NaOH In Methanol Research Articles

Bromination and conversion of tetrahydro-1H-indene to bisoxirane with a new approach: synthesis, structural characterization by spectroscopic and theoretical methods, and biological analysis supported by DFT and docking.

In this study, a new method for synthesizing diepoxides is proposed. Tetrahydroindene 1 was brominated with NBS in the presence of LiClO4 and acetic acid, resulting in the formation of dibromodiacetate derivatives 2 and 3. Treatment of compounds 2 and 3 with NaOH in methanol produced a mixture of diepoxides 4 and 5. Additionally, direct bromination of tetrahydro-1H-indene yielded tetrabromo octahydroindene isomers 6 and 7. The structures of the compounds were characterized using spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, APT, COSY, and XRD. The new method provides an easy and selective route to access epoxides for the synthesis of various chemicals. This study also highlights the selective formation of endo-exo and exo-exo orientations of the obtained diepoxides, distinguishing it from previous studies. The stability and properties of the stereoisomers were investigated using computational methods, revealing the most stable configurations. Reactive sites in the molecules were identified using contour diagrams and molecular electrostatic potential maps. The anticancer properties of the compounds were evaluated in silico, comparing them to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) against several cancer cell lines. The compounds exhibited the most effective anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells, with the order of anticancer activities generally determined as 2 > 7 > 3 > 6 > 5 > 4 > 5-FU.

New LC-MS Method Development and Validation for Quantitative Estimation of 2-Acetoxy Ethyl Acetoxy Methyl Ether in Acyclovir

The objective of the proposed method is to develop and validate a specific, precise and accurate LC-MS method for the determination of 2-acetoxy ethyl acetoxy methyl ether (AEM) in Acyclovir. An isocratic separation was done by using YMC-PACK PRO C18, (150 x 4.6 mm, 3µm) column with a mobile phase composition of Buffer (0.1% Ammonia in water) : Methanol(25 :75v/v)at a flow rate of 0.4mL/min, diluent solution of 0.2% of 0.1N NaOH in Methanol were monitored on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) Acquisition mode and possitive polarity mode. The Retention time of AEM was found to be 5.344 minutes, LOD and LOQ were observed at 0.03 ppm and 0.11 ppm concentration respectively by signal to noise ratio method, linearity was found in the concentration range of 0.18-0.55 ppm with correlation coefficient of 0.996 and accuracy in the range of 97.7- 101% was obtained by performing percentage recovery studies. The % RSD was observed to be less than 10% for six replicates said to be precise. The proposed method was validated for accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and linearity successfully employed for quantitative determination of AEM in acyclovir.

Fundamental Insights in Alcoholic Ammoniacal Systems for Selective Solvometallurgical Extraction of Cu, Zn, and Pb from Tailings

This study investigates the use of novel alcoholic ammoniacal systems for the extraction of Cu, Zn, and Pb from Fe-rich residue materials as an alternative technology to traditional aqueous ammoniacal extraction. To this purpose, methanol- and ethanol-based ammoniacal solutions were prepared with several ammonium salts (ammonium chloride, -acetate, -carbonate, and -sulfate) and tested for their metal extraction potential (i.e., metal solubility and selectivity) in synthetic systems with metal sulfate salts of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Fe. The obtained metal solubility results were interpreted by modeling the conditions of the different alcoholic ammoniacal systems (NH3 concentration, pH), and used to select the most promising extraction systems. Furthermore, the initial alkalinity of these selected ammoniacal systems was adapted with stoichiometric NaOH additions, which proved to be a determining factor for the NH3 concentration and the pH and, thus, also for the metal solubility and selectivity. Finally, in a case study on the extraction of Cu, Zn, and Pb from a roasted sulfidic tailing, the ammonium acetate NaOH methanol solution and the ammonium chloride methanol solution showed promising metal extraction efficiencies for Zn (> 40%) and Cu (> 27%), while a very low Fe concentration in the extraction solution was assured (< 0.3 mM). These results warrant further research to reveal the full potential of non-aqueous ammoniacal metal extraction.Graphical Abstract

