Naringin Supplementation Research Articles

Naringin supplementation during pregnancy alters rat offspring’s brain redox system and mitochondrial function

Naringin supplementation is known to ameliorate oxidative stress in the central nervous system (CNS) and improve cognitive function in disease models using adult rodents. However, if this supplementation is applied during critical periods of development, would it still be beneficial? To address this question, we used pregnant Wistar rats that were supplemented daily with naringin (100 mg/kg) during gestation. After delivery, pups were euthanized on postnatal day (PND) 1, 7, and 21. The prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum were dissected for redox system and mitochondrial function evaluation. Our data demonstrated that naringin supplementation to pregnant rats during gestation differentially affected the brain structures analyzed, inducing a dysregulation in the redox homeostasis, mainly on PND1. Redox and mitochondrial alterations found in offspring’s cerebellum on PND1 were also observed on PND7, and persisted up to PND21, indicating a higher susceptibility of this structure to the effects triggered by maternal naringin supplementation. In contrast to what was observed in the cerebellum, we found a progressive decline in the number of alterations in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum from PND1 up to PND21, suggesting that these brain structures are not as susceptible as the cerebellum to the naringin’s effects. Thus, our findings demonstrate a possible negative programming effect triggered by maternal naringin supplementation during pregnancy in the offspring’s brain, especially in the cerebellum.

Effect of 2-Week Naringin Supplementation on Neurogenesis and BDNF Levels in Ischemia–Reperfusion Model of Rats

Background: Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide with more than half of survivors living with serious neurological sequelae; thus, it has recently attracted a lot of attention in the field of medical study. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of naringin supplementation on neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the brain in experimental brain ischemia–reperfusion. Study design: The research was carried out on 40 male Wistar-type rats (10–12 weeks old) obtained from the Experimental Animals Research and Application Center of Selçuk University. Experimental groups were as follows: (1) Control group, (2) Sham group, (3) Brain ischemia–reperfusion group, (4) Brain ischemia–reperfusion + vehicle group (administered for 14 days), and (5) Brain ischemia–reperfusion + Naringin group (100 mg/kg/day administered for 14 days). Methods: In the ischemia–reperfusion groups, global ischemia was performed in the brain by ligation of the right and left carotid arteries for 30 min. Naringin was administered to experimental animals by intragastric route for 14 days following reperfusion. The training phase of the rotarod test was started 4 days before ischemia–reperfusion, and the test phase together with neurological scoring was performed the day before and 1, 7, and 14 days after the operation. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed, and then hippocampus and frontal cortex tissues were taken from the brain. Double cortin marker (DCX), neuronal nuclear antigen marker (NeuN), and BDNF were evaluated in hippocampus and frontal cortex tissues by Real-Time qPCR analysis and immunohistochemistry methods. Results: While ischemia–reperfusion increased the neurological score values, DCX, NeuN, and BDNF levels decreased significantly after ischemia in the hippocampus and frontal cortex tissues. However, naringin supplementation restored the deterioration to a certain extent. Conclusion: The results of the study show that 2 weeks of naringin supplementation may have protective effects on impaired neurogenesis and BDNF levels after brain ischemia and reperfusion in rats.

Late pregnancy maternal naringin supplementation affects the mitochondria in the cerebellum of Wistar rat offspring via sirtuin 3 and AKT.

Dietary polyphenol consumption is associated with a wide range of neuroprotective effects by improving mitochondrial function and signaling. Consequently, the use of polyphenol supplementation has been investigated as an approach to prevent neurodevelopmental diseases during gestation; however, the data obtained are still very inconclusive, mostly because of the difficulty of choosing the correct doses and period of administration to properly prevent neurodegenerative diseases without undermining normal brain development. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of naringin supplementation during the third week of gestation on mitochondrial health and signaling in the cerebellum of 21-day-old offspring. The offspring born to naringin-supplemented dams displayed higher mitochondrial mass, membrane potential, and superoxide content in the cerebellum without protein oxidative damage. Such alterations were associated with dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) and phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) downregulation, whereas the sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) levels were strongly upregulated. Our findings suggest that high dietary polyphenol supplementation during gestation may reduce mitochondrial fission and affect mitochondrial dynamics even 3weeks after delivery via SIRT3 and p-AKT. Although the offspring born to naringin dams did not present neurobehavioral defects, the mitochondrial alterations elicited by naringin may potentially interfere during neurodevelopment and need to be further investigated.

