National Accounts Statistics Research Articles

Norwegian local public finance in the 1930s and beyond

The evolution of the welfare state in the twentieth century has changed local public finance considerably. This article investigates determinants of local public spending in Norway since the 1930s with an emphasis on the fiscal year 1934-35. We document huge variation in local government spending in 1934-35. The disparities initiated several reforms in the 1930s with the aim of reducing the inequality. The changes in regional policy over time are illustrated by correlation coefficients between municipal spending and private income. The correlation is strongly positive in I934~35> but is reduced over time, and has been negative since the 1970s. We find that the variation in spending between local governments is reduced over time mainly for two reasons. First, while the elasticity of municipal spending with respect to private income is fairly constant over time, the variation in private income has become smaller. Second, grants from the central government have become a larger part of the local governments' budgets and are to an increasing degree used for redistributional purposes. The development of the Western welfare states during the twentieth century has involved a steady growth of public sector spending and changes in public sector institutions. In an international perspective, the Nordic countries have chosen to provide a large share of public services at the local government level.1 Thus, the economic history of the Nordic welfare states is closely related to the evolution of the local public sector. The driving forces 1 For Norway, the local government share of GDP expanded from about 5 per cent in the 1 900s to about 9 per cent in the 1930s and 17 per cent in the 1980s (Borge and Rattso 1999b). In terms of employment, the local governments employed about 8 per cent of the workforce and 55 per cent of public sector employees in the 1960s. In the 1980s, these shares had increased to about 18 and 70 per cent respectively (source: NOS National Accounts). For the Scandinavian countries in 1990, the local government spending share of general public sector spending was 60 per cent in Norway, 68 per cent in Denmark and Finland, and 71 per cent in Sweden (source: United Nations National Accounts Statistics, 1994).

Macro-Economic Impact of Price Shocks Originating from the Infrastructure Industries (an Exercise in Macro-Econometric Modelling)

This thesis examined the various macroeconomic consequences of the steep hikes in the prices of infrastructure inputs - the critical intermediate goods in the economy. For this purpose, eight infrastructure inputs, namely, Coal inclusive of Lignite, Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas, Petroleum Products, Fertilisers, Cement, Iron and Steel. Electricity and Railway Transport Services were considered and studied for the implications of sharp increases in their prices over the period 1970-71 through 1994-95. Given the thrust of this work on the macro aspects, a composite price index of these eight infrastructure inputs (with weights in terms of the value added from the National Accounts Statistics) was constructed to study the implications of their price behaviour. The basis for this work was the observation that the economic impact of sudden and steep increases in the prices of these infrastructure inputs was all pervasive and they were considered as one of the causes of the periodic down swing of economic activity, experienced at various points of time.

ESTIMATES OF LONG‐TERM NATIONAL ACCOUNTS STATISTICS OF TAIWAN, 1912–90

The Developing EconomiesVolume 37, Issue 1 p. 114-130 ESTIMATES OF LONG-TERM NATIONAL ACCOUNTS STATISTICS OF TAIWAN, 1912–90 Toshiyuki MIZOGUCHI, Toshiyuki MIZOGUCHISearch for more papers by this author Toshiyuki MIZOGUCHI, Toshiyuki MIZOGUCHISearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 March 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.1999.tb00867.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume37, Issue1March 1999Pages 114-130 RelatedInformation

The Compatibility of Red Book National Accounts Estimates with the Barna 1935 Input–Output Estimates

In 1952, Tibor Barna published an input–output table of the 1935 UK economy. From 1954 to 1972, a number of ‘Red Books’ published under the direction of Richard Stone provided national accounting statistics for 1920–38. Casual inspection suggests some serious disagreement between the two data sets, but much of this arises out of mismatching of incompatibly defined items. This paper assesses the compatibility of final demand and net output estimates that appear on the periphery of the Barna table with corresponding Red Book statistics. Given the admitted margins of error, an acceptable pattern of discrepancy emerges from the comparisons. Service industry incomes are the sole major exception to this finding.

Changes in the Structure and Distribution of Russian GDP in the 1990s

The author, a noted Japanese observer of Soviet and post-Soviet economic affairs, examines System of National Accounts data for the Russian Federation in order to analyze changes in the structure and distribution of Russian GDP during the six-year period commencing in 1989. The study, based in part on first-hand investigation in Moscow in late 1995 and on hitherto unpublished raw data, represents an initial attempt to examine the methodology underlying the compilation of Russian System of National Accounts statistics, which the Russian Government began to publish only recently. A distinct focus is on GDP by sector of origin and by end use, and on distribution of income. 9 tables, 22 references. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O11, O47, P24.

