Indonesian National Research Articles

Redefine Our Nationalism? Critical Reflection on Indonesian Nationalism as a "Joint Project": Case Study of Post-1998 Racial Communal Conflict

The discourse on Indonesian Nationalism will never end. As the basis of the state, nationalism needs to continue to be reflected to remain relevant to current developments. The phenomenon of narrowing the meaning of Indonesian Nationalism and stagnation in the mainstream narrative which leads to the fossilisation of meaning is also an important and urgent topic to study. The big question is whether Indonesian Nationalism is still on rails and corridors that are relevant to the current condition of the nation. This article will specifically dissect in a deconstructive manner the paradigm of Indonesian Nationalism as a "joint project" as a form of response to stagnation and narrow mainstream narratives about nationalism. This paper also analyzes it in a historical framework, specifically taking a case study of racial communal conflict after the 1998 Reformation using the analytical knife of Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities. There are three sub-discussions which will explain the background conditions and challenges of Indonesian Nationalism, the deconstruction of the paradigm of Indonesian Nationalism and how nationalism should be addressed as a "joint project" of a nation.

Determination of Diastase Enzyme Activity and Water Content of Honey Forest of Sula Island, North Maluku Using Spectrophotometry Uv-Vis

The experiment that has been carried out aims to determine the quality of forest honey originating from the Sula Islands, North Maluku based on the parameters set by the Indonesian National Standards Agency (SNI) 8864:2018, which includes organoleptic parameters (odour and taste), water content and Diastase Number. These parameters can indicate the originality of a forest honey product. The research was conducted at the Forensic Laboratory Center of the Criminal Investigation Department of the Republic of Indonesia Police, using the laboratory experiment method, using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry instrument, forest honey originating from the Sula Islands district, North Maluku Province was used as material in this experiment. Organoleptic tests including odour and taste were carried out using the sense of smell and taste, water content testing using an oven drying technique, and DN value determination using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry instrument. The experiment results showed that some parameters met the requirements and did not meet the criteria. Tests on Sula Islands forest honey's taste and water content parameters did not meet the criteria, but the odour and DN parameters met the requirements.

Eklesiologi Keindonesiaan: Partisipasional, Inkarnasional, Relasional

This article proposes the communion, sharing, together, and gandong models as a new approach that the church can use for interacting in the public spaces of the national and religious in Indonesia. This model is an implication of three important concepts: participational, incarnational, and relational, as such, it becomes an alternative to the unity-equality model as proposed by John Titaley and the exemplary model as proposed in the thought of Eka Darmaputera. By discussing with Titaley and Darmaputera, the author demonstrates that participational, incarnational, and relational must be formulated and constructioned in the ecclesiological (theology) of the churches in Indonesia to show the essence and mission of the Trinity God in their ecclesial-social life. This research indicates that communion, sharing, together, and gandong models provide a wide space to show the church's identity as belonging to the Trinity God and, simultaneously, with the others to enrich life together as a nation of Indonesia.

Pelindung yang Menyandung: Menelisik Politik Emosi Kasus Persekusi Mahasiswa Katolik di Tangerang Selatan

Emotional politics can be an effective strategy to build support or steer public opinion. It can also create polarization and cause social instability if manipulated irresponsibly. Emotional politics is one of the tools rulers use to achieve their goals in terms of weakening or intimidating other parties. The utilization of emotional politics was carried out by unscrupulous authorities, such as the Head of RT, in the case of persecution of Pamulang University students, South Tangerang, who were praying the Rosary in their boarding house. By collecting secondary data from various literature related to the case, This study uses a literature study approach by conducting a literature review to analyze the emotional politics of the authorities mobilizing citizens' emotions to intimidate minority groups. The results showed that religious harmony within the neighborhood association (RT) is still ‘homework’ for the pluralistic Indonesian nation. The practice of intolerance followed by verbal and physical violence is still an issue of human rights violations in the context of an Indonesian state based on Pancasila.

