Narrow Face Research Articles

A Comparative Study on Cephalic and Facial Indices among Students from Southern Parts of India

Background: Craniofacial anthropometry deals with the dimensions of head and face. Based on these measurements race and sex can be determined. Objective: To correlate the concurrence of the head and facial type, and to determine the predominant head and facial type in males and females from southern parts of India. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students in a Medical College Puducherry, India. A total of 195 subjects (105 males and 90 females), above 18 years were studied. Cephalic and facial indices of all the subjects were analyzed based on Martin & Saller method. Results: There is no correlation between head types and facial types. However, Mesocephalic/medium head type was predominant in both males (44.76%) and females(48.89%) type. In the case of facial types, leptoprosopic/ narrow face (30.48%) in males and hyper leptoprosopic/ very narrow face (35.56%) was the most predominant in females. Conclusion: This study not only appreciated the prevalence of the cephalic and facial phenotypes but also found the concurrence of both these phenotypes in males.

ORAL HEALTH ABNORMALITIES IN CHILDREN BORN WITH MACROSOMIA ESTABLISHED DURING MIXED DENTITION PERIOD

Introduction: The prevalence of soft tissue and hard tooth tissuediseases in the oral cavity and the morphofunctional disorders of craniofacial complex, require attention ofspecialistsin various branches of medicine. Scientists began to pay attention to metabolic and other violations that have occurred in the fetal development and led to the occurrence of certain changes in the dental status of the child. The aim of this research is to study the features of the dental health condition in the children of Northeast of Ukraine, who were born with macrosomia during the period of mixed dentition. The study takes into account intrauterine body length growth acceleration, intrauterine obesity or well-balanced acceleration of both the body weight and length gain. Materials and methods:Thirty 6.5-11-year-old children with fetal macrosomia were examined (MainGroup). A Comparison Group was comprised of sixteen children, whose weight-height parameters at birth were normal (fetal normosomia). All children in the Main group were split into four subgroups in accordance with weight-height parameters at birth using the V. I. Grischenko and his co-authors' harmonious coefficient. The evaluation of the hygiene status of the oral cavity, the dental caries intensity evaluation, and the quantitative analysis of minor salivary gland secretion have been performed. The prevalence of dentoalveolar abnormalities was evaluated. Results: The highest values of caries intensity were recorded in macrosomic-at-birth children born with harmonious (well-balanced) intrauterine development, with intrauterine obesity and increased body length, or with intrauterine obesity and an average body length. Macrosomic children have reduced number of minor salivary glands per unit area in comparison with the normosomic-at-birth children. The saliva secretion of minor salivary glands in macrosomic children is reliably, by 16,5% on average, reduced. Children born with fetal macrosomia have long narrow faces and high palates more frequently than normosomic-at-birth children. Children born macrosomic have a significantly higher percentage (100% versus 73%)of dentoalveolar abnormalitiesin comparison with the normosomic-at-birth children. Conclusions: The processes causing fetal macrosomia have a great impact on the dental status of children in the period of mixed dentition.

Mold taper optimization for continuous casting of H-beam blanks

The objective of this study is to optimize the mold taper for continuous casting of H-beam blanks. A thermo-mechanical coupled mathematical model was established to analyze the heat transfer, solidification, and shrinkage of the strand in the mold based on the multiple load step method. Based on the simulation results of the air gap distribution in the mold, the mold taper was optimized at selected points on the surface of H-beam blank mold by minimizing the air gap thickness and the best taper scheme was proposed. The results show that the original mold tapers are relatively larger and the optimum mold tapers are as follows: (1) taper at the flange surface: 0.81%/m; (2) taper at the narrow face: 0.68%/m; (3) taper at the fillet: −1.44%/m. The optimum mold size obtained from taper optimization was used in the actual continuous casting process and based on the results, it can be concluded that the optimum mold taper scheme proposed in this study reduced the formation of surface cracks in H-beam blanks.

