National Accounts Research Articles

¿Cómo afectan las revisiones de la Contabilidad Nacional a la interpretación de la evolución de la economía española desde la pandemia?

Rationale The revision to the Annual and Quarterly National Accounts figures by the National Statistics Institute in September was more extensive than in previous years and has altered the interpretation of some aspects of Spanish economic developments since the pandemic. Takeaways •The new figures entail upward revisions to GDP of 0.2 percentage points (pp) in 2020, 0.9 pp in 2021 and 0.3 pp in 2022. The Spanish economy therefore recovered its pre-pandemic level in 2022 Q3 (rather than in spring 2023, as per the previous information), one year later than the euro area overall. The main factors underlying these revisions are, on the demand side, the greater domestic demand momentum and, on the supply side, the greater strength of services. •The new time series signal that productivity has fared somewhat better, tax revenues have been more consistent with macroeconomic developments, household expenditure has been more dynamic, in keeping with the improvement in real labour income, and unit labour costs have increased more than previously estimated, rising in Spain more than in the euro area overall since 2019, which could ultimately impact Spanish firms’ competitiveness.

THE SYSTEM OF STATISTICAL INDICATORS OF THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF THE POPULATION AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE

The article shows the indicators of household income in the System of National Accounts, cash income, primary income, adjusted gross income, one-time income and how to calculate it, national income, final consumption expenditures of households, cash income of the population and balance of expenditures, indicators of accumulated property and housing, elasticity coefficient, housing, income stratification of the population, cash income deficit and its calculation method, poor T he concepts of poverty, poverty line and extreme poverty are given. KEY WORDS: income of the population, system of national accounts, gross income, poverty level, living standards purchasing power, one-time income, cash income deficit, poverty line.

Protecting Frontline Nurses: What will it take? A review of policy, practice and lessons learned from High Consequence Infectious Diseases like Ebola and COVID-19

The significance of failing to protect frontline health workers, especially nurses cannot be overstated. Inadequate personal protection, psychosocial support and emergency training put our frontline of defense in jeopardy. When comparing death by occupation early evidence showed that nurses constituted the largest percentage of health workforce deaths. Other severe consequences like high levels of resignation, burnout and other signs of mental distress are a warning that health systems require fundamental change to protect and retain our frontline of health security. This is equally true in settings with both high and lower resources. Those at the frontlines pay a heavy price responding to infectious disease outbreaks, but it does not have to be. This paper outlines key issues and potential strategies to ensure our health workers have the right environment, competence, tools, and support to protect themselves and society when needed most. Using an umbrella review, this paper sought to review the extant literature and identify the best way forward. Failure to learn from recent events such as the 2014-2016 West Africa Ebola outbreak and the COVID-19 pandemic could further exacerbate health worker shortages and our collective ability to prevent, detect and respond effectively. Protecting frontline health workers requires a multi-faceted approach including well-defined policies, adoption of best practices and continuous learning. The focus should move from broad policies and benchmarks to specific, tangible actions, including standard guidelines and protocols that use an All-Hazards Approach. Taking concrete steps to improve protection with national and local accountability that ensures adequate safety standards will be key. Moreover, continuous learning and investment in health system strengthening are needed. The return on investment in preparedness and protection are clear. COVID-19 has shown the devastating economic and social impact of failing to be prepared. Investment is needed in innovation, including new personal protective equipment (PPE) technology, resilient supply chains that move beyond “just-in time” procurements, and competency-based experiential learning that simulates complex emergencies, in “real world” settings as much as is possible. Learning from history, including nursing pioneers, is essential. Outbreaks begin in communities. Close community engagement and understanding of the social determinants of health for which those on the margins pay the heaviest price is central to nursing. Since this paper focuses on protection of frontline health workers, it would be remiss not to revisit nursing’s role in caregiving. This paper presents examples from 19th and 20th century nursing leaders who developed community- and person-centered models of care, led the development of hygiene and sanitation standards and examples which highlight the critical role of nurses at the frontlines. Nursing has historically been community- and person-centered. Serving as the communities’ first line of healthcare, nursing pioneers like Florence Nightengale and Lillian Wald offer guidance which is still valuable in our modern, highly connected world. Applying lessons from both our recent and past experiences to develop robust systems for health workforce protection and preparedness is a health security priority. Now, as COVID-19 becomes an endemic disease for which an effective vaccine is available, is the time to harness these lessons learned, develop more robust standards and accountability for emergency protection and health workforce protection, without which history will repeat itself.

