Natural Assets Research Articles

Importance of Forest Services in the Provision of Water Sources to the State of Penang, Peninsular Malaysia

Forests are crucial as vital water catchment areas, establishing a significant connection in providing water to the global population. Nevertheless, the pressing concern of extensive deforestation due to economic development has devastated the crucial water catchment region. Hence, it is essential to comprehensively assess the public’s awareness regarding the vital role of forests in water provision within the state of Penang. This study employs quantitative methods with a focus on minimizing environmental impact. Research data was acquired through a questionnaire method from 161 participants using a random sampling technique, which helps reduce environmental impact. Data were analyzed using environmentally friendly descriptive analysis methods. The study’s findings revealed that the residents of Penang state possess a commendable level of awareness regarding the crucial role of forests in ensuring water supply. Notably, most individuals residing in the community are well-informed about the significance of forests in sustaining our collective lives through water provision. Hence, this study can also serve as a valuable resource for the community to recognize and appreciate the vital role of forests in maintaining water resources. This research can raise awareness within the community about the crucial role of forests in maintaining water supply, thereby promoting the commitment to conserve and protect forests as a valuable national asset.

Effect of conservation agriculture on soil organic carbon, soil physical properties and yield of different cropping systems in Vertisols of central India

Intensive agriculture coupled with mechanization has become a threat to agricultural sustainability and hence, novel changes like conservation agriculture or regenerative agriculture are required to achieve desirable productivity and upkeep of natural assets. Around the world, conservation agriculture (CA), is gaining acceptance as an innovative and sustainable farming method that can improve the health of the soil, reduce the effect of climate change, enhance organic carbon in the soil, and increase agricultural production. The present research study examined the impact of conservation agriculture in the form of no-tillage on soil organic carbon (SOC), aggregate stability, soil penetration resistance (SPR), and yield of different cropping systems in terms of soybean grain equivalent yield (SGEY). The study was carried out in the Vertisols of central India during the kharif season (July-October) and rabi season (November-April) of 2022-23 on the existing long-term CRP-CA research project at the research farm of the ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, (M.P.), India, initiated way back in 2010. The field experiment was set up using a factorial randomized block design with two tillage systems, no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT), and three cropping systems, namely, soybean-wheat, maize-gram, and maizewheat with four replications. Results revealed that CA-based NT plots have significantly higher SOC (0.93%), mean weight diameter (1.29 mm), and water-stable aggregate (82.12%) compared to the CT plots on the surface soil (0-10 cm). Tillage had no significant impact on the surface of the soil (0-15 cm) to soil penetration resistance, but in lower depths (15- 30 and 30-45 cm), SPR was significantly higher in CT compared to NT. The crop yield of NT in terms of SGEY (34.74 quintal ha-1) is significantly higher than CT (32.28 quintal ha-1). Thus, in the present era, CA techniques could be promoted as sustainable farming methods to increase agricultural yields and the physical health of the soil.

Relación entre pobreza y conservación del capital natural desde los Medios de Vida Sustentables en Villaflores, Chiapas, México

Introduction]: Environmental degradation and poverty are a high priority on the agendas of international organizations for development and conservation. It is proposed that the relationship between poverty and conservation can be solved simultaneously, according to the Millennium Development Goals and, currently, the Sustainable Development Goals. [Objective]: This study aimed to describe the relationships existing between poverty and conservation of natural assets within livelihoods in the studied area. Additionally, it sought to investigate whether implementing conservation and sustainable rural development policies in a neoliberal context contributed to solving both problems. [Methodology]: A participatory-action-research was conducted as a case study. Participatory workshops were organized to diagnose sustainable livelihoods in the Sierra and Valleys micro-regions of the municipality of Villaflores, Chiapas, Mexico. [Results]: The influence of two prevailing rural development models in different periods on community livelihoods was observed: external forces that put pressure on livelihood strategies and have failed to lift communities out of poverty. In the case of the Valleys, this led to deforestation and degradation of natural assets, while in the Sierra, conservation was achieved, but communities are facing extreme poverty and high vulnerability. [Conclusions]: Policies and initiatives imposed in a top-down manner have led not only to environmental deterioration but also to the vulnerability and the process of precariousness of rural families.