Implementasi Nilai-nilai Pancasila dalam Pembentukan Sistem Hukum Nasional

This research aims to examine the implementation of Pancasila values ​​in the formation of Indonesia's national legal system, by highlighting the challenges and obstacles faced, as well as offering strategic solutions to overcome them. As a basic state norm (staatsfundamentalnorm), Pancasila has a central role in the national legal system to create laws that reflect the character, justice and identity of the Indonesian nation. However, the process of integrating Pancasila values ​​is faced with various obstacles, such as incompatibility with customary legal norms, weak law enforcement, and social dynamics due to globalization. This research uses normative juridical methods with statutory and conceptual approaches to analyze the relevance of Pancasila values ​​in various legal products. The research results show the importance of legal reform, cross-sector dialogue, improving legal education, and community involvement in the legislative process. With this holistic approach, it is hoped that the integration of Pancasila values ​​can create a national legal system that is fair, inclusive and relevant to current developments without losing its philosophical roots.

Legal Provisions of Foreign Investment in Badung Regency - Bali

The progress of the Indonesian nation is also supported by the presence of investors who are willing to invest in important domestic sectors. Investment is one of the instruments that drives economic progress in Indonesia, especially in Badung Regency - Bali. Many foreigners come to Bali for various purposes, including vacationing while doing business, working, learning about culture, doing research, or investing. Recently, there have been many foreign business activities involving property rental (land and buildings) either by individuals or in the form of PT PMA (Limited Liability Company with Foreign Investment) in Indonesia. This study aims to determine and understand the legal provisions for foreign investment in Bali, especially in Badung Regency and legal protection for foreigners investing in Bali based on applicable provisions. The method used in this study is normative legal research to find the type of investment and legal protection for foreigners investing in Bali based on applicable provisions.

Harmonization of the code of ethics of the Indonesian National Police and restorative justice principles in the settlement of traffic accident cases

Traffic accidents are unintended events on the road involving at least three vehicles, with or without other road users, and can result in casualties and material losses. The Indonesian National Police serves as a law enforcement apparatus that is at the forefront of creating order and justice in the lives of society, nation, and state. The harmonization between the Police Code of Ethics and the principles of restorative justice in resolving traffic accident cases is crucial for creating a more comprehensive and sustainable justice system, as well as meeting the public's expectations for a better legal system. This research will review various regulations governing traffic accidents, the Traffic and Road Transport Law (UU LLAJ), and the police code of ethics, and analyze the implications of these regulations on law enforcement practices in the field. The results of this research indicate that there is a pressing need to align both aspects in order to facilitate more effective and equitable law enforcement. With the right steps, it is anticipated that law enforcement in traffic accidents in Indonesia can become more just, transparent, and effective, thereby enhancing the overall quality of justice in society.

Stereotip Etnis Tionghoa dalam Film: Analisis Sosiologi Komunikasi pada Film Ngenest: Kadang Hidup Perlu Ditertawakan Karya Ernest Prakasa

Ethnic Chinese are spread throughout the world, including in Indonesia. They have long been part of the diversity of the Indonesian nation, even before independence. The presence of the Chinese community in Indonesia has been integrated significantly and is considered an integral part of the identity of the Indonesian nation. The aim of this research is to find out how ethnic Chinese are stereotyped in the film Ngenest: Sometimes Life Needs to be Laughed at and to find the meaning and signs used by the film Ngenest: Sometimes Life Needs to be Laughed at in presenting Chinese ethnicity. The approach used is communication sociology with the theory used to solve this research is semiotic theory. The object of the research is the film Ngenest: Sometimes Life Needs to be Laughed at, which is an Indonesian film produced and broadcast in 2015 with a duration of 95 minutes. The method used in this research is a qualitative method using Roland Barthes' semiotic analysis technique. The results of the research show that there are several scenes depicting Chinese ethnic stereotypes in the film Ngenest: Sometimes Life Needs to be Laughed At. The character Ernest in this film is depicted as a character who often experiences unpleasant treatment or bullying in his environment. There are scenes where Ernest is clearly called derogatory names such as "Chinese", reflecting the differences in cultural background between Ernest and those around him. This film also breaks the stereotype that exists in society, that ethnic Tinghoa/Chinese descendants are deceitful, stingy and want to win for themselves. The Chinese ethnicity in this film is described by Ernest Prakasa that not all Chinese descendants have the same characteristics as society's perception of Chinese descendants.