ВИТРАТИ І ВИДАТКИ: СУТНІСТЬ, ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОБЛІКУ ТА АНАЛІЗУ

State financing requires control over the availability and movement of budget funds, the implementation of estimates, therefore it can be argued that the most important objects of accounting and analysis of the activities of budget institutions are costs and expenses. The article presents a theoretical generalization and solution of the scientific task, which consists in the study of the economic essence, features of accounting and analysis of costs and expenses in budgetary institutions. It was determined that the demarcation of the essence of the researched concepts is based on the change in the forms of resource use in the process of functioning of the budget institution. Peculiarities of regulatory and legal regulation of cost and expenditure accounting are considered. It is emphasized that the term "costs" is disclosed in national and international accounting standards and other legal documents, and "expenses" – in regulatory documents regulating the budget process; expense accounting is conducted using the accrual method, and budget expenditures – using the cash method. It is indicated on which accounts and in which registers of analytical accounting the costs and expenses of budgetary institutions are recorded. The directions of classification of expenses and costs of budgetary institutions are revealed, taking into account the current budget classification (functional, departmental, economic, programmatic). It is emphasized that the purpose of controlling costs and expenses is to establish their legality, reliability and expediency and the correctness of displaying relevant economic transactions in accounting, and the main purpose of their analysis is to find reserves for reducing the costs of budget institutions. Methods of economic analysis of costs and expenses of budget institutions are disclosed and characteristics are presented, which allow to identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of the use of labor, material and non-material resources, as well as budget funds used by budget institutions.

National income accounting attributes and economic welfare. Evidence from Pakistan.

Economic welfare is essential in the modern economy since it directly reflects the standard of living, distribution of resources, and general social satisfaction, which influences individual and social well-being. This study aims to explore the relationship between national income accounting different attributes and the economic welfare in Pakistan. However, this study used data from 1950 to 2022, and data was downloaded from the World Bank data portal. Regression analysis is used to investigate the relationship between them and is very effective in measuring the relationship between endogenous and exogenous variables. Moreover, generalized methods of movement (GMM) are used as the robustness of the regression. Our results show that foreign direct investment outflow, Gross domestic product growth rate, GDP per capita, higher Interest, market capitalization, and population growth have a significant negative on the unemployment rate, indicating the rise in these factors leads to a decrease in the employment rate in Pakistan. Trade and savings have a significant positive impact on the unemployment rate, indicating the rise in these factors leads to an increase in the unemployment rate for various reasons. Moreover, all the factors of national income accounting have a significant positive relationship with life expectancy, indicating that an increase in these factors leads to an increase in economic welfare and life expectancy due to better health facilities, many resources, and correct economic policies. However, foreign direct investment, inflation rate, lending interest rate, and population growth have significant positive effects on age dependency, indicating these factors increase the age dependency. Moreover, GDP growth and GDP per capita negatively impact age dependency. Similarly, all the national income accounting factors have a significant negative relationship with legal rights that leads to decreased legal rights. Moreover, due to better health facilities and health planning, there is a negative significant relationship between national income accounting attributes and motility rate among children. Our study advocated the implications for the policymakers and the government to make policies for the welfare and increase the social factors.

