Levels Of Narcissism Research Articles

Examining the Influence of Gender, Child Abuse, and Narcissism on Four Forms of Interpersonal Violence Among Men and Women College Students.

This study examines the moderating effects of gender, child abuse, and pathological narcissism on self-reported stalking, sexual harassment, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression in undergraduate men and women. Child abuse was positively associated with engaging in all forms of interpersonal violence for both genders. For women, pathological narcissism moderated this association such that higher levels of pathological narcissism reduced the association between child abuse and engaging in stalking, sexual harassment, sexual aggression. For men. pathological narcissism exhibited independent positive associations with engagement in sexual harassment and sexual aggression and a negative association with engagement in intimate partner violence, but no moderating effects. These gender differences have important implications for the assessment of women's violence, and university violence prevention and advocacy programs.

Narcissists going above and beyond? The role of perceived negative inequity and self-enhancement motivation

PurposeUtilizing a self-regulatory perspective, the authors examine how narcissism influences perceived negative inequity and the downstream effects on self-enhancement motivation and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) over time.Design/methodology/approachA total of 689 useable three-wave panel data were obtained via Amazon Mechanical Turk during a three-month period. A latent growth curve modeling approach using EQS 6.4 for Windows was employed to test the hypothesized model.FindingsResults illustrate that individuals with higher levels of narcissism perceive higher levels of perceived negative inequity and then form higher levels of self-enhancement motivation, which prompt more OCB directed toward the organization (OCBO) than OCB directed toward individuals (OCBI). When perceived negative inequity increases over time, narcissists experience a faster increase in self-enhancement motivation, which also leads to a faster increase in OCBO compared to the increase in OCBI.Originality/valueTheoretically, this study provides theoretical and empirical insights into understanding the process through which narcissists' OCBs are motivated. Practically, this study offers several practical recommendations that help managers manage OCBs effectively in the organization.

Longitudinal associations between adolescents' narcissism and friendship features depend on gender and friends' narcissism.

Youth with greater levels of narcissism face a wide array of difficulties in interactions with others. However, there exists a curious lack of research on their close relationships, such as friendships. In this study, we examined associations between narcissism and friendship features over time. Participants were 261 eighth and ninth graders (112 boys; Mage at Time1 = 14.34, SD = .68; 95.4% born in Finland) who completed measures of narcissism at Time 1 (fall of the school year), and friendship nominations as well as three different characteristics of friendship (positive friendship quality, corumination, and conflict) at Time 1 and Time 2 (spring of the school year). When we limited our analyses to participants who were in stable reciprocated friendships, then, for girls, narcissism was negatively associated with Time 2 positive friendship quality as well as corumination. For boys, narcissism was not significantly associated with Time 2 positive friendship quality nor corumination. In addition, higher levels of narcissism predicted greater Time 2 positive friendship quality when the friend scored relatively low on narcissism. Our discussion focuses on the putative mechanisms that might account for differences in the dynamics of friendships of boys and girls with greater narcissistic traits, and why youth with greater narcissism levels might perceive their friendships as having more positive features when their friend is dissimilar. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Whose Dark Traits Spoil Family Communication? A Triadic Analysis of Families Raising Adolescents

Adolescence is a turbulent stage of development for both adolescents and their families. Family communication remains one of the major means to adjust to developmental tasks in this stage. Since personality traits have a profound effect on the process of communication, Dark Triad (DT) traits were hypothesized to negatively influence family communication. We wanted to further explore the actor and partner effects of family members’ DT traits on their perceptions of family communication. Ninety-eight families (N = 294) with convenience sampling were recruited for our study. All three family members (i.e., fathers, mothers, and adolescent children) reported their level of DT traits on the Short Dark Triad and perceived quality of family communication on the Communication scale of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale-IV. We classified families based on members’ level of DT traits, but no significant difference in mothers', fathers', and adolescents' perceptions of family communication was found across types of families. Results of triadic extensions of the actor-partner interdependence model showed that mothers' and adolescents' levels of Machiavellianism negatively affected family communication as perceived by fathers and mothers, respectively. Fathers' level of narcissism affected adolescents’ perceptions of family communication negatively. Fathers' level of psychopathy had a negative effect on their own and mothers' perceptions of family communication. Results are in line with general findings about DT traits and highlight their influence in affecting family communication. Specific actor and partner effects are discussed with regard to family roles.