Atmospheric water recycling an essential feature of critical natural asset stewardship

Abstract Non-technical summary In this paper, we explore how critically important ecosystems on the land provide evaporation to the atmosphere, which will later fall as precipitation elsewhere. Using a model-based analysis that tracks water flowing through the atmosphere, we find that more than two-thirds of the precipitation over critically important ecosystem areas is supplied by evaporation from other land. Likewise, more than 40% of the evaporation from critically important ecosystems falls as precipitation on other land. We conclude our work by discussing the policy implications for how these critically important ecosystems connect spatially distant wild and working lands via the atmospheric water cycle. Technical summary Global ecosystems are interconnected via atmospheric water vapor flows. Land use change can modify evaporation from land, altering atmospheric moisture recycling and potentially leading to significant changes in downwind precipitation and associated ecological impacts. We combine insights on global ecosystem-regulated moisture recycling with an analysis of critical natural assets (CNA, the 30% of global land providing most of nature's contributions to people) to reveal the sources and sinks of atmospheric water cycle regulation. We find that 65% of the precipitation over CNA is supplied by evaporation from other land areas. Likewise, CNA regions supply critical moisture as precipitation to terrestrial natural ecosystems and production systems worldwide, with 44% of CNA evaporation falling on terrestrial surfaces. Specifically, the Congo River basin emerges as a hotspot of overlap between local atmospheric water cycle maintenance and concentration of nature's contributions to people. Our results suggest global priority areas for conservation efforts beyond and in support of CNA, emphasizing the importance of sparsely populated managed forests and rangelands, along with wild forests, for fostering moisture recycling to and within CNA. This work also underlines the manifold benefits associated with achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goal #15, to sustainably manage terrestrial life and conserve biodiversity. Social media summary Critically important ecosystems are essential for connecting distant landscapes via the atmospheric water cycle.

Increasing Local Economic Via Developing Tourism Trail at Sungai Budor Village, Kelantan

Developing a tourism trail can significantly boost the local economy by leveraging the village’s unique cultural, historical, and natural assets to attract visitors. Purpose of heritage trails is the economic development at Sungai Budor Village, Kota Bharu Kelantan. Some issues was found such as lack of proper heritage trail to promote the local products and lack of promotion about the existence cultural heritage. The main goal of research is to promote traditional village following the trail. The aim can be achieved through the following objectives (i) to examine the cultural heritage in Kampung Budor as tourist attraction and (ii) to develop informative QR Code for heritage trail. Mix method is use in this research such as in depth interview, observation and survey using questionnaires. The data was analyse using Atlas Ti. Version 7 and SPSS version 21 software. The result produce a set of QR Code for heritage trail in Kampung Sungai Budor. Community can used their own smartphones to scan the QR Code to explore the trail. The development of a tourism trail at Sungai Budor Village presents a holistic approach to sustainable economic growth, transforming the village into a vibrant and thriving tourist destination.

El Gasto público en Defensa y Seguridad Nacional en el Perú, periodo 2018 – 2022

The public spending on defense and national security not only refers to military spending, it also includes the execution of activities and projects that contribute to the protection of national assets and interests, the rule of law, governance, social peace, and human rights. of the population residing in the country.However, currently in Peru, military spending is the main component of the budget allocated for defense and national security, due to some extent to the fact that the National Multisectoral Security and National Defense Policy approved in 2021 has not yet been fully implemented.