Protocol Analysis Data Collection Technique Implemented for Artificial Intelligence Design

This article suggests that artificial intelligence (AI) can automate protocol analysis, a form of data analysis in cognitive psychology for inferring the information processes used by individuals from their verbal behavior while solving a problem. We propose a framework to employ think-aloud protocols (TaP) and thematic analysis in qualitative accounting research. Specifically, we use the TaP methodology to explore the impact of legal conflict and the lack of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) knowledge on implementing these accounting standards in a developing country (i.e., Iraq). The article analyzes 32 semi-structured in-depth phone interviews with external auditors, preparers, the capital market, national professional accounting and auditing associations, and academics. The results indicate that the lack of an AI framework, IFRS knowledge, and legislation conflict may adversely interact with standard implementation. This article explores how protocol analysis can benefit from AI support and provide design features. Protocol analysis can provide opportunities for future article, design, and action.

COVID-19 Vaccine Injury Compensation Program: Lessons Learned From a Review of 10 Implementing Countries.

National vaccine injury compensation serves as a crucial and significant safety net for individuals affected by government-recommended vaccines during a pandemic, contributing to the community's overall safety. In the Republic of Korea, compensation for adverse events resulting from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations has been provided through the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program introduced in 1995. However, there have been limitations with these measures during the COVID-19 pandemic owing to strict criteria for substantiating causality between the vaccine and injury, its nontransparent process of determining whether to compensate, and the compensation amount that is not practically calculated. This article reviewed the Vaccine Injury Compensation Programs in 10 major countries to present implications for improving the Korean system. Expanding the scope of national accountability is essential to compensate for the consequences of adhering to national policies during public health crises. Therefore, valuable insight can be obtained from examining the systems in Germany, Japan, and Taiwan, which have implemented more relaxed criteria for determining causality in compensation cases; Thailand's system, which provides the mandatory payment of preliminary compensation for damage caused by vaccination; systems in Germany, France, and Japan, which offer compensation for vaccine injuries from a practical perspective; and systems in France and the United Kingdom, which have a process allowing the assessment records to be shared with the claimants. Furthermore, a dedicated agency for vaccine injury compensation, as seen in France, the United Kingdom, and Australia, is necessary to enhance the efficiency of the Korean system.

Measuring Public Open-Source Software in the Federal Government: An Analysis of Code.gov

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of patterns and trends in the open-source software (OSS) contributions by the U.S. federal government agencies. OSS is a unique category of computer software notable for its publicly accessible source code and the rights it provides for modification and distribution for any purpose. Prompted by the Federal Source Code Policy (USCIO, 2016), Code.gov was established as a platform to facilitate the sharing of custom-developed software across various federal government agencies. This study leverages data from Code.gov, which catalogs OSS projects developed and shared by government agencies, and enhances this data with detailed development and contributor information from GitHub. By adopting a cost estimation methodology that is consistent with the U.S. national accounting framework for software investment proposed in Korkmaz et al. (2024), this research provides annual estimates of investment in OSS by government agencies for the 2009–2021 period. The findings indicate a significant investment by the federal government in OSS, with the 2021 investment estimated at around $407 million. This study not only sheds light on the government’s role in fostering OSS development but also offers a valuable framework for assessing the scope and value of OSS initiatives within the public sector.

Analysis and assessment of the quality of economic growth in Ukraine based on international ratings.

To confront the multidimensional challenges and crises of the 21st Century and to bring about transformative changes in the economy, policymakers need a tool that assesses the quality of economic growth in terms of both factors affecting productivity and consequences for people’s livelihoods and the environment. It is recognized that GDP alone is not sufficient to measure progress towards socially and economically inclusive, equitable and sustainable development. On behalf of the UN Secretary General, studies “beyond GDP” are carried out, aimed at updating and supplementing the UN System of National Accounts – 2008. There is also an update of the international organizations approaches to conduct rating studies of the countries based on balanced systems of indicators of well-being and progress, inclusive and sustainable development. The analysis of the results of such studies made it possible to conclude that in the conditions of worsening systemic risks, the assessment of the quality of economic growth in the country requires a comprehensive multidimensional system of indicators. It should cover, in addition to the volume of GDP per capita and the productivity factors, indicators of the quality of human capital, environmental sustainability, the quality of the management system, in particular, the regulatory and legal framework that forms the long-term development trajectory, the business environment and infrastructure, thereby influencing innovativeness, inclusiveness and resilience of society to shocks and threats. To assess the quality of economic growth in Ukraine, an analysis of the country’s position based on indicators of the economic policy impact on innovativeness, inclusiveness, stability and sustainability was carried out using the materials of the Future of Growth Report 2024 and the Sustainable Competitiveness Report 2023. Drivers and obstacles for the balanced development of Ukraine’s economy are identified, especially the low management capacity for changes towards inclusiveness, stability and sustainability. Proposals have been made to expand the range of indicators for evaluating the innovativeness and sustainability of economic growth in Ukraine, in particular for evaluating the results of the implementation of the Strategy for the Development of Innovation Activity for the period until 2030.