Asymmetric responses to multidimensional performance evaluation systems: The role of non-pathological narcissism

We experimentally investigate how narcissism affects individuals’ responses to multidimensional performance evaluation systems (PES). Because these systems are characterized by cognitive conflict, which inhibits performance, prior research has explored how exogenous control systems, such as the provision of feedback, can enhance task performance. Our experimental evidence shows that narcissism moderates the performance implications of conflict and of the tone with which feedback is provided under multidimensional PES. In Experiment 1, we find that task performance among participants with a low (high) level of narcissism is (not) significantly worse under PES associated with higher conflict. In Experiment 2, we find that, while task performance of all participants is better (worse) when feedback is provided with encouraging (discouraging) tone, the effects are stronger among participants with a high level of narcissism. Collectively, our findings suggest that under multidimensional PES, task performance among narcissists is less susceptible to conflict consistent with their analytic cognitive-perceptual style and abnormal need for self-enhancement, and more susceptible to feedback tone, consistent with their grandiose self-image. Hence, we inform both research and practice on the effectiveness of multidimensional PES by examining the role of personality.

Why do Narcissists Become CEOs? An Analysis of Supply and Demand for Narcissistic CEOs

The selection of a new CEO is a decisive event for the future direction of a company and might set it up for success or failure. When selecting a CEO, candidates will be investigated based on multiple criteria such as outsider status and education to achieve the best fit for the company. However, little research has investigated why candidates with specific personality traits such as narcissism get selected. This study investigates the relationship between firm-level, predecessor CEO-level, and market-level factors as antecedents to the selection of a narcissistic CEO. We analyze a sample of 317 CEO successions of 237 companies listed in the S&P500 index between 2007 and 2017. Our results indicate a positive relationship between firm growth, firm size, and predecessor CEO narcissism levels, as well as a weak, negative relationship between predecessor CEO tenure and the narcissism level of the successor CEO. Our findings address the so far little researched domain of antecedents to CEO narcissism and emphasize the effects of firm-level and predecessor CEO-level factors as antecedents to the selection of a narcissistic CEO and consider market turbulence as a moderating effect of these relationships. We also provide practical implications for firm executives and directors.

Morality Not Identified: Leader Moral Identity Symbolization and Follower Perceived Moral Hypocrisy

This article utilizes behavioral integrity theory to examine when and why leader moral identity symbolization might fail. Specifically, we propose a model wherein leader moral narcissism influences the relationship between leader moral identity symbolization and follower perceived moral hypocrisy, and the downstream implications for follower helping and deviant behaviors toward leader. We suggest that leader moral identity symbolization is particularly likely to be perceived as moral hypocrisy when leader hold a high level of moral narcissism, and that this perception of leader moral hypocrisy in turn reduces follower helping and increases follower deviant behaviors toward the leader. We test and find support for our hypothesized model using data from a multi-source, multi-wave survey. Implications for theory and practice are also discussed.

Affective contingencies of narcissism.