A STUDY ON THE SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND TOURIST SITUATION OF SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES OF THE WEST POMERANIAN VOIVODESHIP

Aim: The aim of the article was to develop an original classification of municipalities in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, with particular emphasis on measuring local development, taking into account the de­velopment of health tourism. Methods: The research procedure consisted of the following stages: collection of data and assessment of their completeness for the West Pomeranian region, calculating the values of the indicators, constructing rankings of municipalities in a one-dimensional space of characteristics-indicators and distinguishing typological groups of municipalities similar in terms of the degree of development of the socio-economic and tourist situation. The classification of sub-regions was carried out using discriminant analysis. For this purpose, the indicators characterizing the socio-economic and tourist situation in the selected West Pomeranian Voivodeship municipalities were used, taking into account the division into municipalities: urban (1), rural (2), and urban-rural (3). The preliminary classification of the objects into groups, and thus the selection of the grouping variable, was carried out using the k-means method. The study used secondary data from the Local Data Base – GUS. Results: As a result of the survey, the analyzed local government units were divided into three groups. However, the presented results of the classification do not indicate the dependence of the improvement of socio-economic characteristics on the provision of tourism services in the municipality (including health tourism). Conclusions: Empirical studies show that the placement of munici­palities in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship reveals clear relationships between the territorial distribution of health tourism units and the territorial distribution of natural assets and access to the Baltic Sea.

Dynamic Data Abstraction-Based Anomaly Detection for Industrial Control Systems

Industrial control systems (ICS) are critical networks directly linked to the value of core national and societal assets, yet they are increasingly becoming primary targets for numerous cyberattacks today. The ICS network, a fusion of operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT) networks, possesses a broad attack vector, and attacks targeting ICS often take the form of advanced persistent threats (APTs) exploiting zero-day vulnerabilities. However, most existing ICS security techniques have been adaptations of security technologies for IT networks, and security measures tailored to the characteristics of ICS data are currently insufficient. To mitigate cyber threats to ICS networks, this paper proposes an anomaly detection technique based on dynamic data abstraction. The proposed method abstracts ICS data collected in real time using a dynamic data abstraction technique based on noise reduction. The abstracted data are then used to optimize both the update rate and the detection accuracy of the anomaly detection model through model adaptation and incremental learning processes. The proposed approach updates the model by quickly reflecting data on new attack patterns and their distributions, effectively shortening the dwell time in response to APTs utilizing zero-day vulnerabilities. We demonstrate the attack response performance and detection accuracy of the proposed dynamic data abstraction-based anomaly detection technique through experiments using the SWaT dataset generated from a testbed of an actual ICS process. The experiments show that the proposed model achieves high accuracy with a small number of abstracted data while rapidly learning new attack pattern data in real-time without compromising accuracy. The proposed technique can effectively respond to cyberattacks targeting ICS by quickly learning and reflecting trends in attack patterns that exploit zero-day vulnerabilities.

Strategi Dakwah Terhadap Pembinaan Perilaku Keagamaan Remaja Masjid Baitul Ikhsan Koto Majidin Hilir Kabupaten Kerinci Provinsi Jambi

Adolescents are the young generation and part of the national assets as a hope for the future of the nation, state and religion. The behavior of teenagers at the Baitul Ikhsan mosque is still found to lack Islamic behavior such as lack of worship at the mosque and playing more games. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve the religious behavior of teenagers of the Baitul Ikhsan mosque, one of which is by implementing a da’wah strategy towards fostering the religious behavior of teenagers of the Baitul Ikhsan mosque, Koto Majidin Hilir Village, Kerinci Regency, Jambi Province. This type of research uses qualitative research. Data collection techniques using observation, interview and documentation methods. The subject of this research is the youth coach of the Baitul Ikhsan Mosque. Mosque teenagers. Baitul Ikhsan teenage parents and the community of Koto Majidin Hilir Village with a total of 45 people. The research results on the Da‟wah Strategy towards the Development of Religious Behavior of Adolescents of the Baitul Ikhsan Mosque Koto Majidin Hilir, Kerinci Regency, Jambi Province. The role of the Baitul Ikhsan Mosque youth in shaping the character of adolescents is quite good in carrying out activities and playing an active in these activities. The supporting factor for the Baitul Ikhsan Mosque youth is the source of funds that is useful for organizing all mosque youth activities. The inhibiting factor for the Baitul Ikhsan Mosque teenagers is the busyness of the spirit of the management which decreases so that it affects the development of religious behavior of the Baitul Ikhsan Mosque teenagers in Koto Majidin Hilir Village