ИНСТРУМЕНТАРИЙ БУХГАЛТЕРСКОГО УЧЕТА В ЦИФРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ И ЕГО ГАРМОНИЗАЦИЯ

The paper examines the issues of using accounting tools necessary to systematize information on the performance of economic entities of various groups: commercial organizations of the real sector; non-profit organizations of the real and public sectors; organizations of the budgetary sphere; taking into account the possibility of its harmonization in order to bring together the methodology of national accounting for external and internal control of the reliability of information. The characteristics of the main accounting tools are given, taking into account the content of the requirements of modern legal regulation. The methodological basis of the work was general scientific principles and research methods: analysis and synthesis, logical linking, systematization. The author’s position on the issue of harmonization of accounting tools for economic entities of various groups in relation to accounts and accounting registers is presented. The proposed structure of the accounting account is based on the structure of the budget accounting account, since its structure is more suitable for detailing information that can be used for management purposes, which is especially important in modern conditions. Accounting registers can be harmonized based on those used in the public sector. Transaction journals group information in a chronological and systematic manner based on the source document, indicating its number and date, which is preferable from the point of view of internal control. For commercial organizations, they can also be generated in an accounting program. The need to harmonize accounting tools is due to the fact that federal standards for the commercial sector and the public sector implement the same principles of accounting and reporting. Conceptual approaches to accounting are disclosed in the Law «On Accounting», establishing the same accounting rules for the same objects of accounting supervision. The proposed author’s approach to the harmonization of accounting tools for various groups of economic entities, and its use to reflect information about accounting objects, can be implemented in the process of improving legal regulation in order to control the activities of commercial organizations, especially those that receive funding from state budget. The main results obtained by the author make it possible to standardize information processing algorithms in the digital environment.

До питання сутності загальновиробничих витрат підприємства та управління ними

The article summarizes the content of general production costs, their specific composition, the order of distribution of general production costs (on the example of specific situational material), the order of reflection in accounting of the distribution of general production costs, the functions of strategic management of general production costs. The aim of the article is to study the topical aspects of formation and distribution of general production costs of enterprise, optimization of the level of general production costs in the context of their planning, analysis and control. Further, the general production costs associated with the organization, management, maintenance and control of the production activities of the enterprise as a whole. In order to avoid an arbitrary interpretation of general production costs, they are standardized with the help of National Accounting Standards (NP(S)BO 16 «Costs»). These costs form the production self-cost are the basic indicator of the enterprise’s activity, which affects the profitability of its activities. The formation of such costs is carried out in compliance with the current sectoral procedure for their accumulation and distribution (in compliance with the provisions of the Methodological Recommendations for the formation of the self-cost of production). These costs are subject to distribution. The distribution base can be: hours of labor, wages, volume of activities, direct costs, land areas, etc. General production costs are divided into: fixed and variable. The list of fixed and variable general production costs is determined by the enterprise within the framework of the approved accounting policy. Since some of the general production costs are mixed or it is difficult to distinguish either fixed or variable costs for them, individual enterprises do not carry out such a division and, accordingly, fully distribute them according to the selected distribution base, based on the actual capacity. In production, the distribution of general production costs is carried out between the main products. Among the main methods that can be used for cost distribution are the following: direct distribution; distribution based on production volume; distribution based on the cost of materials; distribution on the basis of labor; capacity-based distribution. The use of these methods involves the choice of a single base for the distribution of general production costs, which is based on the consideration that costs are written off (distributed) by types of products on the basis of a single standard – the coefficient of distribution of general production costs or the cost rate. Accounting for these costs is carried out through account 91 «General production costs». The article provides an example of the distribution of general production costs. The functions of strategic management of general production costs (planning, implementation of parameters laid down in the plan, efficiency control, analysis of results and feedback) are generalized. The introduction of these functions will make it possible to identify energy- and material-intensive units and, as a result, to control the use of material, labor, and financial resources.

