National Agricultural Marketing Research Articles

Challenges for crop diversification in cotton-based farming systems in India: a comprehensive gap analysis between practices and policies

IntroductionCrop diversification is a promising practice to improve the sustainability of agricultural production systems, contributing to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem functions, and food security without compromising productivity. Although diverse cropping systems may be more labour-intensive and require good knowledge of the specific cropping system in the local context, they have high potential in managing many of the problems faced in current cotton production in India. However, the adoption of crop diversification is still moderate, with an overall crop diversification index (CDI) of 0.65 for all of India and state-wise CDI between 0.43 and 0.83.MethodsTherefore, a four-phased study was conducted to identify the main barriers to crop diversification in cotton-based farming systems in India and highlight levers that can foster their wide adoption to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. The study was carried out between January to October 2020 and consisted of i) a literature review of regional and national policy and planning, ii) situational analysis with a problem tree approach, iii) individual stakeholder interviews with stakeholders from the broader Indian cotton sector, and iv) a participatory feedback workshop with said stakeholders. A total of 51 stakeholders from 24 different organizations were interviewed, 37 of them on technical aspects of crop diversification and 21 stakeholders on market and policy aspects. The same stakeholders were invited to the participatory feedback workshop, where 26 participated in the session on different benefits of crop diversification practices, and the session on market and policy challenges counted 24 participants. The study focused on the main organic cotton producing states in India: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Haryana, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh.Results and discussionIn our study, it became evident that many policies and governmental schemes exist to promote national food security, sustainable agriculture, and agricultural marketing infrastructure, but crop diversification is still not gaining momentum on the ground. Various levers were identified in the areas of market and procurement, capacity building and knowledge transfer, supply industry and infrastructure, and farmers and women empowerment, where the current policy landscape is failing to foster crop diversification effectively on the farm level.

Marketing of agricultural products through e-NAM in Tamil Nadu state

Integrating technology in agricultural marketing has marked a transformative milestone in Tamil Nadu, where agriculture is a cornerstone of the economy. The National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) has redefined traditional methods, creating a unified national market for agricultural commodities. This study focuses on marketing selected agricultural products through e-NAM in Tamil Nadu, analyzing trade records from 2017 to 2021, and forecasting up to 2025-2026. Focusing on efficiency and transparency, the study explores the impact of e-NAM on the agricultural trade market. Secondary data spanning 2017-2021 from the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, and the National Agricultural Market were collected and analyzed using charts and forecasting methods. Trade records for arrived and traded lots, quantities, and values in Tamil Nadu displayed consistent growth. The arrival of lots increased steadily, reflecting potential market expansion. Traded lots and quantities showcased dynamic growth, indicating an expanding trade market. Forecasted values predict a positive trajectory with continuous growth up to 2025-2026. The study underscores the transformative impact of e-NAM in Tamil Nadu. The positive trade quantity and value trends reveal a dynamic and expanding market. Forecasted projections suggest sustained growth, emphasizing the role of the platform in enhancing market efficiency and economic development. While optimistic, acknowledging external factors is crucial for stakeholders to navigate potential challenges. The success of e-NAM exemplifies technologies transformative power in fostering sustainable development in the Tamil Nadu agrarian sector.

Government Agriculture Schemes in India: A Review

The agricultural sector plays a vital role in India's economy, employing a significant portion of the population and contributing substantially to the nation's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). To promote sustainable growth, improve farm productivity, and uplift the livelihoods of farmers, the Indian government has implemented various agriculture schemes over the years. This abstract provides a concise review of select government agriculture schemes in India, focusing on their objectives, implementation strategies, and overall impact. Through an in-depth analysis of relevant literature and government documents, this review outlines the historical context and evolution of agriculture schemes in India. It explores how these schemes have evolved to address the diverse challenges faced by the agricultural sector, ranging from resource constraints to climate change and market fluctuations. The abstract examines prominent initiatives such as the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) which aims to provide direct income support to farmers, the Soil Health Card Scheme to improve soil fertility and enhance crop yields, and the National Agricultural Market (e-NAM) to create a unified platform for seamless agricultural trade. Furthermore, the abstract sheds light on the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) and the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), designed to boost agricultural infrastructure and insure farmers against crop losses, respectively.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF MAIZE FARMING AND AGRICULTURAL MARKET REFORMS IN RAISING FARMERS’ INCOME IN INDIA