Short-term Administration of Naringin Improves Renal Function in Renal Ischemia-reperfusion by Increasing Aquaporin-1 and Aquaporin-2 Levels

Background:: Since renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) can lead to a serious health problem, aquaporins have important roles in preventing negative changes in electrolyte-water balance. This study aimed to determine the effect of naringin treatment on renal function and AQP1 and AQP2 levels in the kidney cortex and medulla tissues in experimental renal I/R in rats. Method and Material: The study was carried out on 40 male Wistar-type rats, 8-12 weeks old. Experimental groups were formed as follows: 1) Control, 2) Sham+vehicle, 3) Renal (I/R)+vehicle, 4) Renal I/R+ Naringin (50mg/kg/day) (3 days of administration), and 5) Renal I/R+ Naringin( 100mg/kg/day) (3 days supplementation) group. First, the left kidney was removed by nephrectomy under general anesthesia, and then the right kidney was subjected to 45 minutes of ischemia and then 72 hours of reperfusion. Naringin was given to the experimental animals by an intraperitoneal route at the beginning of the reperfusion, after 24 and 48 hours. At the end of the experiments, first of all, blood samples were taken from the heart in animals under general anesthesia, and then the animals were killed by cervical dislocation, and kidney tissue samples were taken. Osmolarity in plasma and urine and plasma creatinine levels were evaluated. AQP1 and AQP2 levels were analyzed in the kidney cortex and medulla tissues by ELISA and PCR methods. Result:: In kidney tissues, I/R led to a decrease in plasma and urinary osmolality, AQP1 and AQP2 levels in the cortex and medulla, and an increase in urea and creatinine levels (p < 0.001). However, naringin supplementation corrected the deterioration to a certain extent. Conclusion:: The results of the study show that naringin supplementation at different doses, such as 50 or 100 mg/kg, may have protective effects on the deterioration of renal function caused by unilateral nephrectomy and I/R in rats.

Dietary naringin supplementation on hepatic yolk precursors formation and antioxidant capacity of Three-Yellow breeder hens during the late laying period

In this study, the effects of naringin on hepatic yolk precursors formation and antioxidant capacity of Three-Yellow breeder hens during late laying period were evaluated. A total of 480 (54-wk-old) Three-Yellow breeder hens were randomly assigned to 4 groups (6 replicates of 20 hens): nonsupplemented control diet (C), and control diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% of naringin (N1, N2, and N3), respectively. Results showed that dietary supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% of naringin for 8 wk promoted the cell proliferation and attenuated the excessive fat accumulation in the liver. Compared with C group, increased concentrations of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and decreased contents of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were detected in liver, serum and ovarian tissues (P < 0.05). After 8 wk of feeding with naringin (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%), serum estrogen (E2) level, expression levels of proteins and genes of estrogen receptors (ERs) increased significantly (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, naringin treatment regulated expression of genes related to yolk precursors formation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, dietary naringin addition increased the antioxidants, decreased the oxidation products, and up-regulated transcription levels of antioxidant genes in liver tissues (P < 0.05). These results indicated that dietary supplemented with naringin could improve hepatic yolk precursors formation and hepatic antioxidant capacity of Three-Yellow breeder hens during the late laying period. Doses of 0.2% and 0.4% are more effective than dose of 0.1%.