The puzzling association between accounting conservatism and corporate social responsibility

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on exploring the mutual impact of accounting conservatism and corporate social responsibility (CSR).Design/methodology/approachTo empirically assess the theoretical arguments the authors estimate a simultaneous equations system for accounting conservatism and corporate social responsibility determination by two-stage least squares in a sample of 175 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) for the period 2009–2019.FindingsThe results of the present study showed that accountability in companies listed on the TSE has led to an increase in the use of conservative practices. Therefore arguably, companies that seek CSR activities are more conservative in preparing and presenting financial reports. Also, companies that engage in conservative practices for the benefit of stakeholders are better able to implement CSR activities to meet stakeholder obligations. These results show a two-way relationship between CSR and accounting conservatism.Practical implicationsAccording to the results obtained from this study and the elimination of conservatism from the qualitative features of financial reporting in International Accounting Standards, it is recommended for the trustees and authorities of national accounting standards to decide whether this qualitative feature is effective or not.Originality/valueFurthermore, the findings of this study suggest that the application of corporate social responsibility theories calls for more inquiry.

자본이득을 감안한 자본소득분배율의 장기 추이

To understand the capital share of income properly, one has to examine capital gains because part of profits and rents appear as capital gains. In the case of profits, retained profits reduce shareholders’ dividends while shareholders get capital gains on listed companies' equity capital. Korea's capital share of income rose after the 1997 crisis, but it was accounted for by the rise in the retained profits' share. For about ten years after the 1997 crisis, capital gains on equity capital of listed companies increased about the same as retained profits. However, they failed to do so thereafter, reducing the capital share of income in terms of comprehensive income, even though it was still higher than before the crisis. On the other hand, capital gains on land were far larger than the negative effect of retained profits, raising the capital share of income in terms of comprehensive income. They changed much depending on the pace of industrialization and urbanization together with policy changes, dominating the changes in retained profits' effect. Therefore, the capital share of income in terms of comprehensive income fell after the 1997 crisis, making contrast with the rise in the capital share of income in the national account.

MODELS OF COST BEHAVIOUR: A MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVE

The paper considers the peculiarities of cost behaviour in the production of metallurgical products and their modelling. The industry specifics and their impact on cost formation and production of metallurgical products are assessed. The article develops step-by-step approaches to cost behaviour analysis. It is proved that one of the key aspects of the study of cost behaviour is the choice of an effective method of their accounting and calculation The main factors of external and internal direction of cost behaviour are formed. Peculiarities of application of the preliminary method of production are evaluated. The scheme of formation of accounting and analytical reflection of production of metallurgical products by the preliminary method at PJSC "Kamet-Stal" is developed. The accounting and analytical reflection of formation of the production cost of metallurgical products on the accounts is presented. The emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of accounting for the formation of the production cost of metallurgical products according to national accounting standards (regulations). A set of interrelated factors that shape and influence the behaviour of costs has been formed. It has been concluded that the most objective method for assessing cost behaviour is statistical correlation models. A regression equation as a linear model of cost behaviour has been formed. A linear model of cost behaviour has been calculated. The equation parameters, actual and tabulated coefficient of determination are determined. The relationship between the volume of pig iron production and changes in total fixed costs is substantiated. The closeness and significance of the relationship are estimated. Analytical conclusions are formed and the main directions of the cost management strategy are developed. It is proposed to forecast costs using the tested model. It has been concluded that the developed model of cost behaviour of metallurgical products (liquid cast iron) can be useful in the practical activities of an enterprise for making effective management decisions in both the short and long term.

