NaOH Catalyst Research Articles

First Order Kinetics of Biodiesel Synthesis Using Used Frying Oil through Transesterification Reaction

This research aims to study the first-order kinetics of biodiesel production from used frying oil (UFO) through transesterification with methanol. Used frying oil was collected from fried peddlers around the campus of the University of Lampung. Technical grade methanol and NaOH catalyst were purchased from a local chemical supplier. The experiment was carried out with 100 ml of UFO at various combinations of oil to methanol molar ratio (1:4, 1:5, and 1:6), reaction temperatures(30 to 55oC, the ramping temperature of 5o C), and reaction time of 0.25 to 10 minutes. First-order kinetic was employed using 126 data pairs (87.5%). The acquired kinetic model was validated using 18 data sets (12.5%) observed at a reaction time of eight min. Results show that biodiesel yield was increased with reaction time, its molar ratio, and temperature. The maximum return of 78.44% was achieved at 55oC and molar ratio of 1:6. The kinetic analysis obtains the reaction rate constant (k) in the range of 0.045 to 0.130. The value of k increases with the reaction temperature and molar ratio. The analysis also reveals the average activation energy (Ea) of the UFO transesterification reaction with methanol and NaOH catalyst to be 21.59 kJ/mol. First-order kinetic is suitable to predict biodiesel yield from UFO because of low %RMSE (3.39%) and high R2 (0.8454

Synthesis of 4-(5-Bromo-4-Hydroxyphenyl-3-Methoxy)-2-Butanone and the Activity Test as Fruit Flies Attractant

Synthesis of 4-(5-bromo-4-hydroxyphenyl-3-methoxy)-2-butanone and its potential test as fruit flies attractant has been done. All of products were analyzed by FT-IR GC-MS, and 1H-NMR. Synthesis of 4-(5-bromo-4-hydroxyphenyl-3-methoxy)-2-butanone was carried out in three steps reaction. First, the bromination of vanillin was performed using KBrO3 and HBr in acidic condition. Second, aldol condensation of 5-bromovanillin with acetone using base catalyst NaOH 20%. Third, 4-(5-bromo-4-hydroxyphenyl-3-methoxy)-2-butanone was synthesized by reacting the reduction reaction of condensation aldol products with NaBH4 and NiCl2.6H2O in methanol solvent in mild condition. Based on FT-IR, GC-MS and 1H-NMR analyses, the synthesis of 4-(5-bromo-4-hydroxyphenyl-3-methoxy)-2-butanone has been successfully by selective hydrogenation reaction with 68% yield. Testing the result as attractant of fruit fly indicated that synthesized compound can be used as attractant.

Preparation of CoB catalysts supported on raw and Na-exchanged bentonite clays and their application in hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of NaBH4

The aim of this work is to prepare CoB catalysts supported on raw bentonite (CoB/bentonite) and Na-exchanged bentonite (CoB/Na-bentonite) by the impregnation and chemical reduction method. The prepared catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The activities of the catalysts were tested in the hydrolysis reaction of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in a semi-batch system. The volume of the evolved hydrogen gas was determined by a water displacement method. The effects of catalyst amount, NaOH (a base stabilizer) concentration, NaBH4 concentration and solution temperature on the hydrogen generation rate were investigated. The maximum hydrogen generation rates were determined as 921.94 mL/min.gcat for CoB/bentonite and 1601.45 mL/min.gcat for CoB/Na-bentonite when the 5 wt % NaBH4 and 10 wt % NaOH solutions were used at 50 °C. The activation energies (Ea) of the hydrolysis reaction over CoB/bentonite and CoB/Na-bentonite were determined as 55.76 and 56.61 kJ/mol, respectively.

The optimization of oil extraction from macroalgae, Rhizoclonium sp. by chemical methods for efficient conversion into biodiesel

Optimization of biodiesel production from freshwater macroalgae, Rhizoclonium sp. was investigated in this study. Biodiesel production process parameters such as chemical solvent extraction, hexane:ether and different extraction techniques were optimized by using the response surface methodology based on the central composite design. Optimization of the transesterification process was conducted by varying two factors each at three different levels and this required a total of thirteen runs. A quadratic model was created to predict the biodiesel yield where the R2 value was found to be 0.97, which indicates the satisfactory accuracy of the model. Based on the results, the optimum process parameters for transesterification of the macroalgae Rhizoclonium sp. oil mixture at an agitation speed of 300 rpm over a period of 180 min was found to be a hexane:ether molar ratio 1:1(40 mL), NaOH catalyst concentration of 1 wt% and reaction temperature of 45 °C. Finally, a process optimization found highest macroalgae oil by simple treatment was 0.376 ± 0.14 g and ultrasonic treatment was 6.044 ± 0.81 g is the highest of biodiesel weight. For transesterification reaction from macroalgae oil, a triglyceride was mixed with 0.25 g methanol converted to biodiesel into methyl esters. The biodiesel weight 0.174 ± 0.034 g and 82.2% of the total fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were confirmed from gas chromatography (GC) analysis. The biodiesel properties were characterized and the results obtained. Design-Expert Version 11 was used to draw both 3D surface plots and 2D contour plots to predict the optimum biodiesel yield.