Influences of naringin supplementation on ruminal fermentation, inflammatory response, antioxidant capacity and bacterial community in high-concentrate diet of fattening goats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary naringin supplementation on rumen fermentation, inflammatory response and bacterial communities in fattening goats fed high-concentrate diet. Twenty four Boer male goats were randomly divided into three groups and assigned to receive dietary treatments. The three dietary treatments were a normal diet, a high-concentrate diet and a high-concentrate diet supplemented with 500 mg of naringin/kg of dry matter intake. Rumen fluid and plasma samples were collected at the end of the animal trial. Rumen fluid were analysed for pH, short-chain fatty acids, endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and microbiota. Illumina Miseq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was applied to investigate ruminal bacterial communities. The concentrations of interleukin −6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha as well as LPS-binding protein, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A and the activities of antioxdant enzymes in plasma were analysed. The result showed that feeding the high concentrate diet shifted the ruminal fermentation pattern from acetate towards propionate and valerate, and improved growth performance compared with the control group. However, the high concentrate diet promoted ruminal pH reduction and LPS release, modified bacterial communities and increased systemic inflammatory response. Naringin supplementation increased molar proportions butyrate and decreased valerate. Naringin supplementation decreased inflammatory response and increased the activities of antioxdant enzymes in plasma. Moreover, naringin addition increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes at the phylum level and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group at the genus level. Taken together, these results suggest that dietary supplementation with naringin attenuates high grain diet-induced inflammatory response and modifies ruminal fermentation. HIGHLIGHTS Dietary supplementation of naringin decreased inflammatory response and increased the activities of antioxdant enzymes in fattening goats. Naringin supplementation changed ruminal microbiota of fattening goats. Naringin has potential for use as feed additive to modify ruminal fermentation in a high-grain intensive ruminant production.

Aerobic Training with Naringin Supplementation Improved Spatial Cognition via H2S Signaling Pathway in Alzheimer’s Disease Model Rats

ABSTRACT Objectives This study examined the effects of one-month naringin administration and exercise training on cognitive impairment and H2S signaling pathway in an Amyloid β (Aβ)-injected rat. Methods Rats were divided into four groups: control group; rats underwent Aβ microinjection surgery, exercise group; rats underwent Aβ microinjection surgery and trained by treadmill for four weeks, naringin group; rats underwent Aβ microinjection surgery, and rats orally administrated 80 mg.kg−1 naringin for four weeks, naringin+exercise group; rats underwent Aβ microinjection surgery and were trained by treadmill for four weeks, and also, rats orally administrated 80 mg.kg−1 naringin for four weeks. After one month of treatment, spatial learning and memory were measured, and then hippocampi were sampled. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) levels, and neuronal death were detected in the hippocampi of rats. Results Naringin and exercise improved spatial learning (latency time, P < .001) and memory (P < .001) in the Morris Water Maze test in Aβ-injected rats compared with the control group. SAM (P < .01), CBS (P < .001), and H2S (P < .01) levels are increased in the naringin+exercise group compared with the control group. Conclusion The result of this study supports the effect of exercise and/or naringin to improve cognitive dysfunction and cell death through the production of H2S.

Dietary naringin supplementation on laying performance and antioxidant capacity of Three-Yellow breeder hens during the late laying period

In this study, the effects of 3 graded dietary levels (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%) of naringin were studied in Three-Yellow breeder hens during the late laying period (55–62 wk). A total of 480 Three-Yellow breeder hens (54-wk-old) were randomly divided into 4 groups (6 replicates of 20 hens): basal diet group (C), and basal diets supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% of naringin (N1, N2, and N3), respectively. Results showed that dietary supplementation with 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% of naringin for 8 wk increased the laying rate and egg mass, enhanced egg yolk color, and decreased the feed egg ratio (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, compared with hens in C group, there were more preovulatory follicles and higher ovarian index as well as an enhanced ovarian somatic cell proliferation in hens of N2 and N3 groups (P < 0.05). With 0.2% and 0.4% naringin, glutathione concentration, the activity of catalase and total superoxide dismutase, and the total antioxidant capacity of ovarian tissues and serum increased (P < 0.05), while the contents of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide decreased (P < 0.05). Moreover, compared to C group, the transcription levels of antioxidant genes in ovarian tissues increased in hens from N2 and N3 groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation with 0.2% and 0.4% naringin both could improve the laying rate, ovarian and serum antioxidant capacity of Three-Yellow breeder hens during the late laying period.