Toward a greater integration of gender in economics

This paper argues that feminist analysis is finally making an impact in the field of economics. It begins with an historical overview of the alternative theoretical approaches that have discussed women's issues, particularly since the 1950s and 1960s, and it argues that, during the 1980s and 1990s, these approaches have tended to converge, at least partially, through the use of gender as a central category of analysis. The influence of postmodernism and the development of feminist theory have laid the basis for the task of transforming economics and engendering theory and policy. At the same time, feminist analysis has shifted from its main concentration on microeconomics to the discussion of macroeconomics. More specifically, the paper discusses two areas in which progress toward engendering economic analysis has been made since the late 1970s: 1. (a) the visibility of women's work and its inclusion in labor force and national accounting statistics, and 2. (b) macroeconomic issues, with focus on the area of gender and development and of structural adjustment policies, with particular reference to alternative models to the orthodox structural adjustment packages.

Reshaping the statistical service in accordance with changing socio-economic conditions

The intensity of the changes taking place in the transition period and their effects on the statistical services differ from country to country. Hungarian statistics have not been hindered by central planning, as the role of this planning had decreased in recent years and statistics went far beyond the scope of planning. In identifying users, government has been given first priority. However, with changing market conditions the statistical services are being faced with new types of requests coming from Parliament, political parties, the business sector, etc. The main challenge is the correct definition of the new requests, an optimal selection from them, and the anticipation of future needs. This article identifies four types of data dissemination: statistical publications, special publications for the media; individually-tailored dissemination; publication through electronic media. New conditions for data collection are created by the increasing role of the private sector, the growing number of economic units, and the decreasing readiness of data suppliers. One of the first tasks is the development of an appropriate business register. The basic information would come from the tax authorities. . This article provides a sample of fields of intensive activity. National Accounts and price statistics are discussed in some detail, together with the assessment of the impact of reforms on the population.

The National Accounts, Household Service Consumption and its Monetization

National account statistics typically omit some nonmarketed economic activity. Over time, if nonmarket activity declines relative to total economic activity, national accounts estimates of output and income, and their changes, will be overstated. This overstatement affects comparisons among countries. Using labor-force participation rates as a proxy for the move from nonmarket production to market production, this paper finds, and provides, empirical measurements of the systematic overstating of national accounts output data for the United States, Canada, and France in the post-World War II period. Copyright 1989 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG

Labour Productivity in Austria between 1964 and 1980

This paper analyses the development of labour productivity in Austria between 1964 and 1980, based on new national account statistics, classified by 19 industries. Three possible causes of the productivity slowdown after 1973 are investigated: (i) changes in the structure of the economy; (ii) reduction of duration of working time; and (iii) retardation of output growth in the recession after 1974. It was found, that all three factors contributed to the slowdown in the growth of output per man-year.

An Answer to Asimakopulos’s Comment

We gladly accept Professor Asimakopulos's thesis that Kalecki's profit equation more than an accounting identity, that Kalecki wanted it to be a causal relation with profits, on left-hand side of equation, being determined by decisions that gave rise to items on right-hand side of equation. Without any doubt Kalecki's intentions were something of this nature. Nor do we doubt his other idea, stated in a letter he wrote to us, including words on the systematic effects of capitalists' decisions, through their influence on business conditions on components of paper profit. We are not persuaded that this idea did not need some important qualifications (in his comment he writes about systematic and direct effects), but we argued that this is irrelevant to our paper. The paper itself was a by-product of our book (written in Hungarian) whose title might be translated into English as Inflation and Recessions in U.S. Economy of Seventies. The book, as well as our paper, contains facts and their ex post analysis: profits, investment, etc., always refer to some given year, as they appear in yearly national accounting statistics (or other official sources) or are calculated or estimated from them. By capitalists' decisions we meant those that were realized in given year, as revealed by facts of same year. Thus, if we know that capitalists have invested a given sum in fixed capital Peter Erdos is Scientific Consultant at Institute of Economics of Hungarian Academy of Sciences and a full member of Academy; Ferenc Molnair is Scientific Consultant at same institute.

Estimating the Personal Saving Market

The problems of examining the size and nature of personal saving behaviour in the UK are analysed, with particular reference to using and interpreting national account statistics. Alternative methods of compiling saving statistics are considered. Whilst the inherent weaknesses in all current sources of data on personal saving are recognised by organisations compiling the statistics, reference should be made to them by all users of the information.

