NaOH Catalyst Research Articles

Sodium and potassium silicate-based catalysts prepared using sand silica concerning biodiesel production from waste oil

Heterogeneous catalysts, named SPS (sodium potassium silicates), were synthesized with an alternative silica (MPI silica) obtained from beach sand. In this work, the MPI was modified with NaOH and KOH producing silicate-based catalyst for biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil (WCO). The obtained catalyst was characterized by XRD, CO 2 -TPD, the Hammett basicity test, XRF, FESEM, EDX, FTIR and TG/DTG. The results confirmed the presence of K 2 O/Na 2 O oxides and their silicates, the main active sites responsible for the catalytic action. CO 2 -TPD and the Hammett basicity data suggested the presence of weak, medium and strong basic sites. Biodiesel yield was about 92% and the SPS catalyst was reused for five cycles. The biodiesel conversion by NMR 1 H was about 93.89%. The DTG deconvolution revealed the decomposition of four typical biodiesel compounds (R 2 = 0.9987). The method applied for the WCO biodiesel production using SPS catalyst represents an environmentally friendly process, based on low-cost material and reuse of waste biomass.

Effect of Concentration of NaOH and H2SO4 Catalysts on Hydrogen Gas Production Efficiency

Indonesia has an ocean area of ​​5.8 million km2, water is the event of the decomposition of water compounds (H2O) into hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen (O2) by using an electric current through water. In this study, the electrolysis of water at an electrolytic concentration containing NaCl can take place quickly with various catalysts of NaOH, and H2SO4 with concentrations of 0.1M, 0.25M, 0.5M, 0.75M, and currents of 15A, 25A and 35A. From the results of the study, it was found that the greater the current and the concentration of the catalyst, the greater the volume of gas produced and the efficiency of the flow, and a significant effect. The highest hydrogen gas produced was 0.4745 L at a concentration of 0.75M with a current of 35A for a NaOH catalyst and with a H2SO4 catalyst, gas with a volume of 0.48823L was produced at a current of 35A and a concentration of 0.75M and the highest current efficiency at a current of 35A the highest efficiency at a concentration of 0.75M was 89.354% for the NaOH catalyst, and the H2SO4 catalyst obtained the highest current efficiency at a concentration of 0.75M, which was 43.325%.

Fabrication of novel microreactors in-house and their performance analysis via continuous production of biodiesel

Microreactors enhance biodiesel yields due to their more efficient mixing mechanisms and faster mass transfer rates than conventional batch processes. In this investigation, microreactors with different designs and geometries (four T-shaped with different lengths, one Y-shaped, and one Tesla-shaped) have been successfully fabricated at Fab Lab Bahrain using a high-resolution CO2 laser cutting machine. Then, the performances of these microreactors for the continuous production of biodiesel were tested and compared. The transesterification of the 9:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil was operated at a temperature of 60°C, with a 1.0 wt% NaOH catalyst. The performance of each microreactor for biodiesel synthesis was experimentally studied. The highest biodiesel yield was found to be 97.9%, with the Tesla-shaped microreactor at a residence time of only 4.85s, while the T- and Y- shaped microreactors give the highest percentage yield of 93.3% and 94.3%, respectively, with a residence time of 3.28s each. Online monitoring of the microchannel using optical imaging showed a mixing percentage of 97.6%, 97.87%, and 99.52% with T-, Y-, and Tesla- shaped microreactors, respectively, which consolidates the mixing effect's on developing the percentage yield of biodiesel.

Optimization of Esterification and Transesterification Processes for Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil

Various treatments were carried out to produce biodiesel optimally. This research was conducted to process used cooking oil (UCO) into biodiesel. UCO with high FFA has saponification in the transesterification reaction. Transesterification experiment UCO with % FFA 4.261 and acid number 8.42 mg-KOH/g produced saponification. This experiment was carried out at different temperatures, speeds, and times. It is necessary to carry out initial esterification treatment. Simultaneously the biodiesel synthesis process is carried out by esterification and transesterification processes. The esterification process with 3%wt H2SO4 catalyst, 1:6 molar ratio of oil and alcohol with temperature treatment of 50 °C, speed of 300 rpm for 60 minutes can reduce % FFA in UCO to 2.115 and acid number 4.208 mg-KOH/g. The transesterification process using a NaOH catalyst of 0.5% wt, the molar ratio of oil and alcohol 1:6 with a temperature treatment of 60°C, a speed of 400 rpm for 60 minutes, can produce biodiesel with an acid number of 0.28 mg-KOH/g and 0.141 of % FFA according to SNI 7182-2015 standard. These results after purification on biodiesel.