Numerical Simulation of Steel and Argon Gas Two-Phase Flow in Continuous Casting Using LES + VOF + DPM Model

A coupled three-dimensional model, including Large Eddy Simulation model, Lagrangian Discrete Phase Model and VOF multiphase model was developed to investigate the transient two-phase flow and bubble distribution in continuous casting strand. A two-way coupling model including the effect of the drag force, lift force, virtual mass force and pressure gradient force was adopted. The lift force was added via user defined function. A Rosin–Rammler bubble size distribution base on the water model was employed. The results show that the effect of the lift force cannot be ignored during the calculation of the steel and argon gas two-phase flow. Only the bubbles smaller than 2 mm would be brought to near the narrow face. With the increase of the argon flow rate, the transformation of the flow pattern from the double roll to complex flow and single roll was successfully predicted.

Effect of Nozzle Port Angle on Transient Flow and Surface Slag Behavior During Continuous Steel-Slab Casting

Undesirable flow variations can cause severe instabilities at the interface between liquid mold flux and molten steel across the mold top-region during continuous steel casting, resulting in surface defects in the final products. A three-dimensional Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model using the volume of fluid method for the slag and molten steel phases is validated with plant measurements, and applied to gain new insights into the effects of nozzle port angle on transient flow, top slag/steel interface movement, and slag behavior during continuous slab casting under nominally steady conditions. Upward-angled ports produce a single-roll flow pattern with lower surface velocity, due to rapid momentum dissipation of the spreading jet. However, strong jet wobbling from the port leads to greater interface variations. Severe level drops allow easy entrapment of liquid flux by the solidifying steel shell at the meniscus. Sudden level rises may also be detrimental, leading to overflow of the solidified meniscus region. Downward-angled ports produce a classic double-roll pattern with less jet turbulence and a more stable interface everywhere except near the narrow faces. Finally, the flow patterns, surface velocity, and level predicted from the validated LES model are compared with steady-state standard k-e model predictions.

Wind loading on high-rise buildings and the comfort effects on the occupants

The design of low to medium-rise buildings is based on quasi-static analysis of wind loading. Such procedures do not fully address issues such as interference from other structures, wind directionality, across-wind response and dynamic effects including acceleration, structural stiffness and damping which influence comfort criteria of the occupants. This paper studies wind loads on a prototype, rectangular cross-section building, 80 m high. Computational Wind Tunnel (CWT) tests were performed using Autodesk Flow Design with the buildings located in London and New York City. The analysis included tests with and without the surrounding structures and manual computation of wind loads provided data for comparison. Comfort criteria (human response to building motion) were assessed from wind-induced horizontal peak accelerations on the top floor. As expected, analytical methods proved conservative, with wind pressures significantly larger than those from the CWT tests. Surrounding structures reduced the mean component of the wind action. As for comfort criteria, across-wind direction governed the horizontal accelerations with wind targeted on the building’s narrow face. CWT tests provide a cheaper alternative to experimental wind tunnel tests and can be used as preliminary design tools to aid civil engineers, architects and designers with high-rise developments in urban environments.

Analysis of the Influence of Vertical EMBr on Steel/slag Interface in Continuous Casting

In this article, the impact of an electromagnetic brake (EMBr) on the flow pattern in a continuous casting mold was simulated with an implemented Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) SST k-ω turbulence model. A new type of EMBr, named vertical electromagnetic brake (V-EMBr) was introduced to investigate its applicability and adaptability. The characteristics of electromagnetic field and flow field inside a 1450 mm × 230 mm mold with V-EMBr have been simulated. The numerical simulation results indicate that the static magnetic field generated by V-EMBr can cover both the vicinity of the mold narrow faces and the impingement region of jet flow, which can effectively control the liquid steel flow in the upper recirculation zone. The parametric study also shows that the braking effect on the surface velocity and steel/slag interface fluctuation is enhanced when the magnetic pole is placed close to the narrow face of the mold.