The study aimed to investigate the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of area, production, and yield of rice, wheat, and maize in India from 1950-51 to 2019-20, divided into four periods based on the vital year of the Indian economy from an agricultural perspective. It revealed that the CAGR of maize productionwas highest than rice and wheat before the green revolution i.e. 6.39 %. Still, this trend has completely reversed after adopting the green revolution, as it mainly focused on wheat and rice production. The study also reported that maize output in India had an unprecedented increase following the economic reforms of 1991 due to the adoption of single cross hybrids and ongoing demand in the domestic and export markets. Its annual growth rate is higher than that of rice and wheat.Due to its numerous uses as food and feed, its demand increased significantly in the twenty-first century.Additionally, the agricultural market reforms brought about by the APMC act of 2003, the model APMC act of 2007, and e-NAM (Electronic National Agricultural Marketing) in 2016 encouraged farmers to cultivate more maize. Also, from 2010-11 to 2020-21, the annual growth rate in MSP (Minimum Support Price) of maize is the highest than rice and wheat i.e.7%. The study noticed that, although not by 2022, maize production can soon assist farmers in increasing their income and achieving the government-set goal of doubling their income.

Analiza evoluției pieței funciare agricole prin prisma tranzacțiilor de vânzare-cumpărare

The agricultural land market, as a specific element of the real estate market, was reestablished in the Republic of Moldova by the end of the last century. During the development of the national agricultural land market, there were different fluctuation trends of the main indicators, which reflect the quantitative aspects of land development: the correlation between demand and supply, market price of agricultural land, sold-purchased land areas, etc. The most important indicator is the market price of agricultural land, which, under the conditions of free land market, is formed based on the correlation between supply and demand for land. The sale-purchase type of business predominates in the transaction structure of the land market. In this context, in order to investigate the issues related to the functioning of the agricultural land market, the number of sale-purchase transactions of agricultural land, the area of agricultural land subject to sale, as well as the average sale-purchase price of agricultural land have been analyzed.

Agriculture export policy in India: 2010-2020-ies

The increase in exports of agricultural and food products from India to the world market gave an impetus to the author to study the measures of the country's agricultural export policy. The transition to an export-oriented development model announced at the end of the twentieth century led to the development of new approaches to foreign trade policy. Export promotion measures in the field of agriculture were prepared taking into account the peculiarities of agri-cultural production in India and were of a systematic nature. They included: political mecha-nisms, in particular the involvement of state governments; infrastructure and logistical support; economic stimulation of exports, including the creation of special export zones (agricultural clusters), attracting private investment in production and processing. Important attention was paid to the organization of the electronic National Agricultural Market (E-NAM), the digital platform of the Agri Exchange APEDA, the modernization of seaports intended for the export of agricultural goods. The result of the agrarian policy was two points – an increase in the growth rate of agricultural production and an increase in agricultural exports. The volume of exports of agricultural goods has more than tripled over the past decade and a half, and the export basket of these goods has significantly expanded. India has become the world's leading rice exporter, has become one of the world market leaders in exporting such non-traditional goods for the country as fish and aquaculture products, meat, milk and dairy products, and has also retained its traditional cotton and sugar markets.