Cross-polymerization between the model furans and phenolics in bio-oil with acid or alkaline catalysts

Polymerization is a major challenge for the upgrading of bio-oil to biofuels, but is preferable for the production of carbon material from bio-oil. Understanding the mechanism for polymerization is of importance for tailoring property of carbon material. This study investigated the characteristics for the polymerisation of furfural, vanillin, their cross-polymerization and the impacts of catalysts on their polymerization. The results indicated that the organic acids like acetic acid and formic acid could catalyze the polymerisation of furfural, while H2SO4 or NaOH as catalyst could drastically enhance the degree of polymerization of furfural. Vanillin showed a higher tendency towards polymerization than furfural and H2SO4 or NaOH significantly facilitated the polymerization of vanillin via shifting the pasty product to solid polymer. The cross-polymerization between furfural and vanillin occurred even in the absence of catalyst, while the presence of H2SO4 or NaOH catalyst resulted in the formation of more solid polymer via cross-polymerization. The polymerisation reactions were accompanied with the consumption of –C=O via aldol addition/condensation reactions. In addition, the morphology and thermal stability of the polymers formed were affected by both the type of the catalysts employed, which can in turn enhance the cross-polymerization between furfural and vanillin.

The Analysis of The Use Calcium Oxide (Anadara Granosa) and Sodium Hydroxide Catalyst Reviewed on Yield of Biodiesel

The energy crisis in Indonesia is caused by an increase in the need for fuel oil which has increased in the replacement of fossil energy reserves. It’s the time to dependency of the petroleum by developing an alternative energy sources that can be renewable. One of the way to overcome this matter is developing the fuel production such as biodiesel which is made by waste cooking oil. The level of FFA is contained the waste cooking oil is used below 5%, namely 1.945% so that the transesterification process can be directly carried out. This research was conducted to determine the effect and the type of catalysts concentration (NaOH and CaO), ((0.5-2.5%) with 3000 ml of waste cooking oil) on the quality of biodiesel. The results of the study shows the effect and the type of catalysts concentration is affected of the quality of biodiesel is produced. The optimum point is using of NaOH catalyst with the amount of catalyst 1% w/w waste cooking oil is yield 84.65%, density 0.8540 gr/ml, viscosity 5.65 cSt, acid number 0.447 mgKOH/gr, water content 0.048%, point flame 167°C, and calorific value 9757.7096 cal/gr, these values have fulfilled the biodiesel quality standards in accordance with SNI-04-7182-2015. while the optimum point is used of CaO catalyst and the amount of catalyst is 2.5% w/w waste cooking oil is yield 58.57%, density 0.8740 gr / ml, viscosity 5.66 cSt, acid number 0.447 mgKOH / gr, water content 0.040 %, flash point 179.6°C, and heating value 9543.5214 cal/gr.

Biodiesel fuel from waste cooking oil using zeolite catalyst

The waste of household cooking oil is thrown away so that it causes environmental problems. Therefore, this problem must be responded to immediately, for example by processing household waste cooking oil into environmentally friendly biodiesel as an alternative method to address this problem. This household cooking oil waste treatment aims at reducing environmental problems, furthermore to discover a way for the waste of household cooking oil to be processed as an alternative fuel to replace diesel, which is biodiesel as a renewable energy source. This study aims to make biodiesel from household waste cooking oil to eliminate or reduce levels of free fatty acids (ALB) contained in used cooking oil catalyst, namely Zeolite Bayah catalyst, while the temperature and reaction time is a fixed variable esterification reaction. The results of this study indicate that the processing of used cooking oil using Zeolite Bayah catalyst can reduce the free fatty acid content contained in used cooking oil, and the physical characteristics of biodiesel generally meets the SNI-04-7182-2012 standard. So that it can be seen that the Zeolite Bayah catalyst influenced the process of reducing free fatty acids in used cooking oil, it can be concluded that some of the parameters are already included in the national standard 04-7182-2012, and it can be seen that the Zeolite Bayah catalyst density parameters obtained the results of 871, the density of NaOH catalysts obtained 862, while from the national standard 04-7182-2012, it was set at 850-890. Both of these results have met the standard for the quality of making biodiesel.