Oxidation protective coating of Y2O3-Na2SixO2x+1 composite on graphite crucible for high temperature applications

Oxidation and corrosion protective coatings on graphite are essential for its high temperature applications. In the present work, oxidation protective coating on graphite was achieved with a combination of Y2O3 and SiO2 suspension with NaOH in methanol. Study showed that the optimized composition of the desired coating was Y2O3–15 wt% SiO2 (i.e., 2 g mixture of Y2O3 and SiO2 powder containing 0.3 g of SiO2 which is 15% of the total powder content if expressed in weight) with 5 M NaOH in 10 mL methanol. This protective coating on graphite was stable up to 1473 K for 30 min in Ar ambient before visible cracks appeared. The compositions of SiO2: NaOH were varied (5 mmol:5 M, 10 mmol:5 M and 5 mmol:10 M) to examine the roles of these two components in the overall adhesiveness of the coating. SiO2 and NaOH acted as inorganic binders and formed in-situ intermediate layers during sintering which held Y2O3 layer with the graphite surface. The coated graphite blocks and crucibles were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The oxidation protective nature of the coating was tested by heating the coated crucible at 1273 K for 1-15 h in air atmosphere. The effective adhesion of oxidative coating on graphite was explained.

AUTHENTICATION OF SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS (RATTUS NORVEGICUS) FAT WITH GC-MS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY) COMBINED WITH CHEMOMETRICS

Objective: Misuse of rat meat as food worried people. Rat meat can come from research waste; one of the rats used in the research was the Sprague Dawley. Analysis of rat meat in food can be done using fat. The aim of this study was to authenticate rat fat with GC-MS combined with chemometrics.&#x0D; Methods: The meat of Sprague Dawley rats, wild boar, goats, cow, and processed meatballs was put in the oven at 90-100 °C for±one hour, then derivatized with BF3 and NaOH in methanol to get the methyl ester for injected in GC-MS instrument. The results obtained were in the form of chromatograms and spectrograms. The data was processed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to grouping rat's meat with others (wild boars, goats, cows, and processed meatballs).&#x0D; Results: Rat meat fatty acid analysis results with GC-MS were obtained oleate (43.32±1.43)%, linolenate (32.24±1.46)%, palmitate (19.75±0.09)%, palmitoleate (1.14±0.06)%, stearate (0.26±0.01)%, myristate(0.18±0.01)%, margarate (0.15±0.02)%, and pentadecanoate (0.14±0.01)%. The PCA chemometrics results showed that rat meats had scores that close to cows, which meant they had similar fatty acid composition.&#x0D; Conclusion: The GC-MS method, combined with PCA chemometrics, tested rat fat with other animals and processed meatballs samples on the market.

Fatty Acid Analysis of Marine Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris in Modified Medium Used GC-FID

Microalgae oil can replace the role of fish and other vegetable oils. One of them is lipid in microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. This study aims to determine the composition of fatty acids in marine microalgae Chlorella vulgaris grown in fertilizer medium. Cultivation was carried out at room temperature, photoperiode 12:12 (dark: light); light intensity 10.000 lux and aerated for 24 hour. The optimum medium used was medium GMF fertilizer with concentration 10% (w/v). Lipid extraction used Blight-Dryer method with methanol, chloroform and aquadest as solvent. The lipid obtained was esterified by NaOH in methanol and H2SO4 as a catalyst for 12 hours and analyzed used GC-FID with capric acid as a standard. The analysis result shows that was 18 fatty acid methyl ester compounds. The highest known fatty acid methyl esters compositions was 61.52% methyl stearate; 15.52% methyl palmitate; 4,69% methyl eicosanoate and 3.34% methyl heptadecanoate from total fatty acids. The unsaturated fatty acids identified were 0.17%. EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) also 0.23% omega 3 and omega 6. Microalgae grown in a fertilizer medium produce quite high lipids. Although the levels of unsaturated fatty acids are still low, it does not rule out the possibility of being increased.