A Study: - “Assessing Impact of Goods and Services Tax on Agriculture”

Agricultural sector has been the root of Indian economy and it contributes to around 18.8 percent in (2021-2022) GDP. About 52 percent of the total rural livelihood depends on this sector as their primary means of livelihood. The GST is being introduced with the unbiased objective of having a unified tax structure for goods and services, this is likely to facilitate and strengthen the Scheme on National Agricultural Market (NAM) aimed at an integrated system of market of agriculture produce at the national level, allowing free flow of agricultural commodities across states. The aim of the study is to identify the impact of GST on the Agriculture sector. The data were collected from 400 farmers of Rajasthan using non probability convenience sampling. The result argues that GST will have both significant positive and negative effect on Agriculture. Future this paper show a behavioral suggestions and bringing out the light on Impact of GST on Agriculture Sector. Key Words: Agriculture, GST, National Agriculture Market (e-NAM), Cost of Agriculture

Challenges of Agriculture Marketing in India: A Quantitative Analysis

India's economy is based primarily on agriculture, which also makes up a sizeable portion of its Revenue. A major problem in India, though, is still the selling of farm products. In this study, we investigate the problems with farm marketing in India and carry out a mathematical analysis to find the fundamental causes that influence the marketing of agricultural products. The research makes use of original information gathered through polls of farms and market middlemen in various parts of the nation. According to our research, India's farm marketing industry faces major obstacles due to poor infrastructure, a dearth of suitable storing and transit options, and insufficient market data. The research also finds several legislative changes that can enhance the country's selling of farm products. The report also examines various legislative initiatives that have been put in place to handle these issues, such as the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Act and the Electronic National Agricultural Market (eNAM). The research emphasizes the need for additional initiatives to enhance India's agricultural selling system and guarantee equitable rates and improved market access for producers. The results of this research can assist players within the agriculture sector and lawmakers in better understanding the difficulties that farmers experience and in developing efficient policies and initiatives to enhance the agriculture selling system in India.

Garantindo a segurança alimentar e a competitividade do complexo agroindustrial

Abstract The formation of the Kazakh national agricultural market is complicated by a sharp decline in government assistance to the country's agricultural sector, a decrease in the effectiveness of its regulation, a violation of economic relations between market entities, a drop in effective demand of the population, the disintegration of the economic space of the Commonwealth of Independent States countries, an increase in food imports. The presented study is aimed at considering the regulation of processes and the security of the grocery market and the support by the state of Kazakhstan for its own agro-industrial complex. The following research methods were applied in the study: analysis and synthesis of information, parsing of literature data on the subject of the study, and classification of information and data. The paper discussed the issues of regulating the development and safety of the food market and state aid for the agricultural industry of the republic. Local and international food security was thoroughly studied as a mechanism of national security. In addition, the basic principles were determined of guaranteed supply of the population with necessary foodstuffs at the national level, and food safety in a globalizing world, which has aroused special interest in the research on the competitiveness in the agricultural sector and its management system. The competitive ability of agricultural products from the perspective of economists is the ability to compete on price terms and quality parameters while ensuring steady growth in sales volumes in the internal and external markets. The agro-industrial complex is an important segment of diversification. This research is of practical value for scientists who work and conduct scientific activities in the fields of public catering, agriculture, and the food industry.

Institutional Reforms and Spatial Efficiency in Agricultural Supply Chains in India

This paper reviews the institutional reforms in agricultural commodity markets in India and examines their implications for spatial efficiency in supply chains of the markets. In order to remove inefficiencies in the traditional supply chain, the Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) Act was revised, and a Model APMC Act 2003 was introduced with the provisions for establishing private markets/yards, direct purchase centres, farmers markets for direct sale, contract farming and promotion of public–private partnership in the management and development of agricultural markets. Initiative has been taken to set up a National Agricultural Market as an all-India electronic trading portal to develop a ‘common national market’ for agricultural commodities. The institutional reforms in agricultural marketing system since the early 1990s appear to have contributed towards improving the spatial efficiency in rice and wheat markets. The finding of an increase in the extent of spatial integration of markets after the reforms and the tendency of the prices to move towards a common stochastic trend lend support to the idea of setting up a ‘common national market’ for agricultural commodities. Further reforms in the marketing system with better infrastructure facilities would strengthen market integration and improve efficiency in the supply chains. JEL classification: O13, Q13, Q18.