Naringin Attenuates Leukocyte Adhesion to Cerebral Endothelium in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Background: The increased accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) under diabetes conditions can promote oxidative stress and inflammation in vasculature and contribute to endothelial dysfunction. Naringin, a flavonoid compound that occurs naturally in citrus fruits, has been shown to have anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant properties. Objective: To investigate the efficacy of naringin in the improvement of diabetes-induced leukocyte adhesion to cerebral endothelium through AGEs-RAGE-NF-&kappa;B pathway. Materials and Methods: Six-week-old Sprague-Dawley were divided into three groups; normal group (CON: n=8), type 2 diabetes group (DM2: n=8), and type 2 diabetes group with naringin supplementation (DM2-NG: n=8). Rats were fed with high-fat diet for four weeks, followed by a single STZ injection to induce type 2 diabetes. Naringin was supplemented daily by oral gavage feeding (50 mg/kg BW). Twelve weeks after STZ injection with or without naringin supplementation, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin and calculated homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were examined. Leukocyte adhesion at postcapillary venule was carried out by using intravital fluorescence microscopy. AGEs, RAGE and TNF-&alpha; were detected by ELISA whereas NF-&kappa;B, ICAM-1 were investigated using Western blot analysis and MDA was determined by TBARs assay. Results: After 12 weeks of naringin feeding into DM2-NG rats, the FBG levels decreased 62.8% compared to those without supplementation. Moreover, the &beta;-cell function was improved by reducing serum insulin levels and HOMA-IR. Not only the endothelial function was improved by reducing the number of leukocyte adhesion, but the expression of ICAM-1 was also decreased. Naringin supplementation also attenuated inflammation and oxidative stress by reducing the levels of AGEs, RAGE, and its downstream molecules, NF-&kappa;B-TNF-&alpha;. Conclusion: It is suggested that supplementation with naringin in type 2 diabetes rat model can reduce leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium via anti-hyperglycemic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through AGEs-RAGE-NF-&kappa;B-TNF-&alpha;-ICAM-1 signaling pathway. Keywords: Type 2 diabetic rats; Naringin; Leukocyte adhesion; Endothelial dysfunction

Potential of Naringin in Reducing Aorta Lesion Atherosclerosis in Hypercholesterolemia: A Systematic Review

Hypercholesterolemia is a condition that affects cholesterol levels because of the increase of LDL. Hypercholesterolemia is connected to atherosclerosis disease, which causes the blockage of blood flow. Naringin is a flavonoid primarily found in the citrus family and proved to have various benefits, one of which is antiatherogenic. The article searching was done in PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. The final three studies about naringin supplementation in animals models are assessed. Naringin had an antiatherogenic effect and decreased the aorta lesion in atherosclerosis by several different mechanisms.

Naringin Supplementation during Pregnancy Induces Sex and Region-Specific Alterations in the Offspring's Brain Redox Status.

Research has shown the beneficial effects of naringin supplementation to adult rodents, which can ameliorate oxidative stress in disease models. However, evidence has demonstrated that polyphenol supplementation induced detrimental effects when consumed during sensitive periods of development, such as pregnancy. Therefore, we investigated the effect of maternal naringin supplementation during pregnancy on the offspring’s cerebral redox status. Pregnant Wistar rats were divided into control and naringin groups and supplemented from gestational day 15 to gestational day 21. On postnatal days 1, 7, and 21, offspring were euthanized, and the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum dissected. On postnatal day 1, maternal naringin supplementation positively modulated the pups’ brain redox status. On postnatal day 7, a pro-oxidative milieu was observed in the offspring’s striatum and cerebellum in a sex-dependent manner, even though the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were not negatively affected. Besides, the alterations observed on postnatal day 7 did not persist up to weaning. Our findings demonstrated that the effect induced by naringin supplementation in the brain redox status differed according to the period of development in which naringin was consumed since the beneficial effects usually found in the adult rodents became detrimental when the supplementation was applied during pregnancy.

Hesperidin and Naringin Improve Broiler Meat Fatty Acid Profile and Modulate the Expression of Genes Involved in Fatty Acid β-oxidation and Antioxidant Defense in a Dose Dependent Manner.