Unemployment Insurance Incentives and Unemployment Duration Distributions

Adelman, Irma, and Cynthia T. Morris, Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1973). Braulke, Michael, Approximation to the Gini Coefficient for a Population Based on Sparse Information for Sub-Groups, Journal of Development Economics (forthcoming). Cowell, Frank A., and Anthony F. Shorrocks, Decomposition by Population Subgroups, London School of Economics Discussion Paper (Dec. 1980). Della Valle, Philip A., and Noriyoshi Oguchi, Distribution, the Aggregate Consumption Function, and the Level of Development: Some Cross-Country Results, Journal of Political Economy 84 (Dec. 1976), 1325-1334. International Labour Office, Yearbook of Labour Statistics (Geneva: ILO, various issues). Jain, Shail, Size Distribution of Income, Compilation of Data (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1975). Knight, John B., Explaining Distribution in Less Developed Countries: Framework and An Agenda, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 38 (Aug. 1976), 161-177. Kuznets, Simon, Economic Growth and Inequality, American Review 45 (Mar. 1955), 1-28. Oshima, Harry T., The International Comparison of Size Distribution of Family Incomes with Special Reference to Asia, this REVIEW 44 (Nov. 1962), 439-445. Paukert, Felix, Income Distribution at Different Levels of Development: Survey of Evidence, International Labour Review 108 (Aug.-Sept. 1973), 97-125. Robinson, Sherman, A Note on the U Hypothesis Relating Inequality and Development, American Review 66 (June 1976), 437-440. United Nations, Compendium of Housing Statistics 19721974 (2nd issue) (New York: United Nations, 1976). , Yearbook of National Accounts Statistics (New York: United Nations, various issues). U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Part 2 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975). World Bank, World Tables 1976 from the Data Files of the World Bank (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1976).

MEASURES OF TOTAL HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION

By expenditure on education, health, housing and other public services, governments provide many goods and services which are alternatives to, or additional to, household expenditure on consumption. In most Western national accounts, the two forms of consumption are rigidly separated. Yet the combination of the two–the concept of total household consumption–has obvious importance for the measurement and comparison of living standards and for the formulation and analysis of policy. This concept is recommended as an additional aggregate in the revised SNA. It is displayed in the UN International Comparison Project (ICP). It is used as a major aggregate (“total consumption of the population”), although hitherto generally excluding nonmaterial services, in the Material Product System. Yet it is rarely shown explicitly in Western national accounts. One reason is the slow progress in the analysis by purpose of government expenditure.This paper shows how far figures of total household consumption, and of its division between collective and private consumption, can in fact be derived, for the advanced countries, from the data provided to the UN Yearbook of National Accounts, supplemented b y the ICP. The results show first the wide national variations in the relation between the two forms of consumption but, secondly, the gaps in information on this crucially important topic. The relation between direct government expenditure for collective consumption and transfer payments to households (“social income”) is also examined. High and low levels of these two forms of State support to consumption reinforce each other almost as often as they offset each other. But, again, the data provided by national accounting statistics are very incomplete.This paper was prepared for the 16th General Conference of the IARIW, August 1979.

Regional Inequality in Papua New Guinea

Pacific ViewpointVolume 19, Issue 2 p. 129-148 ArticleFree Access Regional Inequality in Papua New Guinea Some New Evidence M. L. Treadgold, M. L. TreadgoldSearch for more papers by this author M. L. Treadgold, M. L. TreadgoldSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 1978 https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.192002Citations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1Economist Intelligence Unit, 1972, A Study of the Less Developed Areas of Papua New Guinea, Melbourne. 2Epstein, T. S., 1970, “ Economics and Politics in Papua New Guinea : Separatism and the Mataunga11 Movement”, in W. Ward Marion (Ed.), The Politics of Melanesia, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, and University of Papua and New Guinea, Port Moresby, 64- 82. 3Esmara, H., 1975, “Regional Income Disparities”, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 11, 41- 57. 4Hanna, F. A., 1957, “ Analysis of Interstate Income Differentials: Theory and Practice”, in Regional Income, Studies in income and Wealth, Vol. 21, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 113- 161. 5International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1965, The Economic Development of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. 6Isard, Walter and Associates, 1960, Methods of Regional Analysis: An Introduction to Regional Science, Technology Press and Wiley, New York. 7Kent Wilson, R., 1975, “Socio-Economic Indicators Applied to Sub-districts of Papua New Guinea”, Yagl-Ambu, 2, 71- 85. 8Kerr, A., 1963, State and Regional Income Estimation: Theory and Practice, University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands. 9Meyer, J. R., 1963, “Regional Economics: A Survey”, American Economic Review, 53, 19- 54. 10Papua New Guinea, 1973, Papua New Guinea’s Improvement Plan for 1973-74, Central Planning Office, Port Moresby. 11Papua New Guinea, 1974a, Population Census 1971, Bulletin Nos. 1-19, Bureau of Statistics, Port Moresby. 12Papua New Guinea, 1974b, National Accounts Statistics: Principal Economic Accounts and Supporting Tables, 1960/61-1973/74, Bureau of Statistics, Port Moresby. 13Perloff, H. S., 1956, “Interrelations of State Income and Industrial Structure”, Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association, 2, 70- 84. 14Peters, R. W., 1954, “ The Measurement of Regional Income in Western Australia”, Research Studies in Community Income, No. 3, University of Western Australia, mimeographed. 15Shand, R. T., 1971, “ Emerging Policy Issues in the Development of Papua New Guinea”, in R. T. Shand and M. L. Treadgold, The Economy of Papua New Guinea: Projections and Policy Issues, Department of Economics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 54- 100. 16Sundrum, R. M., no date, “ Measurement of Regional Inequality,” unpublished manuscript, Australian National University, Canberra. 17Territory of Papua and New Guinea, 1969, Population Census 1966, Preliminary Bulletin, Nos. 20-38, Bureau of Statistics, Konedobu. 18Williamson, J. G., 1965, “Regional Inequality and the Process of National Development: A Description of the Patterns”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 13, 4, part II, 3- 84. Citing Literature Volume19, Issue2September 1978Pages 129-148 ReferencesRelatedInformation