Electromagnetic sensor just below CC mold by using magnetic transformation of steel

Electromagnetic sensor to detect the unbalanced flow in CC strand by using the magnetic transformation just below CC mold has been proposed, noticing that the narrow face of slab has been cooled at beneath of mold and surface temperature rapidly decreases to Curie temperature (Tc). Laboratory experiments have been performed to verify the principle of the proposed sensor, which is composed of primary and secondary solenoid coil. The obtained experimental results showed that the relationship between the surface temperature of slab and induced electric voltage could be explained by Curie-Weiss law, when AC magnetic field has been imposed on the slab surface. Moreover, plant tests have been conducted by installing the sensor just below the narrow face of mold. It can be found that the proposed sensor have potential to measure surface temperature under severe conditions and detect the unbalanced flow in CC strand.

Large Eddy Simulation on the Two‐Phase Flow in a Water Model of Continuous Casting Strand with Gas Injection

The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulent model coupled with VOF multiphase model and Lagrangian Discrete Phase Model (DPM) is applied to investigate the gas–liquid two‐phase flow and bubble distribution. The drag force, lift force, virtual mass force, and pressure gradient force are incorporated in the current developed model, and the lift force is added via user defined subroutine. The influence of the drag force, the lift force, bubble size, and gas flow rate on the distribution of bubbles and flow field are investigated. The PIV measurements are employed to validate the mathematical model. The results show that the gas injection can affect the flow field and bubble behavior directly. The impingement point on the narrow face and vortex core of the upper recirculation zone moves upward with the increase of gas flow rate. The drag force has distinct influences on the bubble distribution and flow field. The interaction induced by the lift force cannot be ignored. Without the consideration of the lift force, a larger flow velocity will be predicted. Moreover, the lift force has significant effect on the bubble distribution at mold thickness direction, especially the larger bubbles.

Mechanism of rock burst caused by fracture of key strata during irregular working face mining and its prevention methods

To study the occurrence mechanism of rock burst during mining the irregular working face, the study took irregular panel 7447 near fault tectonic as an engineering background. The spatial fracture characteristic of overlying strata was analyzed by Winkler elastic foundation beam theory. Furthermore, the influence law of panel width to suspended width and limit breaking span of key strata were also analyzed by thin plate theory. Through micro-seismic monitoring, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and working resistance of support of field measurement, this study investigated the fracture characteristic of overlying strata and mechanism of rock burst in irregular working face. The results show that the fracture characteristic of overlying strata shows a spatial trapezoid structure, with the main roof being as an undersurface. The fracture form changes from vertical “O-X” type to transverse “O-X” type with the increase of trapezoidal height. From the narrow mining face to the wide mining face, the suspended width of key strata is greater than its limit breaking width, and a strong dynamic load is produced by the fracture of key strata. The numerical simulation and micro-seismic monitoring results show that the initial fracture position of key strata is close to tailgate 7447. Also there is a high static load caused by fault tectonic. The dynamic and static combined load induce rock burst. Accordingly, a cooperative control technology was proposed, which can weaken dynamic load by hard roof directional hydraulic fracture and enhance surrounding rock by supporting system.

Influence of Casting Parameters on Hooks and Entrapped Inclusions at the Subsurface of Continuous Casting Slabs

In the current study, several layers beneath the surface of ultra-low carbon steel continuous casting slabs were inspected to investigate non-metallic inclusions, and then faces vertical to the surface of the slab were etched to reveal hooks. The influence of casting parameters on hooks and the entrapment of inclusions by hooks was investigated. Most > 100 μm inclusions were found to be located within 0.5 to 3.5 mm beneath the surface of the slab. Leaf-like hook, double-hook, and truncated hooks were observed, and bubbles and inclusions were found to be located below hooks. With the increase of the cooling water flow rate in copper plates of the continuous casting mold from 5300 to 5940 L/min, the average depth of hooks at the edge of narrow face increased from 1.37 to 1.53 mm, the number of > 20 μm inclusions increased from 1.6 to 2.6 per 100 mm2, and the average size of > 20 μm inclusions increased from 25.1 to 31.8 μm. With the decrease of the casting temperature from 1573 °C (1846 K) to 1549 °C (1822 K), the average depth of hooks at the edge of narrow face increased from 1.24 to 2.01 mm, the number of > 20 μm inclusions increased from 2.0 to 6.0 per 100 mm2, and the average size of > 20 μm inclusions increased from 26.0 to 27.0 μm. Hence, the surface defect of the rolled steel plate could be improved by lowering the depth of hooks at the subsurface of continuous casting slabs.