Several theories propose that narcissism is rooted in affective contingencies. Given narcissists' focus on power, these contingencies should be strong in the power domain but not in the affiliation domain. We systematically investigated narcissists' contingencies and explored whether these contingencies might link narcissism to social behavior. In a multimethod longitudinal study, we assessed unidimensional narcissism levels as well as two main narcissistic strategies: Admiration and rivalry. We measured 209 participants' affective contingencies (i.e., affective responses to satisfying and frustrating experiences of power and affiliation) via self-reports (n = 207) and facial electromyography (fEMG, n = 201). In a 1-year follow-up, we observed participants' power- and affiliation-related behaviors in the laboratory (valid n = 123). Results indicated that narcissism was linked to increased affective reactivity to power, and this pattern was present for both admiration and rivalry. Narcissism was unrelated to affective reactivity to affiliation, with an important exception: Individuals with higher levels of narcissistic rivalry exhibited decreased reactivity toward satisfactions and increased reactivity toward frustrations of affiliation. Results were more robust for self-reported than for fEMG-indexed reactivity. Although overall narcissism and narcissistic admiration were related to power-related behaviors 1 year later, affective contingencies did not generally account for these links. These findings inform why narcissists have a relatively strong power motive and why some narcissists high in rivalry have a relatively weak affiliation motive. More broadly, these findings provide insight into the affective contingencies underlying personality traits and call for research on the contexts in which these contingencies guide behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The Relationship Between Body Morphology and Narcissism at Zero Acquaintance

Narcissistic people are exceedingly successful in conveying positive first impressions to their social surrounding, yet, they appear to be the driving force behind unfavorable long-term social and romantic relationships. Hence, a quick identification of narcissistic people may be of adaptive value for their social partners. Narcissism perception research, however, is lacking evidence on human body morphology. In this study, N = 110 raters evaluated natural 3D body scans of unacquainted N = 307 target participants (152 men and 155 women) regarding narcissistic admiration and rivalry. Based on the Brunswikian lens model, multiple regression models revealed that bodily attractiveness (β = .54, 95% CI = [0.41; 0.66]), BMI (β = .32, 95% CI = [0.13; 0.51]), shoulder-to-hip ratio (β = .33, 95% CI = [0.20; 0.47]) and physical strength (β = .23, 95% CI = [0.07; 0.39]) were utilized in judging narcissistic admiration and rivalry. Shoulder-hip ratio showed small relationships with self-reported narcissistic admiration (β = .21, 95% CI = [0.03; 0.38]) and rivalry (β = .23, 95% CI = [0.07; 0.39]) that were not robust across all analyses. Correlations between self-reported and judged narcissism showed a significant positive association for narcissistic admiration (r = .17, 95% CI = [0.06; 0.28]). Results indicate a perceptual bias when judging narcissism, as perceivers used body cues to draw inferences about target’s levels of narcissism that were not significantly related to self-reported narcissistic admiration and rivalry (and can thus be seen as invalid). However, perceivers were able to somewhat accurately judge target’s levels of narcissistic admiration and rivalry, based on body morphology alone. Thus, people’s bodies might disclose social information at zero acquaintance, but different stimuli material with more information on the targets may lead to more accurate judgments.

Globalization Is Associated With Lower Levels of National Narcissism: Evidence From 56 Countries

We present a largescale, preregistered examination of factors that explain why citizens of certain nations might show higher levels of national narcissism than others. National narcissism is the belief that one’s nation is exceptional yet undervalued. It is related to several social ills, including conspiracy beliefs, intergroup aggression, extremism, and rejection of science. We theorized that national narcissism would be related to the nature of relations between countries. We expected it to be associated with higher levels of external conflict and lower levels of globalization. Using multilevel modeling across 56 countries (n = 50,757), we found that citizens of less globalized nations showed higher average national narcissism. However, external conflict was unrelated to national narcissism. We also tested whether citizens’ national narcissism was higher in countries led by populists but found no evidence for this effect. At the individual level, higher individual narcissism, self-esteem, and right-wing political orientation positively predicted higher national narcissism.