Facile preparation of biocompatible macroporous chitosan hydrogel by hydrothermal reaction of a mixture of chitosan-succinic acid-urea.

The facile preparation of macroporous, super water absorbing, biocompatible hydrogels of chitosan involving the hydrothermal reaction of a mixture of chitosan (CH), succinic acid (SA) and urea (UR), all of which are sustainable materials, is reported. The structure of the dry CHSAUR was ascertained by CP MAS-SS NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder x-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The principle role of UR in the synthesis was identified as the source of ammonia, which increased the pH of the acidic chitosan solution with reaction time, leading to the formation of the insoluble hydrogel of chitosan accompanied by the formation of pores of different sizes and volumes. In addition, a small fraction of urea participated in chemical reaction with the primary hydroxyl groups in the sixth position of the glucosamine repeat units of chitosan resulting in carbamate linkages. The as-prepared hydrogel, following workup and methanol extraction, was found to be chitosan crosslinked with succinic acid through electrostatic interaction. It was macroporous with percentage porosity varying between 49.4% to 64.2%. It also exhibited different extents of water uptake with the maximum of 760 ± 20 g/g being for the one prepared with the weight ratio of 1: 4: 4 of chitosan: succinic acid: urea. The absorption of water is found to arise out of the porosity as well as presence of water attracting chitosan ammonium cation-succinate electrovalent bonds that are formed by the reaction between SA and ammonium cation of the chitosan backbone. The absorption of saline water was relatively poor suggesting that the saline water absorption might be arising largely due to the presence of micropores and specific interaction. The hydrogels exhibited Herschel-Bulkley rheological behavior. The extraction of CHSAUR with 0.1 N NaOH in methanol resulted in the removal of the physical crosslinks, consisting of succinate anions; the presence of chitosan with porous morphology was confirmed additionally by copper (+2) adsorption. In contrast to the widely reported method of preparing microporous chitosan scaffold of cylindrical shape that takes several days to a week, the present method offers a simple means of preparing macroporous chitosan of any shape and size in very large scale with soft foam-like morphology. With its biocompatibility towards mouse fibroblast cells it could find applications in drug delivery, biodegradable super water absorbency and haemostatic applications.

Extraction And Characterization Of Policosanol From Wheat Germ

Policosanol is a mixture of long chain alcohols, with chain lengths varying between 20 to 36 carbon atoms that has been proven to be effective in lowering cholesterol levels in the body. The objective of this research is extraction the policosanol from wheat germ and characterization of the alcohol. The dried milled wheat germ was hydrolyzed by refluxing with 1.0 N methanolic NaOH at 80 °c for 45 minutes. The product hydrolyzed are consists of long chain alcohol (policosanol) and free fatty acid. The purification of hydrolyzed products was performed by extraction with dichloromethane twice follow by pH adjustment to 7 using 6 N hydrochloric acid thereby the purity of policosanol was confirmed by TLC. The aliphatic long chain alcohols composition in policosanol were establish in 18-34 carbon atoms analyzed by gas chromatographic technique (GC). Wheat germ can be a viable policosanol source for health benefits product development or food supplements.Â

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of New Dithiocarbamate Ligand and Its Complexes with some Metal Ions

New bidentate dithiocarbamate ligand (NaL) namely [Sodium-2-(((3-methyl -4- “(2,2,2-tri fluoro ethoxy) pyridin-2”-yl) methyl) sulfinyl)-1H-benzoimidazole -1-carbodithioate] was prepared. This free ligand was synthesized from the reaction of a (RS)-2-([3-methyl -4-(2,2,2-tri fluoroethoxy) pyridin-2-yl] methyl sulfinyl)-1H benzoimidazole, CS2 and NaOH in methanol as solvent. From reaction of dithiocarbamate salt (NaL) with metal ions (M); Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pd(II)”, have obtained the DTC complexes at general molecular formula [M(L)2(H2O)2] and [Pd(L)2]. To characterize the ligand and its complexes, used different analyses methods such FTIR, UV-Vis, elemental microanalysis, atomic absoreption, magnetic susceptibility, conductance, melting points, 1H- 13C- NMR spectroscopy, thermal analysis and mass spectrum. These studies indicated the formation of DTC complexes which their geometries about metal centers are octahedral; except Pd-complex is square planer. The bacterial activity evaluation against investigated bacterial species indicated that the metal complexes are more active than the free ligand when compared them.