Sintesis 2’-Hidroksi-5’-Kloro-3,5-Dimetoksi-4-Hidroksikalkon

Chalcone are compounds that have 2 aromatic rings connected by 3 carbon atoms which are an ?, ? unsaturated carbonyl system that have various biological activities. 2'-hydroxy-5'-chloro-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxicalcone was synthesized from 2'-hydroxy-5'-chloro acetophenone and syringaldehyde using a NaOH catalyst. This compound was purified using Column Chromatography by isocratic method using n-hexane:ethyl acetate (15:1) as eluent. This compound has a Rf 0.75 and 2.7% of yield.

Waste processing technology for biodiesel fuel cooking oil using zeolite bayah catalyst

The waste of household cooking oil is thrown away so that it causes environmental problems. Therefore, this problem must be responded to immediately, for example by processing household waste cooking oil into environmentally friendly biodiesel as an alternative method to address this problem. This study aims to make biodiesel from household waste cooking oil to eliminate or reduce levels of free fatty acids (ALB) contained in used cooking oil catalyst, namely Zeolite Bayah catalyst, while the temperature and reaction time is a fixed variable esterification reaction. The methods of this study are activated zeolite as a catalyst and mixed it with waste cooking oil. The results of this study indicate that the processing of used cooking oil using Zeolite Bayah catalyst can reduce the free fatty acid content contained in used cooking oil, and the physical characteristics of biodiesel generally meet the SNI-04-7182-2012 standard. So that it can be seen that the Zeolite Bayah catalyst influenced the process of reducing free fatty acids in used cooking oil, it can be concluded that some of the parameters are already included in the national standard 04-7182-2012, and it can be seen that the Zeolite Bayah catalyst density parameters obtained the results of 871, the density of NaOH catalysts obtained 862, while from the national standard 04-7182-2012, it was set at 850-890. Both of these results have met the standard for the quality of making biodiesel.

The Contribution Of Heterogeneous And Homogeneous Catalysts Towards Biodiesel Quality

Homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts are two types of catalysts used in the transesterification reaction process to produce biodiesel. Homogeneous catalysts that are commonly used are NaOH and KOH, while heterogeneous catalysts are CaO, super base CaO and Zeolite. This research was conducted to determine the contribution of catalysts NaOH, CaO, super base CaO, and zeolite to the quality of biodiesel produced from bulk palm oil, The reaction process is carried out in a Stirred Tank Flow Reactor equipped with a condenser. The results showed that the use of homogeneous catalysts could increase the acquisition of biodiesel but generally triggered high acid levels in the reaction products. Whereas heterogeneous catalysts can reduce biodiesel acid numbers, although the acquisition of biodiesel is lower than homogeneous catalysts.

Fabrication of amorphous Co–Cr–B and catalytic sodium borohydride hydrolysis for hydrogen generation

Abstract

ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN VARIASI KATALIS NaOH, NaCl, DAN KOH TERHADAP LAJU ALIRAN GAS HHO

Enhancement human need for energy, especially fossil energy that is used in everyday life as fuel in industry and fuel that is used for personal use. Increased consumption of fossil fuels is not offset by the availability of natural resources, therefore alternative energy is needed to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. One alternative energy that has been found is electrolysis of water to produce HHO gas. This study aims to determine the production rate and efficiency of the HHO gas generator using a variety of NaOH, NaCl and KOH catalysts where each catalyst uses a mass fraction percentage of 4.76%. From the results of the research that has been done the results of NaOH catalyst have a flow rate of 2.203 ml / s and are the best catalyst compared to 1.24 ml / s NaCl catalyst and 1.859 ml / s KOH catalyst. Then for efficiency, KOH catalyst was obtained as the best catalyst with an efficiency of 8.76% compared with NaCl of 8.18% and NaOH of 7.82%

Processing of Used Beveraged Waste for Production of Hydroge Gas with Electrolysis Process Using NaOH Catalyst

The production of hydrogen gas as an alternative fuel cell which is a renewable energy, is now in great demand by utilizing waste aluminum beverage cans and added water using NaOH catalyst by electrolysis process. The research method will be carried out by inserting 1 gram of aluminum pieces into a tube and 300 ml of distilled water followed by a NaOH catalyst. Both faucets are opened to release air during the filling process. The faucet is closed when the height of the solution in both tubes is the same. Then turn on the DC flow, then adjust the voltage according to the variable. The filling period is recorded until the specified reaction time. The results of the gas volume obtained are recorded, and the hydrogen obtained is determined by the flame test. From the research it can be concluded that the hydrogen gas produced from the reaction can be identified by means of a flame test. The characteristics of hydrogen gas appear in flames which tend to disappear in the air. At Al 5 gr Weight : 5 M NaOH concentration is the largest volume of hydrogen. The reaction time of 150 minutes will produce a lot of hydrogen gas. The largest volume of hydrogen gas lies at a voltage of 20 volts.