Sustainability Strategy and Development of Village Breeding Center: Evaluation of Morphometric Characteristics of Female Peranakan Ongole Cattle in Napis Village

This study evaluates the morphometric characteristics of female Peranakan Ongole (PO) cattle in Napis Village, Bojonegoro Regency, East Java, as part of a strategy for developing sustainable village breeding centers. The selection of the research location was conducted through purposive sampling, and the material in this study consists of female Peranakan Ongole cattle with age criteria (PI) based on the SNI for Peranakan Ongole cattle, namely PI0 (aged <1 year), PI2 (1 – 1.5 years), PI4 (1.5 - 2 years), PI6 (2 – 3 years), PI8 (aged > 3.5 years). Measurements include body height, body length, hip height, chest depth, chest circumference, ossa cervical vertebrae, ossa thoracic vertebrae, ossa vertebrae lumbar, ossa scapula, hip width, head length, head width and body weight, as well as morphometric indices such as head index, height slope, body index, index of compression, conformation index, length index, body ratio, proportionality and thoracic development on 206 female cattle grouped by age (PI0-PI8). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and post hoc tests, as well as key indices to identify growth patterns and body size stability. The research results show a significant increase in body size in the young-to-adult age group, where adult cows reach size stability. The morphometric index reveals consistent proportional development in the body of cattle as they age, reflecting structural maturity. Evaluation based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) shows that most cattle are in Class II and III, indicating excellent body quality in the productive age group. This research emphasizes that morphometric characteristics are important indicators in determining optimal management strategies to support the sustainability of local PO cattle development. These findings provide a foundation for the maintenance and development programs of the PO cattle population by prioritizing quality livestock management, supporting the conservation of local genetic resources, and enhancing cattle productivity in Indonesia.

Enhancing Indonesian National Police Penal Mediation Through Conflict Mediator Certification for Bhabinkamtibmas

This research seeks weaknesses in the internal police regulations concerning the duties of Bhayangkara Pembina Keamanan dan Ketertiban Masyarakat (Bhabinkamtibmas). There was a conflict in the duties of the Bhabinkamtibmas, which is tasked with maintaining the security of public safety (Harkamtibmas), but can also carry out criminal investigation duties, penal mediation. Penal mediation embodies the concept of restorative justice which has been implemented by the Indonesian National Police (INP) through the role of Bhabinkamtibmas. Doctrinal study is being used in this research, where it used documents found regarding the problem. The document analysis is conducted toward documents informing the implementation of conflict mediator certification for Bhabinkamtibmas in case of horizontal conflict resolution, such as related internal police regulations. From documents analyzed, it was found that there has been an absence of regulation in place for Bhabinkamtibmas regarding penal mediation mechanism. Apart from their main duty ensuring public safety, Bhabinkamtibmas is expected to support the INP in carrying out their functions, including criminal investigations to resolve cases outside court. Practically, there have been some problems with horizontal conflict management by Bhabinkamtibmas. Based on this, the author initiated to certify conflict mediators within the Bhabinkamtibmas to enhance the effectiveness of INP penal mediation.