The beneficial properties of the flavanones hesperidin and naringin as feed additives in poultry have lately been under investigation. In broilers, both flavanones have been shown to exhibit antioxidant properties while their individual effects on fatty acid (FA) composition and the underlying molecular mechanisms of their activity have not been explored. Here, we studied their effects on broiler meats’ FA profiles and on the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, antioxidant defense and anti-inflammatory function. The experimental design comprised six treatment groups of broilers, each supplemented from day 11 until slaughter at 42 days with hesperidin, naringin or vitamin E, as follows: the E1 group received 0.75 g of hesperidin per kg of feed, E2 received 1.5 g hesperidin/kg feed, N1 received 0.75 g naringin/kg feed, N2 received 1.5 g naringin/kg feed, vitamin E (VE) received 0.2 g a-tocopheryl acetate/kg feed, and the control group was not provided with a supplemented feed. The VE treatment group served as a positive control for antioxidant activity. An analysis of the FA profiles of the abdominal adipose tissue (fat pad), major pectoralis (breast) and biceps femoris (thigh) muscles showed that both hesperidin and naringin had significant effects on saturated FA (SFA), polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and omega n-6 content. Both compounds reduced SFA and increased PUFA and n-6 content, as well as reducing the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices in the breast muscle and fat pad. The effects on the thigh muscle were limited. An analysis of gene expression in the liver revealed that naringin significantly increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), Acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) and glutathione disulfide reductase (GSR) expression. In the breast muscle, both hesperidin and naringin increased fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression and hesperidin increased the expression of adiponectin. In brief, both hesperidin and naringin supplementation beneficially affected FA profiles in the breast meat and fat pad of broiler chicken. These effects could be attributed to an increase in FA β-oxidation since the increased expression of related genes (PPARα and ACOX1) was observed in the liver. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of hesperidin and naringin previously observed in the meat of broilers could be attributed, at least partly, to the regulation of antioxidant defense genes, as evidenced by the increased GSR expression in response to naringin supplementation.

Naringin supplementation affects performance, carcass traits, meat quality and oxidative stability of finishing pigs

Naringin is a major flavanone derivate that has many important biological functions in animals. However, its effect on pigs is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of naringin supplementation on performance, carcass traits, meat quality and oxidative stability in finishing pigs. Ninety-six pigs, with an average initial body weight of 66.2 ± 0.63 kg, were randomly divided into four groups. One group was fed a basal diet without supplementation (control), and the three others were fed diets supplemented with 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 g naringin /kg DM of feed for 50 days. Each treatment was replicated six times with four pigs per replicate. Feed and water were available ad libitum. The 0.5 g/kg naringin treatment group had an improved loin eye muscle area, reduced serum triglycerides and were leaner compared with the other groups. Pigs in the 1.5 g/kg naringin treatment had higher pH45min values and inosine monophosphate concentrations, and lower MyHC IIb mRNA expression in muscle than the other groups. MyHC IIa mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in all naringin-supplemented diet groups. Naringin significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total anti-oxidative capacity in meat, as well as SOD and glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver. These results indicate that the dietary addition of naringin at 0.5 g/kg improved carcass characteristics, while 1.5 g/kg improved the oxidative stability and pork quality in finishing pigs.&#x0D; Keywords: antioxidant capacity; carcass characteristics; naringin-supplemented diets; pork quality

Efectos de la ingesta de naringina en combinación con el ejercicio sobre respuestas clínicas: una revisión sistemática

Introducción: La naringina es un flavonoide utilizado como suplemento alimenticio, el cual es comercializado en productos para atletas, se promueve como: potenciador de otros suplementos, aumenta la capacidad física y como "quemador de grasa" para la pérdida de peso, entre otros efectos. Objetivo: evaluar la evidencia disponible del efecto de la suplementación oral de naringina en combinación con actividad física y/o ejercicio en respuestas clínicas en comparación con solo actividad física y ejercicio.Material y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en bases de datos electrónicas. Fuentes de datos: Science Direct, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Registro Cochrane Central de ensayos controlados, SPORTDiscus. Selección de estudios: Publicaciones con el objetivo de estudiar los efectos de la naringina en combinación con ejercicio o actividad fisica. Extracción de datos y método de síntesis: Se realizó analisis por dos revisores, datos extraídos: autores, año de publicación, diseño del estudio, universo de estudio, intervención y resultados relevantes; se cuantificó la calidad con la escala PEDro. La revisión fue realizada siguiendo los lineamientos PRISMA.Resultados: Se identificaron 3 ensayos clínicos (escala de PEDro media de 8,3). Naringina mejora el tiempo de actividad física y disminuye el tiempo fatiga, y mejora subjetivamente la condición física pero no resultó estadísticamente mejor al placebo.Conclusiones: Los estudios muestran contradicciones sobre los efectos de la combinación sobre la condición física.