EXPERIENCE IN MEASUREMENT OF WELFARE COMPONENTS AND THEIR REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS

The paper relates the Swedish discussion and criticism of national accounting statistics, especially GNP, as a measure of welfare. It describes some results of recent Swedish attempts to find practicable measures of welfare components, i.e. the investigations of the Low Income Commission and of the Expert Group on Regional Development Research. In both cases the regional aspects of welfare are emphasized in the paper.The results are presented as a sign of important needs for new methods and new systems of concepts in measuring welfare. The Expert Group has for instance in different ways tried to map and compare the “service structure” of separate parts of Sweden. The Low Income Commission has principally studied the position in Swedish society of low income recipients and has not been working particularly on the illumination of regional differences, but since different types of region are included as a background variable, the investigations also give certain measures of the regional aspects of welfare.In the last part of the paper some of the risks that seem to be difficult to avoid in trying to use welfare measurements are pointed out.

National Economic Accounting.

National Economic Accounting seeks to fill a gap that exists in the field of applied national accounting. It examines the relationship between accounting conventions and statistical material used in the accounts. The book is divided into three parts. Part One discusses the methodology of national accounting, and it covers the history, development, and purpose of national accounting. Part Two relates to the sources of data for national accounting, while Part Three discusses short-term, long-term, project, and economical planning, as well as national account statistics, regional studies, and international comparisons. As the book pays special attention to developing countries, it is highly recommended for government officials and others involved in economic matters in those countries. It is also suitable for accountants, economists, and financial analysts who are interested in national accounting and wish to learn more about it.

National Accounts Statistics: Sources and Methods.

National Accounts Statistics: Sources and Methods.

National Accounts Statistics: Sources and Methods.

National Accounts Statistics: Sources and Methods.

National Accounts Statistics: Sources and Methods.

Journal Article Rita Maurice. National Accounts Statistics: Sources and Methods Get access National Accounts Statistics: Sources and Methods. Edited by Rita Maurice. Central Statistical Office Studies in Official Statistics No. 13. (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1968. Pp. vii + 502. 45s.) Nancy D. Ruggles Nancy D. Ruggles National Bureau of Economic Research, New York. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 79, Issue 315, 1 September 1969, Pages 606–608, https://doi.org/10.2307/2230399 Published: 01 September 1969

National-Income and Domestic-Income Multipliers and Their Application to Foreign-Aid Transfers

Given a standard presentation of the foreign-trade multiplier,2 a bright student may well ask whether it was a change in national income or in domestic income that was referred to as being a consequence of some autonomous change in expenditure. He is simultaneously studying social accounting, where much is made of the distinction.3 His question can be evaded by making the assumption of complete immobility of factors, so that national income and domestic income, which can differ only to the extent of net factor receipts, are always equal.4 But this assumption simply preserves the gap between foreigntrade multiplier theory and national accounting statistics; in the latter, both aggregates are given, and they often differ greatly in magnitude.5 This may seem sufficient reason to state two sets of foreign-trade multipliers, changes in national incomes consequent on an autonomous change somewhere in the system, and changes in domestic incomes. In fact, the standard single-country and multi-country foreign-trade multipliers are national-income multipliers. Sections I and II of this article present the corresponding domestic-income multipliers. But merely to reconcile the theory of the foreign-trade multiplier and social accounting is not the major reason for developing domestic-income multipliers and presenting both sets. If we want to make analyses of the effects of foreign aid, we require both national-income and domesticincome multipliers. For foreign aid has two aspects, a development