Industrial carbon capture utilisation and storage in the UK: The importance of wage responses in conditioning the outcomes of a new UK CO2 transport and storage industry emerging in a labour supply constrained economy

Carbon capture usage and storage (CCUS) is emerging as an important solution in delivering deep emissions reductions in energy-intensive industries, enabling hydrogen production, and possibly directly capturing existing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. The potential for associated new industry activity – for example in CO2 Transport and Storage (T&S) – could also be important in transitioning economies with legacy investment in oil and gas extraction. This paper addresses the question of how introducing a nascent T&S industry may impact the wider UK economy in the presence of persisting national labour supply constraints. It does so by refining a multi-sector economy-wide computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the UK to run scenarios focussed on the emergence of a nascent sector, involving identification of benchmark activity – here, the existing oil and gas industry – where that nascent sector is not currently represented in national accounting data. Crucially, the CGE model embeds a theoretically and empirically tested wage bargaining function to consider how cost and price pressures triggered will condition dynamic outcomes for producers, consumers and government budgets. Results suggest that emergence of a new T&S industry is likely to deliver sustained net gains in UK employment and GDP. However, maximising T&S-linked jobs gains while minimising displacement of employment and price pressures elsewhere in the economy requires policy action to alleviate labour supply and skills constraints. This reinforces policy and industry recommendations around the need for net zero workforce planning and attention to the potential fiscal implications of taking action, or not/in different timeframes.

Food Security and its Connection With Environmental Economics and Accounting: A Bibliometric Analysis

Objective: Map and present the state of the scientific art on food security and its connection with Economics and Environmental Accounting. Theoretical framework: The limits of economic use of ecosystem services were extrapolated, the evidence of which lies in climate change and subsequent heterogeneous food availability. From this perspective, the accounting and economic impacts of environmental changes are apparently underestimated by industrial chains that exploit natural capital. Method: A bibliometric analysis of scientific publications was carried out, that were prospected in the Scopus database. 377 scientific publications published between 1986 and 2023 were retrieved. The mining and analysis of the correlation between Economics and Accounting with food security was carried out based on of the co-occurrence of keywords indicated by the authors of the retrieved documents, using the VantagePoint® software. Results: The results of the bibliometric search show greater progress in research in environmental economics. Conversely, the gaps in the valuation of environmental assets, the absence of validated indicators for the inclusion of natural capital in national accounting systems and the voluntary nature of the disclosure of accounting, financial and socio-environmental data may be the explanations for the lack of connection between food safety and environmental accounting. Research implications: Scientific advances in the calculation of the Green Gross Domestic Product and/or in the adaptation of the SEEA (System of Environmental-Economic Accounts) methodology can generate accounting and economic data from the organization of stocks of environmental assets and favor the availability of food.

Reconstructing Income Inequality in Italy: New Evidence and Tax System Implications from Distributional National Accounts

Abstract This work reconstructs novel series on income distribution in Italy combining survey data, tax data, and National Accounts both at the national and regional levels, and it analyzes the overall progressivity of the tax system. Our new Distributional National Accounts allow to correct for remarkable misreporting of capital income in surveys, to provide more accurate estimates of consumption, and to better account for the role of informal economy. Our fresh estimates show higher income concentration at the top 1% and 0.1% with respect to previous studies in order of 1.5 percentage points. Moreover, the share of national income of the richest top 10%, top 1%, and top 0.1% has been steadily increasing after the 2008 crisis. Our results shed further light on the multifaceted nature of inequality in Italy: youngest individuals, women, and inhabitants of Southern regions have been increasingly exposed to growing levels of inequality. Finally, the Italian tax system is only slightly progressive up to the 95th percentile of the income distribution, and regressive for the top 5%. Moreover, it is regressive throughout the whole distribution when individuals are ranked with respect to their net wealth.