Profile characteristics of farmers of e-NAM

National Agricultural Market (e-NAM) is a pan-India electronic trading portal that seeks to network existing Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) through a virtual platform to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities. A study was conducted to know the profile characteristics of registered farmers of e-NAM in Duggirala market of Andhra Pradesh. A total sample of 120 farmers was randomly selected from six mandals viz. Kollipara, Bhattiprolu, Kollur, Tenali, Mangalagiri and Duggirala of Guntur district in Andhra Pradesh. The data were collected with pre-structured interview schedule. Exploratory research design was followed for the study. Profile characteristics of respondents viz. Age, Education, Land holding, Social participation, Mass media exposure, Extension contact, Risk orientation, Market orientation, Income orientation, Telescopic faculty and Economic motivation were selected for the study. The detailed analysis of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were middle aged (63.33%), educated up to high school (34.17%), had small farm size (29.17%), had medium level of social participation (71.67%), mass media exposure (55.83%), extension contact (65.83%), risk orientation (63.33%), market orientation (60.00%), income orientation (49.17%), telescopic faculty (56.67%) and economic motivation (62.50%). There is every need to improve the profile of the respondents to make them understand completely about e-NAM, improve their knowledge and effective utilization of e-NAM.

Doubling farmers’ income through digital marketing

India is largely an agrarian economy. While the contribution of agriculture and its allied sectors to the GDP is 16 percent, nearly 58 percent of the workforce of the country is employed in agriculture. Eighty-five percent of the farmers in the country are small and marginal farmers with a landholding of 1-2 acres. They have very limited or no access to markets to sell their produce. This has resulted in a situation where, on the one hand, farmers do not receive adequate compensation for their produce, on the other, consumers are facing ever-rising inflation concerning their food basket. Agitations by farmers (JuneJuly 2017) in certain parts of the country demanding the implementation of the M. S. Swaminathan Commission’s recommendations (one of them being that the Minimum Statutory Price to be fixed by the government should be 50% plus the cost of production) exemplify neglect of post-harvest management of agriculture. Agricultural marketing has so far been regulated by the States as per their Agricultural Produce Marketing and Regulation Acts. The National Agriculture Market (NAM) is one of the various initiatives undertaken by the Government of India to provide remunerative prices to farmers. NAM is a “virtual” market that will harness the physical infrastructure of the APMCs at the back end. The eNAM portal will thus enable the creation of a national agricultural market with uniform standards and will also provide a single platform for clarifying all issues about the working of APMCs. By facilitating online bidding, the portal will encourage competition among traders and fetch higher income for the farmers. Thus, real-time price discovery in a transparent manner will be achieved. This descriptive paper is an attempt to study the efficacy of the e-NAM in bringing about a second green revolution

Evaluation of Priokskoe columnar apple variety from All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding

The use of adaptive, scab-immune, stable-fruiting columnar apple tree varieties of domestic selection enhances profitability of commercial horticulture for a higher competitive power of national agricultural market. The diversity of columnar varieties remains little, yet offering a promising line of selection given a rising interest in this form of apple tree. The research aimed to comprehensively assess the economic and biological potential of the Priokskoe columnar variety to produce recommendations on its introduction in home and industrial gardening. A number of promising selected and elite genotypes, as well as five cultivars (Priokskoe, Poeziya, Vostorg, Orlovskaya Yeseniya, Girlyanda) have been identified from the extensive hybrid fund of columnar apple trees established at the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding for over 40 years. Priokskoe was the Institute’s first early-fruiting columnar variety starting at the third year post-inoculation on low-medium vigour rootstock. Average yield at planting density 14,000 plants/ha on dwarf stock 62-396 makes 49.1 t/ha and 78.3 t/ha — in the crown of skeleton-forming stock 3-17-38 at planting density 3,333 plants/ha. Priokskoe is a strong-vigour category among columnar varieties. A 7-year tree height on dwarf rootstock 62-396 was 217.3 cm, a crowned tree height on stem stock 3-4-98 — 281.7 cm. The variety’s winter hardiness is sufficient for its cultivation in the Middle Chernozem zone at no risk of irreversible winter loss. The Rvi6 gene-conditioned scab immunity enables improvement of the orchard phytosanitary situation via reduced chemical burden. The adaptability, economic and biological traits of the Priokskoe columnar variety ensure it a worthy rating among the current apple tree assortment recommended for intensive industrial horticulture.