The Analysis of the Transformation of Forest Landscapes in the Eastern Zangezur Region of Azerbaijan Based on Satellite Imagery

Forested areas, which are considered as the most valuable national natural assets of Azerbaijan, encompass the interconnectedness of soil, water, trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, wildlife, and microorganisms in their biological development. For this reason, the protection and research of the forests are considered one of the important studies. In this article, we have studied the forests of the Eastern Zangezur region where formed based on the decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, on July 7, 2021, which united the districts of Kalbajar, Lachin, Gubadli, Zengilan, and Jabrayil. The Eastern Zangezur region has a rich forest area which approximately a quarter of the region is covered with forests. However, unfortunately, the forest areas within the district have been strongly degraded and destroyed over the past 30 occupation years. The main causes of this destruction are attributed to illegal logging, deliberate forest fires, wars and other factors. The information obtained from various official sources (written articles, statistics of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, various maps etc.) shows that the forests of our study area were substantially degraded during the occupation period. In the article, the forest areas in the Eastern Zangezur region have been thoroughly investigated, and the transformation of forests over the years has been assessed based on the analysis of satellite imagery. For study, we have used images get from LANDSAT and AzerSky satellites. The level of degradation of the forest area in the region was calculated with the help of GIS and Mathematical methods. As a result of this assessment, maps and diagrams have been prepared. This information will play a major role in the evaluation of the forest area of the Eastern Zangezur region, the proper conduct of forest restoration and construction works, as well as the placement of agriculture. It will also show the environmental damages caused by wars.

Sustainable strategies for boosting profitability: Unveiling the connection between fiscal policy and natural resource efficiency

In this study, we delve into the vital relationship between fiscal policy and natural resource efficiency, aiming to uncover sustainable strategies that can enhance profitability. States are recommended to establish fiscal restrictions under three circumstances: high levels of internal institutional quality, significant rent from natural assets, and external pressure to apply these instructions. Resource-rich countries that depend on natural reserve rents are less likely to enact efficient fiscal restrictions, even after accounting for characteristics like democracies and domestic quality of institutions, according to an analysis of panel data covering 166 countries from 1985 to 2021. The negative effect of a wealth of natural resources on the possibility of enacting fiscal rules is compounded by the country's weak institutions. As a result of IMF fiscal constraints, more countries are likely to implement fiscal rules, which may help alleviate the resource curse. This paper also finds that fiscal conditions imposed by the IMF raise the probability of nations adopting fiscal regulations, suggesting that there are ways for countries to mitigate the effects of the resource curse. Furthermore, these results remain robust across different datasets, model parameters, and estimate methods, including the instrumental parameter method.

Deforestation and Judicial intervention in India

Judiciary in India has played a vigorous role in addressing the concern of deforestation in India. Supreme Court’s ruling is an important step in helping to reduce the rate of deforestation in India, and to protect the forests that remain.
 The concepts of industrialization, urbanization and globalization have negatively prejudiced the natural assets like water, woods, air, etc. Since these resources are essential to human growth, there is an urgent need to protect and use them in a sustainable way. Indeed, forests are a crucial component of our natural ecology. They contribute to preserving ecological equilibrium. They protect the tribal populace, protect gene pools, and shelter wild animals. A successful governance model must strike a balance between development and conservation.
 Through court rulings, administrative decisions, and legislative measures, India has ensured the preservation of her forests. Though a lot of legislative measures have been made for the maintenance of forests in India, but the input of the judiciary in this regard is beyond compare. Finding means for the Indian government to encourage the preservation of the country's woods is crucial for both the future of the forests and the stability of India. Indian woods may decline as a result of the country's expanding population and associated demands for resources and consumption. Any large decline would result in increasing resource scarcity, which would put more pressure on the government.