Social Accounting Matrices: Challenges and Prospects of Use in Macroeconomic Statistics

The paper presents results of the first stage of research on the construction of social accounting matrices (SAMs) for the Russian Federation as part of the HSE University study on statistical assessment of households’ economic behaviour. The author analyses the methodological foun- dations of SAM compilation, their connection with the System of National Accounts (SNA) and their use in macroeconomic analysis. Special attention is paid to the application of SAM in evaluating exogenous impacts, including multiplier effects, arising in all spheres of the national economy at governing decision-making and implementation of economic policy projects.The paper reviews aggregated social accounting matrices for the Russian Federation for the year 2020 that were compiled according to the SNA methodology and based on the G. Pyatt and A. Roe modified model. The author proposes the scheme of accounts partial trans- formation enhancing the reflection of direct income flows between institutional sectors. The properties of SAM as a static economic impact evaluation model are reviewed, and for illustration purposes, results of experimental computation of the effect of changed demand from the Rest of the World are considered.Analysis of areas of SAM application and its development as a tool for macroeconomic research highlights the importance of development methods of a detailed representation of the structure of household incomes and expenditures in social accounting matrices. It will foster solutions to poverty, inequality and connected social problems. It is noted that, with increased attention to the social aspects of macroeconomic accounting, SAM can become a major tool for measuring well-being and household income formation and distribution processes in macroeconomic statistics.

The Role of Crohn Disease on Breast Cancer Incidence: A Clinical Analysis.

Crohn disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract. The pathophysiology of this disease characteristically involves transmural inflammation, which predisposes patients to various gastrointestinal cancers such as colon cancer. Although the increased risk of gastrointestinal cancers in Crohn disease has been well established, the risk of extra-gastrointestinal cancers remains unknown. We sought to study the risk of breast cancer in patients with Crohn disease. The data for this retrospective study were compiled using the International Classification of Disease Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and ICD 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes from the national Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant PearlDiver database from 2010 to 2019. Patients were matched for age, sex, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Statistical analyses were implemented to assess Chi-squared, logistic regression, and odds ratio. The database query resulted in 70,027 patients in both the control and Crohn disease groups. The incidence of breast cancer was 4,087 in the control group compared to 654 in the Crohn disease group. The P value was < 2.2 × 10-16 and the odds ratio was 0.15 (95% confidence interval (CI)). Patients without Crohn disease had an increased prevalence of breast cancer throughout all age ranges compared to patients with Crohn disease. Additionally, patients without Crohn disease had higher rates of breast cancer throughout the four major regions of the United States. In terms of healthcare costs, patients with breast cancer and a history of Crohn disease paid $23.87 more per hospital visit compared to patients with breast cancer and no history of Crohn disease. The results of this study indicate a statistically significant correlation between Crohn disease and a reduced incidence of breast cancer. This finding is true across all age groups and across the United States. Further study is required to investigate a possible mechanism between the pathophysiology of Crohn disease ultimately leading to reduced tumorigenesis in the breast.

Financial Development Strategies: Defining Objectives and Priorities

In recent years, scientific and practical interest in the strategic management of countries' financial development has grown significantly. However, an analysis of publications on this topic indicates the absence of a methodology to make strategic decisions on the formation of goals and priorities for financial development. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for the strategic management of the financial development of countries. The study uses methods of systemic, comparative, GEP analysis, and a rule-based judgment method. The result of the study is the development of a concept that allows defining strategy, quantified strategic goals and priorities for financial development, and its testing in OECD countries. The novelty of the research lies in the systematic approach to the formation of strategic goals and priorities based on the System of National Accounts, the multi-level system of key indicators of financial development, criteria formalizing alternative strategies, and rules for making strategic decisions. This is the first time such a concept has been proposed. The advantages of the developed concept are high representativeness, objectivity, and a wide range of applications. Its use will improve the quality of strategic management of countries' financial development and ensure transparency in government decisions. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-06-09 Full Text: PDF