Factors influencing value-addition agricultural choice within smallholder farming agribusinesses of Gauteng Province in South Africa

This paper investigated factors influencing value addition agricultural choices of smallholder farming agribusinesses in the Gauteng Province, South Africa, using the Ordinary Least Squares regression model. The study used randomly sampled data collected from 102 smallholder farmers by the National Agricultural Marketing Council and the Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. Four types of value addition were identified, namely postharvest, food preservation, milling, and post-slaughter. The results revealed that the number of people in the household, permanent workers, and access to training influences smallholder farmers’ choice of post-harvest, food preservation, and post-slaughter value addition. Besides, milling value addition is influenced by the size of the farm, grain, and livestock production, together with access to information and training. These results call for government intervention in promoting agro-processing and value addition activities to encourage farmer participation, income generation, and poverty alleviation, thus improving the farmers’ livelihoods.

Status and Performance Appraisal of Electronic National Agricultural Markets (e-NAM) in Punjab

The Electronic National Agricultural Market (e-NAM), a shared online market platform for agricultural commodities on a one nation one market basis, was launched on April 14, 2016. Since this scheme has been in practice for the last four years in the country, but the state of Punjab opted for it two years later, the present study was designed to appraise the adoption of the portal in the selected markets of the state and to throw light on constraints and prospects of e-NAM in Punjab. The results showed that most farmers benefitted from remunerative prices and found the e-NAM system transparent as every step of trading was digitally recorded. The farmers enjoyed the liberty to sell the produce anywhere at a comparatively higher price. The majority of the farmers expressed that e-NAM was better in price realization, which was the most lucrative aspect. At the same time, the farmers wanted to have a separate gate entry for trading through e-NAM, increased awareness, and uninterrupted and low-cost internet connectivity in markets.

Massive Open Online Courses – Anyone Can Access Anywhere at Anytime

Information Communication Technology influences all dimensions of education. Especially in distance education, rapid change occurs. Based on the huge availability of online resources like open education resources, distance education can be accessed openly at a low cost. In the 21st century, teaching and learning, Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) is a new trend of learning for digital learners. MOOC is an open education system available on the web. It is a low-cost courseware, and the participants can access the learning content from anywhere and anytime. The MOOCs are categorized cMOOCs, xMOOCs, and Quasi MOOC models. India is a developing country, and it is making steps ahead to digitalization on its processes. e-panchayat, a-district,e-hospital, e-greetings, e-office, e-visa, e-NAM (National Agricultural Market), e-pathshala are the examples for India stood on digitalization. India tried to ensure access, equity, and quality education to the massive. With this aim, the SWAYAM portal initiated, and it was the milestone of Indian distance education and providing open education to massive through MOOCs. This paper portrayed on Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), its different types of MOOCs, platforms for MOOCs, MOOCs in India, and its merits.

Excellence in Agri-Marketing through National Agricultural Market (NAM) for Sustainability of Indian Farming Sector