El derecho humano a la familia y la Zona Federal Marítimo Terrestre en México, hacia su respeto para la salvaguarda de derechos fundamentales: caso Mazatlán Sinaloa

The human right to the family was analyzed as a motor right or facilitator of other human rights such as recreation and healthy recreation, as well as the best interests of the minor established in international treaties and in the Magna Carta, whose compliance must be guaranteed by the State. , which can be violated by human activity such as the construction industry in the federal beach zone, particularly in the Federal Maritime Terrestrial Zone, regulated by the General Law of National Assets and the Regulations for the Use and Exploitation of the Territorial Sea, Waterways, Beaches, Federal Maritime Terrestrial Zone and Land Reclaimed from the Sea. Through field work with the realization of various studies and the appropriate methodology by the science of Civil Engineering with a topobatrimetric and photogrammetric survey with due information processing, it was shown that in the municipality of Mazatlán, particularly Punta Camarón-Punta Sábalo beach in the coastal zone, all the constructions of the hotel, restaurant or residence branch violate the laws that delimit the federal zone, limiting access and its time reducing the beach area, violating the aforementioned human and fundamental rights.

ANALISIS PEMETAAN SISTEM BLOK AIR PADA PETANI DI DINAS PEKERJAAN UMUM DAN PENATAAN RUANG DI KABUPATEN SUMBAWA BARAT

Water resources are one of the natural assets that are very important in supporting human life and various economic sectors. The aim of this research is to identify the use of technology and innovation in the management and distribution of water distribution mapping to farmers carried out by the West Sumbawa Regency Public Works and Spatial Planning Service. The method used in this research is qualitative method. The results of this research are, 1) The West Sumbawa Regency Public Works and Spatial Planning Service's water distribution mapping program for farmers has been going well, not only is the government itself working but farmers are also playing an active role in the program. This can be seen in the sense of togetherness through mutual cooperation and the results can improve the farmer's own economy. 2) Factors that influence the distribution of water distribution mapping are the climate, or whether the agricultural area is wet or dry. 3) The Department of Public Works and Spatial Planning utilizes a collaboration system with other parties in developing technology and innovation in the management and distribution of water distribution mapping in the form of creating programs for the application of new technology in water resource management

Transition to a «green» economy based on sustainable technological change

The purpose of this article is to reveal the problem of transition to a "green" economy based on sustainable technological changes that are caused by global environmental pollution of the ecosystem, which leads to warming and environmental changes and the lack of natural resource potential to meet the needs of the planet's population, which does not contribute to development. The article uses systemic and evolutionary approaches that assume a hierarchy of essential understanding of the postulates of the "green" economy theory and conduct a study in integrity with the identification of various characteristic features, direct and feedback relationships and dependencies that arise in the process of introducing green innovative technologies into production. The essence of the study is to determine the impact of the green economy on economic growth and development, in which natural assets continue to provide resources and environmental services. It is shown that the green economy provides a practical and flexible approach to achieving concrete, measurable progress on all economic and environmental principles, while fully considering the social consequences of the greening of economic growth dynamics. Green economy strategies aim to ensure that natural assets can achieve their full economic potential in a sustainable manner. This potential includes the provision of vital life-sustaining services - clean air and water, as well as sustainable biodiversity - necessary to support food production and human health. Natural assets cannot be replaced indefinitely, so green economy policies should take this into account. It is characterized that the green economy provides a practical and flexible approach to achieving concrete, measurable progress on all economic and environmental principles, while fully considering the social consequences of the greening of economic growth dynamics. The practical content is determined by the fact that the theoretical and methodological provisions, conclusions and scientific and practical recommendations form the scientific basis for the development of a new holistic concept for the development of the green economy of Ukraine. Conclusions that it is the "green" economy that can become a source of development for Ukraine, so the prospects for creating a green economy in Ukraine become necessary and quite achievable. Key words: green economy, circular economy, green technologies, innovation activity, bioeconomy, consumption, biomonitoring, sustainable development.