Exploring the Posting of Nude Photographs on Reddit in Relation to Self-Esteem, Perceived Attractiveness, Narcissism, and Sensation Seeking

While many scholars have explored the sharing of nude photographs one-to-one (i.e., sexting), few have examined the sharing of nudity in a one-to-many context. The current study examined the sharing of nude photographs on Reddit, framing the practice as an act of disinhibited online behavior. A survey (n = 628) was conducted to assess whether Redditors levels of sensation seeking, self-esteem, perceived attractiveness, and narcissism would be related to whether or not they posted nude photographs on the site. Results indicated that posting nudity on Reddit was significantly associated with higher perceived attractiveness and narcissism, but not sensation seeking or self-esteem. The role of gender and sexual orientation in the posting of nudity online was also assessed, and an overrepresentation of nude content produced by females and bisexual persons, as well as an underrepresentation of nude content produced by males and heterosexuals, was found. Findings are discussed in relation to self-concept, sexual health, and the online disinhibition effect.

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sosyal Medyada Benlik Sunumlarının Belirleyicisi Olarak Narsisizm

Human beings who present their self in accordance with the roles assigned to them in daily life and the expectations of the people around them; thanks to social media, it started to make self-presentations in a virtual environment. Narcissism is one of main motivations of self-presentation in social networks of people who aim to be visible and to appreciate themselves.
 The conceptual framework of the study is based on Erving Goffman's "theory of dramaturgy" and the concept of impression management. This study using the relational screening model; it was carried out on 408 participants who are studying at Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, and the participants were selected using simple random sampling technique. The responses of the participants to the questionnaire forms; Interpreted using statistical tests such as frequency analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal Wallis test, correlation analysis and regression analysis.
 According to the research results; 98.3% of the participants use social media. The most preferred social media tools by the university students participating in the study are Whatsapp, Youtube, Instagram, Twitter, Wiki, Pinterest, Podcast and Facebook, respectively. In the study; in choosing the self presentation tactics of the participants; It has been observed that gender, how many years they have been internet users, the time they spend on social media during the day, their purpose of using social media, the social media networks they use and their level of narcissism. Narcissism levels of individuals emerges as one of the most important factors affecting self-presentation.

Italian validation of the Guilt And Shame Proneness Scale: preliminary results

IntroductionBackground: Recently, a new instrument, the Guilt And Shame Proneness Scale has been developed and showed promising psychometric properties. However, the Italian version of the Instrument has not still been validated. In addition, despite the growing number of studies on the topic, the knowledge regarding the role played by guilt, shame and rivalry in the relationship between pathological narcissism facets and suicidal ideation.ObjectivesTo validate the Italian version of the Guilt And Shame Proneness Scale and to extend the knowledge regarding the relationships between guilt, shame, pathological narcissism and suicidality.MethodsWe administrated, to a sample of Italian adults, the Italian versions of the GASP, the Pathological Narcissism Inventory, the Beck Suicide Inventory and the Narcissism Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire.ResultsThe structural equation model testing the factorial structure of the Italian version of the GASP obtained a good fit. In addition, invariance among gender as well as other invariance tests were tested successfully. Finally, regression and mediation analyses showed that the subscale Shame Social withdraw mediate the relationship between Narcissism grandiosity and suicidal ideation. In contrast, rivalry and social withdraw in response to shame were no more predictive of suicidal ideation controlling for pathological narcissism levels.ConclusionsThe Italian version of the GASP appears promising to deepen the investigation of the pathological personality topic.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Dark personality traits and sociosexual dynamics in Australian men and women: Two direct replications of Borráz-León & Rantala (2021)

Direct replication is essential to establish generalisability of effects and identify false positive results. This research presents two direct replications of a study that explored dark personality traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) as predictors of self-perceived attractiveness, mate value and number of sexual partners (sociosexual dynamics), in Finnish university students (Borráz-León & Rantala, 2021). In the current study, 304 university students (48 men, 250 women; Sample 1) and 507 Australian adults (164 men, 339 women; Sample 2) completed questionnaires assessing the same dark traits and sociosexual dynamics. Results showed that higher levels of narcissism were associated with higher self-perceived attractiveness and mate value in both samples (directly replicating findings of the original research). Inconsistent with findings from the original study, psychopathy had a negative association with perceived mate value (in both samples), and dark traits were unrelated to number of sexual partners. There was little evidence that findings were moderated by sex with similar associations observed for men and women. Overall, the findings of this research provide evidence that narcissism and psychopathy can predict some sociosexual outcomes in Australian adults, and might be of interest to clinicians working in areas related to romantic and sexual issues.