The Police Authority in Granting Crowd Permit in The Makassar Port Police Area

Makassar City as the largest city in Eastern Indonesia is known to have a high crime rate. On the other hand, the most common and often faced community dynamics in Makassar city is community mobility that triggers crowds. So as a preventive effort, the police have the authority to issue a crowd permit to regulate community activities. This research aims to analyze the regulations and mechanisms for granting crowd permits and to identify the methods of police supervision of crowd activities in the Makassar Port Police area. The type of research used is empirical juridical research. Data collection is done through interviews and observations. The technique of analyzing research data starts from data reduction, data presentation, to verification and conclusion drawing. The results showed that: (1) Regulations in granting crowd permits are regulated in Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police and several Field Guidelines of the National Police Chief. The mechanism for granting permits includes: First, the criteria for activities are given for activities with large masses. Second, the flow of services has been listed in the task guidelines with clear steps. (2) Supervision of crowd activities is carried out through open maintenance of public security and order by the Samapta Bhayangkara (Sabhara) unit and closed by the Intelligence and Security Unit and the Criminal Investigation Unit. Meanwhile, supervision of police members is carried out through control by police administrative staff, discipline enforcement by the Profession and Security Unit, and post-activity and periodic consolidation and evaluation once a year. Thus, the authority of the Police in granting crowd permits in the Makassar Port Police area has been running well, although there are still shortcomings in terms of supervision, especially time security and police availability to accompany crowd activities until completion.

Integrated Justice System in an Unforeseen Contingency: Ensuring Compliance with Health Protocol in Bogor Regency

The government of West Java has applied discretion in interpreting the national disaster regulation through West Java Province Bylaw Number 5/2021. To ensure procedural justice for the society, the bylaw applies fines through a trial court of minor offenses against health protocols violators. The implementation of the bylaw is a manifestation of the theory of an integrated criminal justice system, which, to date, has only been carried out independently. However, in this case, there is an integration in achieving an objective of law enforcement, that is, the prevention of the spread of the pandemic. Thus, this study examines the implementation of the Bylaw involving Indonesian National Police and Civil Service Police in regulating the health protocol. This research uses descriptive qualitative methodology involving triangulation, literature reviews, interviews, and case studies. The results reveal that an integrated judicial system has been implemented and met its objective in ensuring public compliance to health protocols. Yet, a number of issues persists, including using quantitative performance metrics in identifying the target offenders, outdated paperwork methods, teleconferencing judicial processes that are hindered by the existing constitution, and dilemma in either imposing heavy fines or light fines in a society hit hard by an unseen contingency.

Education Role in Stunting Under Two Years among Poor Communities in Indonesia

Background: Indonesia still has a stunting problem, even though the stunting rate has decreased. The study analyses the association of the maternal education level with the incidence of stunted children under the age of two in poor communities in Indonesia.Method: The cross-sectional data from the Indonesian National Nutritional Status Survey 2021 examined 24,920 children under two years old. The relationship between the variables was tested using binary logistic regression.Result: The odds of having stunted children below the age of two are 1.705 times greater for women with no education than women with higher levels of education (AOR 1.705; 95% CI 1.667-1.744). Primary-educated mothers were 1.178 times increased risk of having stunted children under age two compared to higher-educated mothers (AOR 1.178; 95% CI 1.157-1.199). The study analysis found no significant difference between secondary and higher education to have stunted children. In addition to education level, the study also identified six other important control variables associated with stunting in children under the age of two: residence location, age of mother, married status, child's age, child's gender, and EIBF. According to the study's findings, stunting in children under the age of two is related to maternal educational levels among Indonesia's poor communities. An increased incidence of stunting in children under the age of two is associated with lower levels of maternal education.

