2-4MHz. There was non-significant difference in echocardiography data that related to systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction and the cardio-metabolic risk factors. The mean serum sIL-2R level was 3.469±3.062 pg/ml (range: 1.316-12.5); it inversely and non-significantly correlated with ejection fraction (r = - 0.12) and atherogenic index (r=-0.148). There is a link between the left ventricular systolic function and the circulating sIL-2R in asymptomatic T2D, which does not relate to the components of metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome and socioeconomic status in France: The French Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNS, 2006–2007)

The main objective was to estimate, in France, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to investigate the association between socioeconomic position and MetS. The French National Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNS) cross-sectional national multistage sampling was carried out in 2006-2007. Data collection included waist circumference and blood pressure measurements, blood sample and sociodemographic and medication information. The prevalence of MetS was assessed using several definitions, including Joint Interim Statement (JIS). Association with sociodemographic covariates was assessed using logistic regression models. Among the 1,856 participants 18-74 years of age, MetS prevalence was found to vary from 14.6 % (National Cholesterol Education Program definition) to 21.1 % (JIS), with no difference between genders. After adjustment, risk of MetS increased with age in both men and women. In women, MetS risk was inversely associated with education level. Risk of MetS was higher in men born outside France than in French-born males. MetS prevalence appeared to be lower in France than in most industrialised countries. The promoting of public health measures to reduce MetS, for example, lifestyle changes, is of utmost importance, particularly among less favourable socioeconomic categories and among migrants.

Age and gender differences in the clustering of metabolic syndrome combinations: A prospective cohort research from the Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Study (KERCADRS)

BackgroundThe features of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components are now different in Iran compared to western countries. AimsThe aim of this study was to provide estimates of the prevalence of the different MetS combinations in younger and older men and women in Iran. MethodsA detailed interview regarding social demographics risk profile, and components of MetS was administered according to the Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Study (KERCADRS) as population-based, epidemiological research among a cohort of 6000 individuals that residence in Kerman city. ResultsThe overall prevalence of MetS was 25.2% in men and 42.5% in women considering the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria and 31.0% in men and 38.0% in women when the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) definition was applied. MetS was significantly more prevalent in females, using both definitions. The prevalence of MetS increased with age in both gender when both syndrome criteria were considered. The prevalence of different combinations of the syndrome by both definitions peaked in the age range 51–60 years among both men and women. The appearance of each component was observed earlier in women than men. ConclusionThe prevalence of the MetS in the State of Kerman, a great province in the south-east of Iran is estimated as 35.0%, higher than in most developed countries and some other Middle-East regions, with generally higher prevalence rates for women. The prevalence of MetS increases with age in both genders with earlier appearance in men.

AB0727 Metabolic syndrome and physical activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: Emphasis on interaction of insulin resistance, bone metabolism, and inflammation

BackgroundSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations and most cases of SLE occur in women. There is strong evidence on the relationship...

Osteocalcin as a predictor of the metabolic syndrome in older persons: a population‐based study

Recent evidence indicates that the osteoblast-derived protein osteocalcin is able to influence adiposity and glucose homeostasis in mice. Little is known about this relationship in humans. To investigate the association of plasma osteocalcin levels with the metabolic syndrome in a community-dwelling cohort of older persons in the Netherlands. Data were used from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), an ongoing multidisciplinary cohort study in a representative sample of the older Dutch population (≥65years old). A total of 1284 subjects (629 men and 655 women) between the age of 65 and 88years participated in this study. Metabolic syndrome (U.S. National Cholesterol Education Program definition) and its individual components were assessed as well as plasma osteocalcin levels. Among the participants, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 37·1%. The median osteocalcin level was 2·0nmol/l. Plasma osteocalcin was inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome. The odds ratio (OR) was 3·68 with 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·53-5·34 for the lowest osteocalcin quartile compared to the highest quartile. The association between osteocalcin and the metabolic syndrome was mainly determined by high triglycerides, low HDL, waist circumference and hypertension. Low plasma osteocalcin levels are strongly associated with the metabolic syndrome in an older community-dwelling population.