P 027 - Naringin supplementation during pregnancy reduces mitochondrial function and modifies redox network system in offspring's cerebellum and striatum

Consumption of polyphenol-rich diets is known to improve brain's redox homeostasis parameters and cognitive function, however, little is known about the effects of polyphenols consumption during pregnancy in offspring's brain. Moreover, we sought to evaluate the effects of maternal supplementation with naringin during pregnancy in offspring's cerebellum and striatum. Naringin was supplemented by oral gavage (100 mg/kg) from the first to the last day of pregnancy. On postnatal day one, offspring's brain was collected and evaluated. The protocol was approved by an ethical commission under the n° 31397. Maternal naringin supplementation decreased offspring's mitochondrial electron transport system (METS) activity in cerebellum, along with increased levels of reduced glutathione. Moreover, the METS activity was also reduced in offspring's striatum, accompanying a tendency of increased levels of nitric oxide and dichlorofluorescein oxidation. Concerning other redox network components, we also observed increased catalase activity and a tendency of increased glutathione peroxidase activity in striatum. Maternal naringin supplementation disrupted offspring's cerebellum and striatum redox network, which might have been triggered by a specific negative adaptive response of each brain region evaluated in this work.

The Effects of Dietary Flavonoid Supplementation on the Antioxidant Status of Laying Hens

ABSTRACT Ninety-six 28-week-old Lohmann White laying hens were utilized to test the antioxidant effects of flavonoids (hesperidin, naringin, and quercetin at 0.5 g/kg diet) during an 8-wk experimental period. At the end of the experiment blood samples were collected to determine total protein, cholesterol, and malondialdehyde (MDA) serum levels as well as activities of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione- S -transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and level of glutathione (GSH) in erythrocyte lysates. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Naringin supplementation did not alter serum cholesterol concentration, whereas hesperidin and quercetin supplementations decreased serum cholesterol concentration. Naringin and quercetin supplementations did not affect serum protein concentration. All flavonoids decreased MDA concentration as well as increased GSH-Px, GR, GST, and SOD activities and GSH level, being quercetion superior to hesperidin and naringin. In conclusion, flavonoids, especially quercetin, exert antioxidant activity, which may help improve wellbeing when laying hens are exposed to stressors.

Naringin regulates glutamate-nitric oxide cGMP pathway in ammonium chloride induced neurotoxicity.

Naringin, plant bioflavonoid extracted mainly from grapefruit and other related citrus species. This study was designed to assess the neuroprotective effect of naringin on ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) induced hyperammonemic rats. Experimental hyperammonemia was induced by intraperitonial injection (i.p) of NH4Cl (100mg/kg body weight (b.w.)) thrice a week for 8 consecutive weeks. Hyperammonemic rats were treated with naringin (80mg/kg b.w.) via oral gavage. Naringin administration drastically restored the levels of blood ammonia, plasma urea, nitric oxide (NO), glutamate, glutamine, lipid peroxidation, lipid profile, activities of liver marker enzymes, antioxidant status and sodium/potassium-ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase). In addition, naringin supplementation reverted back the pathological changes of liver, brain and kidney tissues, the expressions of Glutamine synthetase (GS), Na+/K+-ATPase, neuronal nitric oxide (nNOS) and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) in hyperammonemic rats. Hence, this study suggested that nargingin exhibited their protective effect against NH4Cl induced toxicity via enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting the lipid peroxidation process. Take together, this study provides data that naingin effectively reduced neurotoxicity by attenuating hyperammonemia, suggesting that naringin act as a potential therapeutic agent to treat hyperammonemic rats.

Grapefruit Derived Flavonoid Naringin Improves Ketoacidosis and Lipid Peroxidation in Type 1 Diabetes Rat Model.