Strength and Durability of Paving Block with Seawater and POFA (Palm Oil Fuel Ash)

Seawater has the potential to replace fresh water in the production of concrete. Given the restricted availability of freshwater sources and the high cost of transportation, it is crucial to optimize this scenario. On the other hand, agricultural residue is a potential material that can replace cement-based materials, thereby reducing CO2 emissions. Sustainability in the concrete sector is important, hence, research on using alternative renewable resources such as palm oil fuel ash (POFA) for concrete production is necessary. POFA is an agricultural byproduct and industrial waste that is potentially used as a partial substitution for cement due to the presence of pozzolan. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of icluding POFA (Palm Oil Fuel Ash) as a substitute in the paving block, while also considering the influence of seawater mixing and curing water. Further, POFA is used as a supplementary binder for paving blocks at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% for Portland Composite Cement replacement. The paving blocks properties, such as workability, density, compressive strength, water absorption, and resistance to sulfate attack, were evaluated. The results of the tests confirmed that 10% POFA mixed with seawater and cured with freshwater met the minimum necessity for Class B, as specified by the Indonesian National Standard for parking park applications. As a result of incorporating POFA as a cement replacement, a more environmentally friendly paving block could be established.

The Utilization of Historical Sources In History Learning: The Press During The Indonesian National Movement (1907-1912)

The utilization of historical sources, particularly newspapers from Indonesia's National Awakening period (1907–1912), holds significant value in history education. Newspapers such as Medan Prijaji, Bintang Hindia, and Sinar Djawa played a pivotal role in fostering national awareness and advocating for independence during colonial rule. These sources serve not only as historical records but also as tools for understanding the development of nationalist ideologies, public mobilization, and the socio-political dynamics of the time. Incorporating these sources into history education allows students to critically analyze primary documents, evaluate the authenticity of historical narratives, and connect past events with contemporary issues. The process of applying historical methods—heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography—enhances students' analytical skills and deepens their appreciation for the nation's struggles. However, challenges such as limited access to archival materials and the lack of teacher training hinder the effective use of these resources. Digitalization of archives and professional development for educators are key solutions to overcoming these barriers. Overall, the integration of historical newspapers from the National Awakening period enriches history education by fostering critical thinking, connecting students with their heritage, and promoting a deeper understanding of Indonesia’s historical trajectory and its relevance to the present.

Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Penyalahgunaan Tanda Nomor Kendaraan Roda Dua Dalam Kasus Tilang Elektronik

The enforcement of legal measures against the misuse of registration plates on two-wheeled vehicles has become a critical concern in Indonesia's traffic system. This issue is exacerbated by the increasing number of violations leading to erroneous electronic fines (e-tickets), undermining public trust in the legal system. According to 2023 data from the Indonesian National Police, over 500 cases of counterfeit license plate usage resulted in misdirected e-tickets. This study examines the enforcement of laws addressing the misuse of vehicle registration plates under Law No. 22 of 2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation. It focuses on identifying weaknesses in the current legal framework and ensuring the application of justice in cases of misallocated fines. Employing a normative juridical approach, this research analyzes existing regulations and evaluates relevant cases. The findings indicate that such misuse contravenes Articles 280 and 288 of Law No. 22 of 2009, which stipulate compliance with technical specifications and legality in vehicle registration. However, enforcement efforts face challenges such as inadequate monitoring tools and the lack of integrated vehicle data systems. This study recommends enhancing the data verification processes in e-ticketing systems and fostering stronger collaboration between law enforcement and related agencies to address these issues. Such measures aim to improve legal accountability and ensure equitable traffic supervision. By tackling these systemic shortcomings, the research contributes to restoring public confidence in traffic law enforcement and promoting a more effective legal framework for road safety in Indonesia.

DIFFERENCES IN PERCENTAGE OF CASTOR OIL ON WATER ABSORPTION AND SOFTNESS OF RABBIT ZEEMLER SKIN

This study aims to evaluate the flexibility and water absorption of the skin of oil-tanned rabbits / zeemler with different percentages of castor oil. A total of 9 pieces of rabbit skin were randomly divided into 3 treatments with 3 replications. The treatment given was the percentage of castor oil (15%), medium (20%) and high (25%). Variables observed included weakness and water absorption. The data collected was analyzed by analysis of variance followed by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the suppleness of oil tanned leather with the percentage of 15% and 25% castor oil was higher (P>0.05) than the percentage of 20%. The percentage of 15% castor oil resulted in a higher water absorption than the percentages of 20% and 25%. It was concluded that the quality of the zeemler rabbit skin tanned with castor oil met the Indonesian National Standard No 06-1752-1990. The use of various castor oil had no effect on the results of the Zeemler skin moisture absorption and skin elasticity tests.