Synthesis of novel fluorinated chalcones derived from 4′-morpholinoacetophenone and their antiproliferative effects

The fluorinated chalcones were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation between 4′-morpholineacetophenone and various fluorinated benzaldehydes in the presence of NaOH in methanol. The synthesized compounds [1–7] were evaluated their antiproliferative activity against HeLa and C6 cell lines. Among them, compounds 4 and 5 were determined to have anticancer activity against HeLa cells line (IC50 values of 7.74 and 6.10 μg/mL, respectively). The anticancer activity results were shown that compounds 3, and 6 had inhibitory against C6 cells (IC50 values of 12.80 and 4.16 μg/mL, respectively). The compounds 1 and 2 had high antiproliferative activity with non-cytotoxicity. All of the new compounds, except for compound 4 showed inhibition against the human isozyme hCA I with IC50 in the range of 0.5–1,16 mM. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) was effectively inhibited by compound 4 with IC50 = 26 μM.

ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Dihydropyrido[1,2‐a]indoles from Nitrones and Allenoates.

AbstractTrans‐isomer‐enriched mixtures can be epimerized to the thermodynamically favoured cis‐isomer‐enriched mixtures (up to 19:1 cis/trans, slight increase in ee) by stirring in methanolic NaOH (25°C, 1 h).

Concurrent extraction and transformation of bioactive phenolic compounds from rapeseed meal using pressurized solvent extraction system

Sinapoylcholine (sinapine), rich in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) meal, can be hydrolyzed into sinapic acid and further transformed into canolol under proper circumstance. These sinapic derivatives are excellent bioactive compounds. This work thus reported a novel approach by means of pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) that enables a simultaneous efficient extraction and transformation of sinapine into canolol. With the total phenolic yield and DPPH scavenging activity of the extract as indexes of extraction efficiency, operation time/temperature and solvent property/dosage were found to have profound effects. The transformation of sinapine to canolol was largely governed by the operational temperature and NaOH concentration in solvent. The best extraction efficiency (92.53 and 66.68mg sinapic acid equivalent/g rapeseed meal in terms of total phenolic yield and DPPH scavenging activity) was achieved with 60% methanol, 200°C, and residence time 20min, which was of>300% of the Soxhlet extraction (100°C for 12h). The maximal yield of canolol (7.23mg/g rapeseed meal) was obtained with 100% methanol, 200°C, and 5min with addition of 1% NaOH in methanol (w/v). This study demonstrates that PSE could be an effective approach that enables both extraction and transformation of phenolic compounds in rapeseed meal; which might find general application in extraction and transformation of natural bioactive compounds from agricultural residues.

Weight reduction of polyester fabric using sodium hydroxide solutions with additives cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and [BMIM]Cl

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibre is largely used in the textile apparel industry. Treatment of PET fibres by sodium hydroxide solution is a well-known process giving smooth surface with decrease in the fibre diameter. Hydrolytic scission of ester linkages of the polyester chains on the fibre surface takes place. Appropriate effects are achieved through monitoring of alkali concentration, time and temperature of the process without any significant deterioration of important fibre characteristics. Addition of various chemicals enhances the hydrolytic action of alkali. PET fabric was treated with aqueous as well as methanolic solutions of sodium hydroxide in the presence of additives namely, a quaternary ammonium compound, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and an ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl). The process parameters were optimized for desired level of treatment and the effect evaluated in terms of reduction in fabric weight and SEM images of the samples. Weak methanolic NaOH showed greater effect than aqueous NaOH solution. Also, the addition of [BMIM]Cl enhanced the effect better than CTAB. Results of ANOVA analysis showed that temperature played very significant role and time was of less significance for treatment using [BMIM]Cl. Both the parameters were insignificant for the conventional and CTAB treatments. Thus, the use of novel eco-friendly additive [BMIM]Cl can cause conservation in terms of time and temperature in this commercially important process.