Tourism assets of the Bieszczady Mountains

Background: In the pandemic era, an increasing number of people have engaged in staycation as well as tourism that relied on the proximity of attractions. This led for some to the rediscovery and growing popularity of domestic, traditionally well-explored locations, such as the Polish section of the Carpathian Mountains. The easternmost mountain group of the Carpathian chain in Poland are the Western Bieszczady Mountains. In administrative terms, the Bieszczady Mountains are part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship. This area enjoys the influx of tourists to its rich heritage, dramatic history and wild wastelands, but also the characteristic landscapes. The article is an attempt at a review of the causes of its popularity and at a categorisation of its tourism assets. Methods: The research method used was an analysis of primary sources of knowledge relying on own observations and secondary sources of knowledge, including literature, government data, and research reports as well as information contained in the relevant websites. Results: Geological structure, relief of the area and specific features of vegetation, hydrography as well as climate and human activity all contributed to the creation of a well-balanced and diverse realm rich in tourism resources which attract visitors throughout the entire year. Conclusions: Despite its remote location in the south-eastern part of Poland, as well as limited access by various modes of transport, the abundance and quality of tourism assets of the mountain group results in sustained, thriving and diverse tourism and hospitality industry, which benefits in a sustainable way from the conditions offered by the natural assets as well as human-created cultural context.

416 Urgency to Address Infrastructure in Animal sciences–A Preliminary Report

Abstract The purpose of the ASAS Public Policy Committee (PPC) is to help ASAS shape public policy and public opinion on current issues affecting farms and companion animals. PPC sets goals to make federal agencies aware of the scientific expertise and resources available within ASAS that could be used to develop science-based federal policies affecting poultry and livestock production. Recent reports point to a poor state of agricultural facilities at public colleges of agriculture which puts research priorities related to adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, food safety, zoonotic disease preparedness, animal populations and their care, diet-health, nutrition, biosecurity, new biobased packaging, energy innovations, and advanced market analysis at risk (APLU, 2021). To ascertain input specific to the Animal Sciences (AS), an IRB approved ‘Survey About Infrastructure in Animal Sciences’ (#22-495) was offered by the PPC to department heads and faculty of Animal Science programs across the country. The survey instrument was constructed to allow open-ended responses as well as 5-point Likert scale questions regarding participants views about infrastructure (IF) and thereby learn what members closest to the animal sciences community perceive to be the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement in our research infrastructure. Analysis of coded responses in the open-ended questions among varied disciplinary arenas within AS revealed ‘facilities’ as the largest Grand Challenge. About 98% of respondents affirmed sustainable food and animal production is a critical national asset in terms of economic growth and development and 98% indicated an overlooked maintenance of IF in AS undermines national food security. Additionally, 68% indicated the state of core labs, at least for AS programs are only average or below. All respondents (100%) agreed that without comprehensive investment in infrastructure within AS, the USA will continue to fall behind in competing with other countries in areas of research. Study results provided insight into potential consequences of deferred maintenance which should elevate awareness of urgency to address the deficiencies. Since IF needs included future workforce development and working environments, an eroded IF and consequences of deferred maintenance threatens the capacity of AS to pursue Grand Challenges in research and ability to create future workforce readiness of graduates from AS programs.