Three-Dimensional Distribution of Hooks in Al-Killed Low-Carbon Continuous Casting Steel Slabs

In the current study, steel samples were etched and hooks on several successive layers of longitudinal and transverse slab sections were obtained to investigate the three-dimensional (3-D) distribution of hooks in low-carbon continuous casting slabs. The data from industrial trials and numerical calculation were used to explain the variation in the distribution and morphology of hooks. Around the slab perimeter, the mean depth of hooks at the center and edge of the wide face and the edge of the narrow face was larger than that of other locations. The 3-D hook demonstrated a varied characteristic on different layers, as the observed surface changed in the longitudinal direction. By several layers of the transverse section being polished off, hooks in the transverse direction below the slab surface were obtained, in which the truncated hook and the joint hook between the wide face and narrow face were observed at the slab corner. The same oscillation mark could show as hook type and depression type, depending on the occurrence of the overflow between the solidified meniscus and the copper plate. Industrial trials and the numerical calculation illustrated that the transient variation of hooks in the 3-D space was related to the level fluctuation of molten steel in the mold and temperature fluctuation with casting time and the fluid flow and temperature near the meniscus. Finally, the influence area and volume of hooks on the capture of inclusions and bubbles were discussed.

Thermomechanical analysis of triangular zone cracks in vertical continuous casting slabs based on viscoelastic–plastic model

The triangular zone cracks in 2101 duplex stainless steel produced by the vertical continuous caster have troubled company A for a long time. To simulate the temperature and thermal stress distributions in the solidification process of 2101 duplex stainless steel produced by the vertical continuous caster, a two-dimensional viscoelastic–plastic thermomechanically coupled finite element model was established by the secondary development of the commercial nonlinear finite element analysis software MSC Marc. The results show that the thermal stress on the surface reaches a maximum at the exit of the mould, and the highest thermal stresses at the centre of the wide face and the narrow face are 75 and 115 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the internal temperature of slab is still higher than the solidus temperature, resulting in no thermal stress. The slab shows different high-temperature strengths and suffers from different stresses at different positions; thus, the risk of cracking also varies. At a location of 6–8 m from the meniscus, the temperature of the triangular zone is 1270–1360 °C and the corresponding permissible high-temperature strength is about 10–30 MPa, while the thermal stress at this time is 60 MPa, which is higher than the high-temperature strength. As a result, triangular zone cracks form easily.

Numerical Simulation of the Effects of Horizontal and Vertical EMBr on Jet Flow and Mold Level Fluctuation in Continuous Casting

In this article, a new type of electromagnetic braking (EMBr), named vertical EMBr (V-EMBr) was introduced in the continuous casting process. In order to investigate its capability and applicability, the impacts of horizontal and vertical EMBrs on the flow pattern in a continuous casting mold were simulated by means of an implemented Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) SST k–ω turbulence model. The characteristics of electromagnetic field and flow field inside a 1450 mm × 230 mm mold with Ruler-EMBr and V-EMBr have been compared. The numerical simulation results indicate that the static magnetic field generated by Ruler-EMBr can cover the main part of the discharging jet flow, which has a better control of the flow pattern in lower part of the mold. The static magnetic field generated by V-EMBr can cover both the vicinity of the mold narrow faces and the impingement region of the jet flow, which can effectively control the liquid steel flow in the upper recirculation zone. The parametric study also shows that the large vortices beneath the jet flow can be almost completely eliminated at an optimized magnetic flux density with Ruler-EMBr. In addition, the surface velocity and steel/slag interface fluctuation can be suppressed with the application of V-EMBr to acceptable values even with a wide variation of SEN port angles. It is estimated that to reach the same level of braking effect on the upper recirculation flow, a magnetic flux density of 0.1 T is sufficient for V-EMBr, while 0.2 T is needed for Ruler-EMBr. Based on the results, a second-generation V-EMBr has been developed, which combines both of the merits of Ruler-EMBr and V-EMBr.