Organizational behaviour model in management students: The Dark Triad traits

The paper touches upon the relationships between the psychological constitution of an individual and organizational behaviour of employees as a manifestation of the behavioural pattern shaped in the process of the university professional training. The research analyses the differences in the display of the Dark Triad (DT) traits in students of various specializations within the Economics and Management field. The research methods include the Short Dark Triad personality test by Jones and Paulhus, a comparative analysis of curricula and the content of discipline programmes, and the methods of descriptive statistics. The research results demonstrate that there is an association between the DT traits formed by the organizational behaviour model and the specialization, which confirms the hypothesis that there is a need for a differentiated approach to shaping the organizational behaviour model. The complete psychological DT profile indicator has the highest average “darkness” level for the Business Informatics (BI) students, and the lowest was found for the Financial Management (FM) students. Comparing the specializations by the proportion of students with “potentially harmful” DT traits and “extremely harmful general psychological profile” shows that among the FM students there are no persons with toxicity exceeding the psychometric norm. At the same time, the State and Municipal Administration specialization attracts persons with a higher narcissism level, and BI is attractive to students with an elevated level of Machiavellianism and psychopathy. The research has not revealed a statistically significant relationship between the manifestation of toxicity in management students of different specializations and the content of educational programmes for six semesters. The resulting conclusion about the presence of a relationship between toxic personality traits and the choice of the specialization by Russian students is consistent with the findings of studies in other countries. The authors believe that the management training programmes should include the disciplines that support the development of interpersonal communication skills and entrepreneurial thinking as key elements of the organizational behaviour model demanded by employers.

Early physiological indicators of narcissism and self-esteem in children.

A common belief is that narcissism is a manifestation of high self‐esteem. Here, we argue that self‐esteem and narcissism are fundamentally distinct and have unique early physiological indicators. We hypothesized that children predisposed to narcissism would show elevated, whereas children predisposed to high self‐esteem would show lowered, physiological arousal in social‐evaluative contexts. We tested this in a prospective study including 113 children, who were first assessed at age 4.5, a critical age when children begin evaluating themselves through others' eyes. At age 4.5, children sang a song in front of an audience while being videotaped. Children's physiological arousal (skin conductance, heart rate, and heart rate variability) was assessed while children anticipated, performed, and recovered from the singing task. At age 7.5, children's narcissism and self‐esteem levels were assessed. Consistent with our predictions, children predisposed to higher narcissism levels showed elevated skin conductance levels during anticipation. Their skin conductance levels further rose during performance (but less so than for other children) and failed to return to baseline during recovery. By contrast, children predisposed to higher self‐esteem levels showed lowered skin conductance levels throughout the procedure. The effects emerged for skin conductance but not heart rate or heart rate variability, suggesting that arousal was sympathetically driven. Effects were larger and more robust for self‐esteem than for narcissism. Together, these findings uncover distinct physiological indicators of narcissism and self‐esteem: Narcissism is predicted by indicators reflecting early social‐evaluative concerns, whereas self‐esteem is predicted by indicators reflecting an early sense of comfort in social‐evaluative contexts.