Water droplet spreading and imbibition on superhydrophilic poly(butylene terephthalate) melt-blown fiber mats

Water droplet spreading and imbibition on alkaline hydrolyzed melt-blown poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) fiber mats is studied with both experiments and numerical simulations to elucidate the influence of surface hydrolysis. Melt-blown PBT fiber mats were exposed to a NaOH–methanol solution for controlled periods of time, resulting in surface hydrolysis of the fiber mats and the transformation of their surface wetting properties from hydrophobic to superhydrophilic. Visualization experiments reveal the influence of the hydrolysis time on the rate of droplet absorption by superhydrophilic hydrolyzed PBT fiber mats, and are used to characterize droplet spreading and imbibition. A mathematical model was employed to understand the observed spreading and imbibition behavior and the lower effective permeability seen for long hydrolysis times.

Synthetic studies towards 1α-hydroxysolasodine from diosgenin and the unexpected tetrahydrofuran ring opening in the Birch reduction process

The synthesis of 1α-hydroxysolasodine from diosgenin was attempted. The Pd/C catalyst mediated dehydrogenation of diosgenin generated the 1,4,6-trien-3-one (3), which was reacted with Ac2O in pyridine in the presence of a catalytic amount of POCl3 followed by hydrolysis to give the 22-hydroxyfurostan (4) in 65% yield. Conversion of the primary 26-OH group into the azide and simultaneously 22-OH dehydration were achieved in one step by Mitsunobu reaction. Treatment of the (25R)-26-azidofurosta-1,4,6,20(22)-tetraen-3-one (5) with chlorotrimethylsilane (TMSCl)/NaI/MeCN and cyclisation in situ provided the (22R,25R)-spirosola-1,4,6-trien-3-one (6) in good yield. Stereoselective and regioselective epoxidation of trienone (6) with 30% H2O2 and 5% NaOH in methanol gave the 1α,2α-epoxy-(22R,25R)-spirosola-4,6-dien-3-one (7). Birch reduction of the epoxide (7) with Li/NH3 in THF followed by the treatment with NH4Cl, however, failed to generate the expected 1α-hydroxysolasodine, but provided a tetrahydrofuran ring opening product, (22S,25R)-1α,16β-dihydroxy-22,26-epiminocholest-4-en-3-one (8). Compounds 3 and 5–8 as well as solasodine were evaluated for their cell growth inhibitory activities against human prostate cancer PC3, human cervical carcinoma Hela, and human hepatoma HepG2 cells. At the concentration of 10μM, only epoxide 7 displayed moderate inhibitory rates towards these cells (40–54%).

Biomonitoring method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in hair by online in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed from the incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of organic matter during industrial processing and various human activities, but human exposure to PAHs has not yet been elucidated in detail. To assess long-term exposure to PAHs, we developed a simple and sensitive method for measuring PAHs in hair by online in-tube solid-phase microextraction using a CP-Sil 19CB capillary column as an extraction device, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography using a Zorbax Eclipse PAH column and fluorescence detection. Seventeen PAHs could be analyzed simultaneously, with good linearity from 20 to 1000pg/mL each as determined using stable isotope-labeled PAH internal standards. The detection limits of PAHs were 0.5-20.4pg/mL. PAHs in human hair samples were extracted by ultrasonication in 50mM NaOH in methanol, and successfully analyzed without any interference peaks, with good recovery rates above 70% in spiked hair samples. Using this method, we evaluated the suitability of using hair PAHs as biomarkers for long-term exposure.