Smile prevails over other facial components of male facial esthetics

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess whether scores assigned to the eyes, nose, mouth, and chin regions work as predictors of full smiling face scores. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, the authors used the facial photographs of 86 smiling men. Photographs yielded 5 components: 1 of the face itself and 4 subcomponents (eyes, nose, mouth, and chin region). Raters assigned the photographs beauty scores that the authors measured morphometrically. The authors analyzed the predictive ability of the subcomponents against that of the full face. ResultsThe subcomponents were statistically significant predictors of facial beauty (mouth: r2 = 0.38, P < .0001; eyes: r2 = 0.14, P < .0001; chin region: r2 = 0.09, P < .0001; nose: r2 = 0.02, P = .05). The more beautiful people had several statistically significant characteristics, such as narrower faces. ConclusionsFacial subcomponents are predictive factors of the male smiling face and contribute in the following descending order of importance: mouth, eyes, chin region, and nose. Practical ImplicationsThe results suggest that for many people improvement in smile esthetics also likely will exert a more positive effect on facial beauty than will other procedures (for example, rhinoplasty).

Ryanodine receptor type 3 (RYR3) as a novel gene associated with a myopathy with nemaline bodies

Nemaline myopathy (NEM) has been associated with mutations in 12 genes to date. However, for some patients diagnosed with NEM, definitive mutations are not identified in the known genes, suggesting that there are other genes involved. This study describes compound heterozygosity for rare variants in ryanodine receptor type 3 (RYR3) gene in one such patient. Clinical examination of the patient at 22 years of age revealed a long narrow face, high arched palate and bilateral facial weakness. She had proximal weakness in all four limbs, mild scapular winging but no scoliosis. Muscle biopsy revealed wide variation in fibre size with type 1 fibre predominance and atrophy. Abundant nemaline bodies were located in perinuclear and subsarcolemmal areas, and within the cytoplasm. No likely pathogenic mutations in known NEM genes were identified. Copy number variation in known NEM genes was excluded by NEM-targeted comparative genomic hybridization array. Next-generation sequencing revealed compound heterozygous missense variants in the RYR3 gene. RYR3 transcripts are expressed in human fetal and adult skeletal muscle as well as in human brain and cauda equina samples. Immunofluorescence of human skeletal muscle revealed a 'single-row' appearance of RYR3, interspersed between the 'double rows' of ryanodine receptor type 1 (RYR1) at each A-I junction. The results suggest that variants in RYR3 may cause a recessive muscle disease with pathological features including nemaline bodies. We characterize the expression pattern of RYR3 in human skeletal muscle and brain, and the subcellular localization of RYR1 and RYR3 in human skeletal muscle.