Situational and Trait Self-Handicapping among Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissist

Self-handicapping is an effective strategy for self-enhancement and self-protection in situations in which one’s self-image is evaluated. Previous studies have shown that grandiose narcissists use self-handicapping for self-enhancement, while research on vulnerable narcissists’ use of self-handicapping is still scarce. In this study, we examined trait, behavioural, and proclaimed self-handicapping among the two forms of narcissism. After questionnaire measures were collected, a total of 105 individuals participated in the experimental study, in which they were led to believe they would be doing a hard or an easy ability test. The results showed that grandiose narcissism was only related to trait self-handicapping in achievement situations, while vulnerable narcissism was related to self-handicapping in interpersonal and achievement situations. Experimental results showed that participants did not seize the opportunity for behavioural or proclaimed self-handicapping. Moreover, the use of these strategies was not related to vulnerable or grandiose narcissism. The results are here discussed in the context of self-image maintenance dynamics of individuals with different levels of vulnerable and grandiose narcissism as well as methodological aspects of the study, and the validity of the concept of self-handicapping

Psychosocial Correlates of Reactive and Proactive Aggression among Protesters during the Social Movement in Hong Kong.

This pioneering study examined how psychosocial factors predicted reactive and proactive aggression among adolescents and young adults in Hong Kong during the Anti-Extradition Bill Movement. A total of 1027 local secondary and tertiary students (578 male, 449 female) aged from 12 to 25 years (M = 16.95, SD = 3.30) completed a questionnaire measuring political participation and attitudes, victimization experiences, aggression, life satisfaction, moral disengagement, and psychopathic traits. ANCOVA and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. The results revealed that compared with non-protesters, protestors had more negative traits and poorer well-being (higher levels of reactive aggression, moral disengagement, narcissism, and impulsivity; lower life satisfaction; more experiences of victimization by strangers related to political disputes). Nonetheless, protesters had similar psychosocial correlates of reactive and proactive aggression when compared to the non-protesters. Among the protesters, reactive aggression was positively predicted by anger towards the government, moral justification, diffusion of responsibility, impulsivity, and narcissism and negatively predicted by satisfaction with the government, advantageous comparison, and dehumanization. Furthermore, proactive aggression was positively predicted by narcissism, euphemistic language, and advantageous comparison and negatively predicted by moral justification. The implications of the findings for psychotherapy, school education, parenting, and social policies are discussed.

Rethinking Narcissism in Sports: Advantageous or Detrimental to a Team’s Success?

Drawing on literature from personality and social psychology, the role of narcissism continues to be one of the most controversial constructs in sport. Reviewing a broad array of empirical research, this paper aimed at unravelling the effects of narcissism in various sporting elements: the players, the coaches, and the fans. Exploring both the benefits and drawbacks of narcissism, research reveals that narcissism can be valued as either advantageous or detrimental, depending on the component of the game. Reflecting upon the players aspect, narcissistic athletes might be best suited for individual sports as they provide the greatest opportunity for self-enhancement. Simultaneously, while narcissistic players often create major problems for a team, teams must not steer clear of all narcissistic athletes as they seem to be the most dependable performers during “big” games. Shifting towards coaches, research finds that those who exhibit moderate levels of narcissism, maximize leadership effectiveness such as communicating goals successfully with others. Yet, while these ideal levels may contribute to team success, research continues to find that narcissistic coaches severely impact team well-being as they are unable to put the needs of the team above theirs. Finally, despite the aggressiveness expressed by highly identified fans, the benefits of collective narcissism certainly prevail as their powerful presence leads their team to more successful outcomes.

NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY AND FINANCIAL RISK TOLERANCE

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between an individual’s narcissistic personality and his/her financial risk tolerance in an emerging country sample. The sample consists of undergraduate university students who have been taking finance classes in their student life. The data is examined using mean differences and regression analyzes in this study. The main findings show that men tend to be more narcissistic and more risk-tolerant than women. The regression analysis result shows that narcissism and financial risk-taking have a statistically positive and significant relationship. In other words, the increase in the narcissism level of an individual leads him/her to be more risk-tolerant. This study has two main contributions to the literature; providing a framework for measuring the link between narcissism and financial risk tolerance and providing evidence about “narcissism bias” from an emerging country.