Thermal and spectral properties of alkali metal complexes of vitamin K3 analogue phthiocol

Hydroxynaphthoquinones, alkali, and alkali metal salts were used to synthesize several biologically important molecules. As hydroxynaphthoquinones act also as potential ligands, it is possible that alkali metal complexes may be formed as intermediates in such reactions. To ensure this, the reactions of 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (phthiocol, a vitamin K3 analogue) with sodium metal, alkali such as NaOH and KOH, and alkali metal salts such as CH3COONa, Na2CO3 and K2CO3 were studied in the present investigation. The products were characterized by various analytical techniques, namely elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV–Vis, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, GC–MS, and DSC studies. 100 % reduction of the ligand was observed in Phth-1 with sodium metal as reducing agent. The solution of CH3COONa, NaOH, KOH, and K2CO3 in methanol facilitates the reduction of phthiocol ligand. The reduction of the ligands may be probably due to disproportionate reaction of the ‘catechol’ form and the fully oxidized naphthoquinone form of the ligand. The radical signatures of the ligands in complexes were detected by EPR studies and also by carbonyl frequencies in FT-IR spectra. Non-isothermal TG studies confirm the presence of adsorbed and coordinated water molecules. Residue formed after complete decomposition was observed to be 1/2 Na2O in Phth-1 to Phth-3, K2O in Phth-4, and 1/2 K2O in Phth-5. Based on GC–MS and TG studies, three decomposition mechanisms are being proposed for all complexes.

Selective, high efficiency reduction of CO2 in a non-diaphragm-based electrochemical system at low applied voltage

Electrochemical CO2 reduction in a diaphragm-less cell selectively afforded CH4 and H2 in methanolic NaOH and KOH electrolytes, respectively.

(S) 2-phenyl-2-(p-tolylsulfonylamino)acetic acid. Structure, acidity and its alkali carboxylates

The structure and the preferred conformers of (S) 2-phenyl-2-(p-tolylsulfonylamino)acetic acid (1) are reported. Compound 1 is a derivative of the unnatural aminoacid the (S) phenyl glycine. The X-ray diffraction analyses of the complexes of 1 with water, methanol, pyridine and its own anion are discussed. In order to add information about the acidity of the COOH and NH protons in compound 1, its pKa in DMSO and those of N-benzyl-p-tolylsulfonamide and (S) N-methylbenzyl-p-tolylsulfonamide were determined by cyclic voltammetry. Data improved the scarce information about pKa in DMSO values of sulfonamides.The products of the reactions of compound 1 with one and two equivalents of LiOH, NaOH and KOH in methanol were analyzed. Crystals of the lithium (2) and sodium (3) carboxylates and the dipotassium sulfonylamide acetate (7) were obtained, they are coordination polymers. In compound 2, the lithium is bound to four oxygen atoms with short bond lengths. The coordination of the lithium atom to two carboxylates gives an infinite ribbon by formation of fused six membered rings. In the crystal of compound 3, two pentacoordinated sodium atoms are bridged by three oxygen atoms, one from a water molecule and two from DMSO. The short distance between the sodium atoms (3.123Å), implies a metal–metal interaction. The sodium couples are linked by two carboxylate groups, forming a planar ribbon of fused twelve membered rings. A notable discovery was a water molecule quenched in the middle of the ring, with a tetra coordinated oxygen atom in a square planar geometry. In compound 7, the carboxylate and the amide are bound to heptacoordinated potassium atoms. The 2D polymer of 7 has a sandwich structure, with the carboxylate and potassium atoms in the inner layer covered by the aromatic rings.

Solvent effect on HZSM-5 catalyzed solvolytic depolymerization of industrial waste lignin to phenols: superiority of the water–methanol system over methanol

Kraft lignin from industrial black liquor was subjected to one-pot solvolytic depolymerization and hydrodeoxygenation over zeolite HZSM-5 as catalyst and NaOH as co-catalyst at 220 °C. The effect of methanol and a water–methanol (1:1) mixture as solvent on the lignin depolymerization products was studied. The products were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and numerical indices based on IR spectra of the product mixture were defined to study the functional group transformations occurring in the reaction. Compared to NaOH in pure methanol, NaOH in water–methanol was found to be efficient in suppressing char formation and enhancing product quality and quantity. Alkyl substituted phenols were found to be the major product (14.1 wt%). Other than phenols, formation of long chain aliphatic compounds was also observed.