National Agricultural Market (NAM), the most needed e-platform for the integration of agricultural markets across India is considered as an appropriate solution to overcome the challenges and problems faced by the present stakeholders of the Agri-marketing system. Related issues like states fragmentation into multiple market areas monitored by APMCs, different and numerous levy structures, multiple licenses requirement for trading across different mandis, interventions of high net worth bidders in price-fixing, inadequate infrastructural facilities in reaching mandis and non-usage of e-bidding technology, problems of information dissemination causing asymmetry, lack of transparency in price discovery, high market charges, movement controls between state to state, etc are to be addressed on priority basis in order to benefit the farmers and other stakeholders of agri-marketing industry. The need for the effective unified system across the country combining all agri-marketing platforms both at State and National level is the need of the day and has been well understood by our Prime Minister of India, Sri Narendra Modi and his team. The initiative is taken to have a sustainable environment through National Agricultural Market, which was launched on April 14, 2016. This enables a better price to farmers on their produce & improves the efficiency of the supply chain. Sustainable development is one which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
 In this paper, the authors have attempted to understand the National Agricultural Market’s success as a means to sustainability in agri-marketing directly and Indian economy growth indirectly. This paper will be partly based on the theoretical concept &somewhat empirical study that deals with the idea of National Agricultural Markets and its relevance in bringing sustainable development in agri-marketing. The theoretical part consists of a critical review of literature relevant to the concept of agricultural production, marketing and unified market system and concludes in an attempt at a more precise formulation of the idea. The empirical part of the study is based on questionnaires served to randomly select traders and farmers of Karnataka state where unified marketing system ReMS is implemented much earlier to NAM. The empirical part of the study is done to provide background information that makes it possible to discuss sustainable growth possibility in a practical context and should therefore not be seen as a direct attempt to confirm the theory. The research will enable a better understanding of NAM’s effort in achieving excellence in agri-marketing and sustainability of farming.

Electronic National Agricultural Markets, Impacts, Problems and Way Forward

There are about 585 Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) markets which were linked to Electronic National Agricultural Market (eNAM) in 14 states in India by 2018. There was a slow but definite increase in the adoption of eNAM by the stakeholders. There has been no detailed study so far on the impact of eNAM on prices received by farmers and bottlenecks faced in introducing this e-market platform in the existing markets. This article fills this research gap. The econometric results show that there has been an increase in prices received by the farmers and more markets have linked to eNAM due to the introduction of e-auction. Other benefits of eNAM include timely online payment of sale proceeds to the farmer’s bank account and reduced chances of collusion among traders. However, on the flipside, due to lack of quick assaying facilities, participation of distant traders has not picked up, which has resulted in no significant increase in competition. There is a need for increasing the participation of the stakeholders through formation of farmers groups, private sector participation in the maintenance of eNAM, convincing the traders and commission agents to use eNAM and linking warehouses and rural periodical markets to eNAM to increase the scale, scope and efficiency of market operations.

Participation Of Smallholder Farmers In Agro-processing Industries: Implications For The Extension Services Of Gauteng Province

The Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD) and the National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC).

ISSUES AND PRIORITIES AREAS OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

Agriculture is the centerpiece of the Indian economy and the pivot of Indian life. Being the basis of economic life, the main source of employment and a means of earning foreign exchange, it would not be an exaggeration to call agriculture the foundation stone of the country. About 52 percent of the total labor force of the country is earning their livelihood from agriculture and agriculture related sectors. Therefore it would be fair to say that the development and prosperity of the country depends on the growth, prosperity and productivity of agriculture. The development and prosperity of agriculture is dependent on the increase in agricultural production as well as getting a fair price for the produce produced. Significantly, most of the small farmers of the country are trapped in the vicious cycle of poverty. Due to poverty and debt, farmers are forced to sell their produce to middlemen at low prices. To free the farmers from the trap of these middlemen and to improve the marketing system, the government has taken important steps like expansion of controlled mandis, grading and effect of agricultural products, arrangement of go-downs, market promotion and price information. Management of cooperative marketing system. Steps have been taken. Establishment of National Agricultural Marketing Institute is also an important step in this direction. The institute is playing a vital role in agricultural development by providing specialized education, training and research services in agricultural marketing. Due to the high development rates of the industrial and service sectors, agriculture's economic contribution to India's economy has decreased to less than 15%, but the sector's significance to the country's social and economic structure goes much beyond this metric. First, the rural economy provides income for approximately three-quarters of Indian households. Second, rural areas are home to the majority of India's impoverished (770 million people, or around 70%). Third, to fulfil the demands of a growing population with rising incomes, India's food security depends on the production of cereal crops as well as the production of fruits, vegetables, and milk. This will require a faster emergence of a productive, competitive, diverse, and sustainable agriculture industry.