SINTESIS METIL ESTER DARI LIMBAH KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN SONOCHEMISTRY DAN CRACKING MENJADI BIOFUEL DENGAN KATALIS CrMo/HZ

This study aims to calculate the percentage methyl ester converted to biofuel through catalytic cracking reaction,analyzes component and determine characteristics using catalyst CrMo/HZ. This research begins with impregnation sample preparation which includes heating oil,degumming,bleaching and determination free fatty acid (FFA). Methyl ester obtained from liquid waste conversion crude palm oil through an esterification and transesterification reaction with H2SO4 and NaOH catalyst with sonochemistry methode is a method that utilizes ultrasonic waves origanating from a device is ultrasonic cleaner for one hour at temperature 60oC. The methyl ester obtained was cracked with a CrMo/HZ catalyst which was carried out for 2 hours at temperatur 380oC. To find out the components of compounds formed in methyl ester, an analysis was performed using GCMS then characteristics of biofuel are determined from the result of catalytic cracking obtained through acid number testing,density,viscosity,pour point and fog point. The result obtained from the conversion of methyl ester to biofuel with Crmo/HZ Catalyst Is 60,17% And For Testing The Physical Characteristics Of Biofuel Namely The Acid Number 1,87 Mg KOH/G, density 0,804 g/cm3, viscosity 1,162 Cst, pour point 0oC and fog point 1,4oC. The result of cracking produce a consituent component of biofuel namely gasoline 33,67%, kerosene 16,26%, gas oil 10,24% beside that, there are still methyl ester as much as21,89%.

CRUDE BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS FROM RUBBER SEED OIL

Abstract-Biodiesel is a diesel engine fuel made from oil containing triglycerides as well as rubber seed oil. This research aims to study how the extraction process of rubber seed oil, to know the effect of crude biodiesel manufacturing process by transesterification and esterification-transesterification and the addition of different catalysts on the transesterification process of crude biodiesel produced. Esterification process use H2SO4 catalyst and transesterification process use KOH and NaOH catalyst. The process of making crude biodiesel done by transesterification and can also by the merging of esterification-transesterification process. Based on this research, yield of crude biodiesel produced by transesterfication and esterification-transesterification by using NaOH catalyst is 38% and 75,6%, while yielded by KOH catalyst is 22,5% and 80%. While the acid number obtained from the transesterification process and esterification-transesterification using KOH catalyst is the same that is 1.33 and for the NaOH catalyst is 1,83 and 1,68. Saponification number obtained from both processes using KOH catalysts were 24,68 and 26,37 and for NaOH catalysts were 18,51 and 20,20. Keywords: Rubber seed oil, crude biodiesel, acid number, saponification number.

Sustainable Hydrogen Generation by Catalytic Hydrolysis of NaBH4 Using Tailored Nanostructured Urchin-like CuCo2O4 Spinel Catalyst

The present study describes the hydrogen production as a future energy source via hydrolysis of NaBH4 catalyzed by urchin-like CuCo2O4 spinel catalyst prepared by urea-assisted hydrothermal synthesis method. The as-synthesized copper–cobalt double hydroxide precursor and the resultant CuCo2O4 spinel were characterized by using various analytical, spectroscopic and microscopic techniques in order to understand their physiochemical and morphological aspects. The detail characterization results confirmed the successful formation of CuCo2O4 spinel phase with urchin-like morphology. The CuCo2O4 spinel catalyst was then tested for its application in hydrogen generation from NaBH4 hydrolysis by performing the reaction using 10 wt% of CuCo2O4 spinel catalyst and 0.5 g NaBH4 at room temperature. The CuCo2O4 spinel catalyst with tailored architecture displayed high catalytic activity with H2 generation rate of 1370 mL min−1 g−1 (1438 mL in 21 min). Major factors affecting the hydrolysis of NaBH4 reaction such as catalyst loading, NaOH concentration and temperature variation was also studied and discussed in detail. Correspondingly, the low activation energy of 22 kJ mol−1 was obtained from the Arrhenius plot and kinetic studies revealed that the hydrolysis of NaBH4 followed first order kinetics. Further, recyclability study of CuCo2O4 spinel catalyst was also performed which displayed good catalytic activity and stability even after five successive recycles. Characterization data of reused catalyst revealed that physiochemical properties of fresh CuCo2O4 spinel catalyst were well-preserved in the reused catalyst as well. Therefore, nanostructured CuCo2O4 spinel can be demonstrated as one of the most efficient, cost effective bimetallic spinel catalyst so far for application in the hydrogen generation.