BackgroundHypoglycemic effects of grapefruit juice are well known but the effects of naringin, its main flavonoid on glucose intolerance and metabolic complications in type 1 diabetes are not known.ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of naringin on glucose intolerance, oxidative stress and ketonemia in type 1 diabetic rats.MethodsSprague-Dawley rats divided into 5 groups (n = 7) were orally treated daily with 3.0 ml/kg body weight (BW)/day of distilled water (group 1) or 50 mg/kg BW of naringin (groups 2 and 4, respectively). Groups 3, 4 and 5 were given a single intra-peritoneal injection of 60 mg/kg BW of streptozotocin to induce diabetes. Group 3 was further treated with subcutaneous insulin (4.0 IU/kg BW) twice daily, respectively.ResultsStretozotocin (STZ) only-treated groups exhibited hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, glucose intolerance, low fasting plasma insulin and reduced hepatic glycogen content compared to the control group. Furthermore they had significantly elevated Malondialdehyde (MDA), acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, anion gap and significantly reduced blood pH and plasma bicarbonate compared to the control group. Naringin treatment significantly improved Fasting Plasma Insulin (FPI), hepatic glycogen content, malondialdehyde, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, bicarbonate, blood pH and anion gap but not Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) compared to the STZ only-treated group.ConclusionsNaringin is not hypoglycemic but ameliorates ketoacidosis and oxidative stress. Naringin supplements could therefore mitigate complications of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Effects of naringin supplementation on productive performance, antioxidant status and immune response in heat-stressed lambs

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of naringin supplementation on antioxidant status and immune response of lambs under hot environmental conditions. Eighteen 4-month-old Awassi male lambs (initial body weight 23.8±1.3kg) were orally dosed with naringin in a 60-day trial during the summer months (July and August) in Saudi Arabia. The lambs were randomly assigned to receive 0, 7 or 14g of naringin, administered as a weekly oral dose. Feed intake was measured weekly, and the lambs were weighed on days 1, 15, 30, 45 and 60. Rectal temperature (RT) and respiration rate (RR) were measured three times (0800, 1200 and 1600h) on days 1, 15, 30, 45 and 60. Blood samples were collected from all lambs on days 1, 15, 30, 45 and 60 to measure enzymatic concentrations and total primary antibody level in serum, antioxidant variables in plasma and hematological variables in whole blood. Lambs were injected intradermally with 0.15mg phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on day 45, and the immune response to this antigen was measured 0 and 24h after injection. Oral administration of 7g/week of naringin resulted in an increase in average daily gain (13.4%; P<0.02) and a greater gain to feed ratio (17.1%; P<0.05) compared to the control group. Oral administration of 14g/week of naringin resulted in increases in plasma superoxide dismutase (6.9%; P<0.05) and glutathione peroxidase (19.9%; P<0.05) activities compared with those of untreated animals. In addition, lambs receiving 14g/week of naringin also had greater total primary serum antibody titers than those of untreated lambs (P<0.05). The mean skinfold thickness for lambs that received 7 and 14g/week of naringin were higher (P<0.05) than the control lambs. These results indicate that naringin supplementation improved performance traits and enhanced antioxidant status and immune response in lambs during hot environmental conditions.

Naringin Mitigates Cardiac Hypertrophy by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inactivating c-Jun Nuclear Kinase-1 Protein in Type I Diabetes.

Cardiac hypertrophy (CH) in type 1 diabetes mellitus is attributed to increased oxidative stress-associated activation of c-Jun Nuclear Kinase (JNK). We investigated the effects of naringin on hyperglycemia-associated oxidative stress, activation of JNK-1, and CH. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (225-250 g) (n = 7) were divided into 6 groups. Groups I and II were orally treated with distilled water [3.0 mL/kg body weight/day (BW)] and naringin (50 mg/kg BW), respectively. Groups III-VI were rendered diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg BW of streptozotocin. Groups III, IV, and V were further treated with insulin (4.0 I.U, s.c, twice daily), naringin (50 mg/kg BW), and ramipril (3.0 mg/kg BW), respectively. After 56 days, the animals were sacrificed and then plasma and cardiac tissues obtained for further analysis. Naringin treatment of diabetic rats significantly reversed oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, proteins oxidation, CH indices, and JNK protein activation compared with untreated diabetic animals. Our results do suggest that naringin mitigates CH by inhibiting oxidative stress leading to inactivation of JNK-1. Naringin supplements could therefore ameliorate CH in diabetic patients.