ANALYSIS OF WATER ABSORPTION AND TOTAL CHROME LEACHING TEST USING ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER (AAS) ON PAVING BLOCK SAMPLES MADE FROM WASTE LEATHER SHAVING

Shaving waste from leather tanning can be utilized as a filler material in the production of concrete blocks. The manufactured concrete blocks are subsequently subjected to immersion for durations of 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days. Subsequently, the leached total chromium content from the soaked concrete blocks is tested using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 6989-84:2019, which outlines the procedure for testing dissolved and total metal content through atomic absorption spectrometry. Additionally, water absorption testing is conducted according to SNI 03-0349:1989 for concrete blocks used in wall construction. The aim of this research is twofold: to determine the water absorption capacity of three sample variations and compare the results against the SNI, and to ascertain the leached chromium concentration from the soaked blocks over a time range of 1 to 14 days, using an atomic absorption spectrometer and referring to the established environmental quality standards. The results obtained from testing the total chromium content released from the soaked concrete blocks meet the requirements of the quality standards for chromium content in leather tanning wastewater, as specified in Ministerial Regulation No. 5 of 2014 (maximum of 0.6 mg/L) and Local Regulation of Yogyakarta Special Region No. 7 of 2016 (maximum of 0.5 mg/L). Meanwhile, the water absorption testing outcomes for the concrete block samples derived from shaving waste comply with the stipulations of SNI 03-0349:1989. Sample codes A and B meet the criteria for quality level 1, with a maximum absorption of 25%, while sample code C meets quality level II standards.

Formulation And Stability Of Gel Toothpaste With Sungkai Leaf (Peronema Canescens Jack) Extract And Na-Cmc Gelling Agent

The Sungkai leaf (Peronema canescens Jack), which is rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolics, has long been used as a natural immune booster, particularly during the pandemic. With increasing concerns over the health risks of fluoride, such as dental fluorosis and systemic toxicity, the demand for natural alternatives in oral care has risen. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical stability of a gel toothpaste containing Sungkai leaf extract by examining the effects of varying concentrations of Na-CMC (Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose) as a gelling agent. Using an experimental one-shot case study design, the physical stability of different concentrations of NaCMC (3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%) was assessed. Stability testing was performed on 5 sample formulations per concentration. The tests included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, foam height, and viscosity over four weeks. The results showed that all formulations met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI No.12-3524-1995), with semi-solid consistency, distinctive Sungkai odor, and slightly bitter taste. The average pH ranged from 6.42 to 6.84, the foam heights were stable, and the viscosity increased with higher Na-CMC concentrations, confirming the stability of the formulation. These findings suggest that natural Sungkai leaf-based toothpaste could provide a promising alternative to traditional fluoride-based products, particularly in markets concerned about chemical ingredients in oral care products.

Legal Uncertainty for Police Members in the Limits of Positions Outside the Police

This research examines the legal uncertainties surrounding restrictions on police officers holding positions outside the police institution, focusing on the analysis of Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police. Using a normative legal research method with legislative and conceptual approaches, the study reviews relevant legal provisions and principles of legal certainty and separation of powers. Key findings reveal significant regulatory ambiguities in defining permissible external roles, enforcement mechanisms, and conditions under which police officers may hold such positions. These gaps contribute to overlapping authorities, legal inconsistencies, and potential conflicts of interest. The study concludes by recommending specific policy revisions, including clarifying legal provisions, strengthening oversight mechanisms, and establishing clear criteria for permissible external roles. These measures aim to enhance legal certainty, maintain institutional integrity, and foster greater public trust in law enforcement.