Three-dimensional craniofacial reconstruction of an ancient Qihe human skull

In 2011, a Qihe human skull with the mandible, dating to about 10000 years ago, was found in Zhangping, Fujian Province. The skull exhibits mixed physical characteristics of both Neolithic Southern and Neolithic Northern populations, together with some primitive traits of Late Pleistocene human fossils; therefore, it has become one of the most important materials to investigate Neolithic southern human physical characteristics and migration in the Late Pleistocene to Holocene transition. There are significant morphological differences between the Qihe and recent humans; for example, the Qihe skull has a long cranial vault, a larger cranial cavity, a higher and narrower face, a wider and shorter nose bone, and lower orbits. In this paper, we propose a novel method to generate the 3D facial appearance of the Qihe human skull based on the craniofacial morphology relationship of recent human and anthropologist’s findings. Our method consisted of three steps. (1) High-resolution computed tomography (CT) was used to acquire series of images, and commercial software Mimics 16.0 was used to create the digital model of the Qihe skull. Because Qihe skull had been divided into the maxilla and mandible, we interactively reassembled these two parts and transformed the whole skull into a standardized Frankfurt Horizontal coordinate system. After exterior point clouds of Qihe skull were extracted, the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm and generic thin-plate spline (TPS) non-rigid algorithm were used to alignment the Qihe skull with one average skull from the recent human database. The dense corresponding point clouds of the Qihe skull were used to perform the craniofacial reconstruction. (2) We then applied principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce data dimensions and to calculate parameters of the skull and face of each sample in the recent human database. Least square regression was used to quantitatively represent the craniofacial morphology of the recent human. Then, the parameters of Qihe skull were input to predict three-dimensional facial appearance. Facial generation face of this step was found to be consistent and objective. (3) Because craniofacial morphology of the Qihe and recent human was similar but inconsistent, we developed an easy-to-use interactive tool to edit the facial appearance based on statistical shape model and an anthropologist’s findings. PCA was again used to construct a facial statistical shape model based on the dense corresponding point clouds. Variations in these point clouds, which were captured in every principal component (PC), were analyzed to observe shape variability. We changed the coefficients of corresponding PCs to produce multiple facial appearances and choose the best three-dimensional facial appearance. Finally, the geometric shape of the neurocranium and facial morphological characters of the Neolithic human were vividly shown in a handmade drawing. In comparison to manual craniofacial reconstruction, our method is faster, easier, and more efficient for producing facial appearance of Qihe skull via craniofacial morphology and anthropologist’s finds. Using the proposed method, the facial appearance of Qihe skull is displayed. Furthermore, our method provides efficient technical support and references for craniofacial reconstruction of ancient human skulls, which may further be applicable for other fossils and skeletons.

Stress and Friction Distribution around Slab Corner in Continuous Casting Mold with Different Corner Structures

The non-uniform friction and thermal stress in the mold are important as causes of the transverse cracks around strand corner. To analyze the stress distribution features around strand corner, a three-dimensional thermo-elastoplastic finite-element mold model with different corner structures (right-angle, big-chamfer, multi-chamfer, and fillet) was established. The temperature field in the mold was indirectly coupled through a three-dimensional fluid flow and heat transfer model. In addition, the non-uniform mold friction stress loaded on the strand surface was calculated through a friction model. The results show that the stress distribution on the shell is similar to the temperature distribution. The stress concentration appears in the strand corner and the lower part of wide face. The friction stress enhances the corner stress around the edge of the air-gap. For chamfered molds, the stress around the corner between the wide face and chamfer face is larger than that between the narrow face and chamfer face. Around the corner region, both the stress peak and the area of the large stress zone of the right-angle strand are the largest, while those of big-chamfered, multi-chamfered, and fillet strands decrease in that order. The stress peak position of the chamfered strands is closer to the mold exit than that of the right-angle strand. Compared with the use of the right-angle mold, the application of chamfered molds is able to reduce the stress concentration around the strand corner.

A case report of seckel syndrome

Seckel syndrome, first defined by Seckel in 1960, is a rare (incidence 1:10,000) genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder presenting at birth. Seckel described the disease on the basis of two cases he had studied in Chicago as well as 13 cases on nanocephalic dwarfs reported in the literature over a 200-year period. It is Characterized by dwarfism prenatally resulting in low birth weight, abnormally small head with a “bird‑headed” like appearance (beaked nose, receding forehead, prominent eyes, and micrognathia) and mental retardation. Other facial features include abnormally large eyes and narrow face. This syndrome has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. A case of Seckel syndrome that was reported is described in this article.

Relationship between Angular Measurements and Facial Shape of Young Ivorians with Normal Dental Occlusion.

Objective The aim of this study was to perform an analysis of angular measurements (from both the full face and profile), according to shapes of the human face. Method It was a descriptive and cross-sectional study of 108 black Ivorian subjects. For each subject selected, two standardized photographs (full face and profile) were taken, followed by anthropometric measurements. The data collected were analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 statistics software for Windows. Results In the present work, the faces were considered according to three particular qualifiers: broad face, medium face, and narrow face. Thus, 45.37% of the faces in this study were large, 31.48% on average, and 23.15% narrow. The interlabial angles of average face and long face were wider than that of large face with p < 0.01. The angle of the facial width was higher for large face and average face, compared to narrow face (p < 0.001). Conclusion Median and bilateral angles lead to rational understanding of the various shapes of the human face.