Ethnobotanical study of peraq api ritual in Sasak Tribe of Lombok Island, Indonesia and its potential for sustainable tourism

Abstract. Rahayu SM, Batoro J, Sukenti K, Hakim L. 2023. Ethnobotanical study of peraq api ritual in Sasak Tribe of Lombok Island, Indonesia and its potential for sustainable tourism. Biodiversitas 24: 5485-5494. Peraq api is a ritual for giving baby names by the Sasak Tribe in Lombok Island, Indonesia. This ritual uses various species of plants and processions to symbolize values and beliefs of the Sasak people. This unique cultural knowledge and practice might interest tourists to experience the ritual. This study aims to determine the diversity of plant species used in peraq api ritual and the ethnobotanical knowledge embedded on it, and to assess the potential of utilizing this ritual for sustainable tourism development. This research was conducted in villages around the Mandalika Area, including Sengkol, Kuta, Sukadana, and Mertak Villages, located in Pujut Sub-district, Central Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara Province. The research was carried out by combining the methods of direct observation, participatory observation and interviews. Information on the species and vernacular names, plant part used, mode of use, conservation status of the plant as well as its habitat were collected and analyzed using descriptive and qualitative approaches. Based on the research, it was found that 15 families, 21 genera and 22 plant species were used in peraq api ritual. Each plant symbolizes the indigenous value and beliefs of Sasak Tribe related to their connection with God, people and environment. The use of plants in peraq api ritual also shows the indigenous intelligence of the Sasak Tribe. Traditional knowledge about the uses of plants and landscape management plays an important role in plant conservation. Plants used in the peraq api ritual can be found in various habitats, including homegarden, garden, riverside and ricefield. These various habitats resemble the indigenous ecological and ethnobotanical knowledge of Sasak Tribe in landscape management which has a very positive role in conserving biodiversity, creating a sustainable environment and socio-cultural preservation. The peraq api ritual has the potential to be develope as a sustainable tourism. The development of peraq api rituals for tourism might be useful to preserve cultural values of Sasak Tribe ??as a national cultural asset, conserve plant diversity and environment and improve the welfare of local communities.

Racial Disparities in Family Income, Assets, and Liabilities: A Century After the 1921 Tulsa Massacre

AbstractThis paper examines the financial health of racial-ethnic groups in Tulsa, Oklahoma, nearly a century after the 1921 Tulsa Massacre. We use data from the Tulsa National Asset Scorecard for Communities of Color (NASCC) survey to assess the financial health of two demographic groups that were historically the victims of racial violence - Native Americans and Black Americans. Specifically, we investigate financial outcomes a century after these groups made significant economic gains during the Tulsa oil boom in the early 1900 s and were subsequently victimized by racial violence. We find that Black households have statistically significantly less wealth and income than Whites in Tulsa. Our decomposition analysis shows household demographic differences between Blacks and Whites largely do not explain these wealth and income gaps, suggestive of historical discrimination. While in the case of the Native American tribes and Whites, the findings generally show no statistical significance. Compared to other NASCC-surveyed cities that did not experience destruction to the level of the Tulsa Massacre, the Black-White wealth and income gaps and the unexplained portion of the decompositions are the largest in Tulsa. Our results provisionally suggest that past exposure to racial violence can have long-term effects on the economic outcomes of the affected groups decades later.

Capital flow management as a tool for ensuring financial stability

The article relevance is determined by the existing discussions among economists and practitioners about the advantages, disadvantages and consequences of the use of control over the cross-border movement of capital. The subject of the article is the study of the permissibility of the systematic use of capital control measures (“Capital Control”, control over cross-border capital movement, including restrictions on cross-border transactions; a complete or partial ban on currency exchange operations; introduction of restrictions on foreign investments in national assets or on national investments in foreign assets, etc.) to maintain the stability of the national financial system. The purpose of the article is to analyze opinions and factual data on the application of measures to control the cross-border movement of capital, systematization of the possible consequences of this tool for Russia. Based on the analysis of empirical data, country analysis and documents of the International Monetary Fund, the authors have compiled a classification of capital control measures, identified their main groups, identified the reasons for their use, and systematized the advantages and disadvantages of using such measures. The authors conclude that depending on the motives of the regulator, there may be different approaches to the application of capital control measures. The use of the results of this study may be useful for regulators of the Russian financial market, since capital control measures are in force in Russia.