Modelling and optimisation of biodiesel production from Euphorbia lathyris using ASPEN Hysys

Caper Spurge (Euphorbia lathyris) is a weed that is non-edible and have no other competitive use. The oil has a high percentage of mono-unsaturation in fatty acid composition hence an excellent non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production. The aim of this work is to model the production of biodiesel from E. lathyris using methanol and NaOH catalyst on an in silico platform. Based on the results obtained from the model, the effect of the process factors such as temperature, methanol–oil ratio and catalyst loading on the reaction conversion was evaluated. A quadratic model was developed using response surface methodology for estimating the response based on the levels of the process factors. Analysis of variance revealed that the model was significant. The optimal conversion was predicted as 83.5% and can be achieved at a temperature of 65 °C, 9.99 mol/mol methanol–oil ratio and 4.29 wt% catalyst loading. The study has successfully established a simulation framework to study the production of biodiesel from Caper spurge oil (E. lathyris L.).

The Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent For Renewable Energy

The demand of energy in the world today has increased exponentially, therefore, more efforts have been focused on looking for alternative renewable sources, such as biodiesel, which involves fuel produced from oil of plant, or animal fat. The objective of the research, therefore, was to utilize the palm oil mill effluent (POME) as a raw material in the production of biodiesel, by applying varying solvent, extraction time and the effluent to solvent ratio. Furthermore, the best output of oil rendement of (81.07%), in comparison with the total sample taken, was obtained using n-hexane, at an extraction time of 3 days, and ratio of 1:1. Furthermore, the output possessed a high acid number. Hence, it is considered in the process of esterification and transesterification, required in the production of biodiesel. The HCl catalyst ratio of 1.25% (%v) was used in the esterification process, and the lowest acid number of 2.08 mg-KOH/gr was obtained, followed by the transesterification process, using 1.5% (%w) of NaOH catalyst of the oil weight. Hence, the characteristics of biodiesel produced were in accordance with SNI 04-7182-2006. Keywords: POME, Biodiesel, Esterification and Transesterification, Extraction, n-Hexane

Non-edible Oil of Cerbera manghas L. Seed From Seram Island - Maluku as Oil Source of Biodiesel Production

Conversion of the Cerbera manghas L seed oil into biodiesel using homogenous catalys through esterification and transesterification stage have been done. Esterification process was carried out using mole ratio of methanol/oil 1:3, temperature 60-65°C for 2 hours with acid catalyst 1.25% H2SO4. The products were separated between methanol and triglycerides continued by transesterification process using mole ratio of methanol/oil 1:6. Initialy, the methanol have been reacted to NaOH catalyst using the catalyst variation 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; and 0.4%, for 2 hours and the reaction temperature 60-65°C. Biodiesel results were analysed by FTIR, GC-MS, and ASTM. The result show that the optimum biodiesel obtained on weiggt of catalyst is 0.3% NaOH. ASTM the test of results were obtained the propesties of the biodiesel there were: specific density of 0.8808 g/cm3, kinematic viscosity of 6.511 mm2/s, flash point 168°C, pour point 9°C, cloud point 12°C and conradson carbon residual 0.165 wt%.

The effects of catalysts type, molar ratio, and transesterification time in producing biodiesel from beef tallow

The high level of air pollution from combustion emissions and the lack of petrodiesel feedstock sources becoming a problem that can not be ignored. Therefore, to overcome these problems researchers developed alternative fuels that are environmentally friendly such as biodiesel. Biodiesel is produced through a transesterification reaction that reacts vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol assisted using an alkaline or acidic catalyst. This research was conducted to find out the influence of catalyst type, molar ratio of alcohol and fat, and transesterification reaction time to the yield and the characteristics of biodiesel produced. The transesterification reaction takes place at 65°C, and the catalyst weight is 1.5% by weight of beef tallow. Variations of catalyst type are NaOH and MgO, methanol molar ratio of 6:1, 9:1, and 12:1, and transesterification time for 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours. The results showed that the optimum condition of the reaction using NaOH catalyst, molar ratio 6:1, and time for 1 hour with yield value 43,64%, density 0,84392 gr/ml, viscosity 5,7057 cSt, flash point 113,5°C, calorific value 9296,9 cal/gr, acid number 0,00992, and sulfur content 39 gr/kg.