Ultrasound-assisted biodiesel synthesis by in–situ transesterification of microalgal biomass: Optimization and kinetic analysis

In-situ transesterification of microalgal biomass has emerged as efficient technique for biodiesel synthesis, as it eliminates the step of lipid extraction. In this paper, we report new insights of in-situ transesterification with application of sonication. The major objectives of our study were: (1) optimization of biomass pretreatment, (2) statistical optimization of transesterification parameters, (3) kinetic and Arrhenius analysis, and (4) determination of fuel properties of biodiesel. Lyophilized microalgal biomass with base catalyst NaOH resulted in the highest biodiesel yield of 31.6% w/w dry biomass. The statistical optimization resulted in biodiesel yield of 33.0 ± 1.1% w/w for parameters: catalyst loading = 1.7% (w/w biomass), methanol to biomass ratio = 30 (v/w), temperature = 50 °C and reaction time = 50 min. Application of sonication during in-situ transesterification showed 60–80% rise in kinetic constants with reduction in activation energy from 26.55 to 21.52 kJ/mol and rise in biodiesel yield from 33.0% to 39.9% w/w dry biomass. These results are attributed to intense micro-convection generated by sonication that not only enhances lipid extraction from biomass but also causes fine emulsification of reaction mixture that enhances the interfacial area. Using fatty acid methyl ester profile of biodiesel, the fuel properties were determined as: Higher heating value = 39.474, cetane number = 54.232, iodine value = 84.306, kinematic viscosity = 3.696, density = 0.875, saponification value = 202.295. These properties are satisfactory are within the prescribed American standards for automotive fuels.

The Effects of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Concentration and Reaction Temperature on The Properties of Biodiesel from Philippine Tung (Reutealis Trisperma) Seeds

Philippine Tung (Reutealis trisperma) is an indigenous nut that is a relatively new feedstock for producing biodiesel in Indonesia. The nature of NaOH base catalyst and reaction temperature plays an important role in the method of biodiesel production. This study aimed to assess the effects of different percentages of NaOH base catalyst and reaction temperature on physicochemical properties of Philippine Tung biodiesel. Transesterification process was carried out by reacting Philippine Tung oil with methanol and NaOH catalyst. NaOH weight to oil weight was at 0.25%, 0.5%,0.75% and 1%, the reaction temperature set up were at 60°C and 70°C, while methanol-oil molar ratio was set at 6:1. Yield, acid value, saponification value, density, and viscosity of biodiesel were significantly influenced by NaOH catalyst concentrations. Meanwhile reaction temperature had no effect on the yield and viscosity. Philippine Tung biodiesel produced using 0.25% NaOH catalyst met the SNI 04-7182-2015 biodiesel standard of the properties investigated in this study (yield: 96.18%, acid value: 0.466 mg KOH/g, saponification value: 200.083 mg KOH/g, density: 0.889 g/mL, viscosity: 5.276 cSt).

Leachability and basicity of Na‐ and K‐based geopolymer powders and lattices used as biodiesel catalysts

AbstractGeopolymer powders and 3D‐printed lattices have shown promising preliminary results as heterogeneous catalysts for the transesterification of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel. However, questions about the basicity of catalytic sites and the leaching characteristics of metals (K, Na) and hydroxyl groups in the reactional mixtures remained. The leaching of alkaline ions in methanol and biodiesel for powder and printed geopolymer formulations based on K, Na, or Na+K activators and treated at 110 to 700°C was investigated, as well as the physiochemical modifications of the materials. The Hammett indicators were used to determine base strength, and both leachable and total basicities were quantified. The amount of Na and K leached into the biodiesel phase was negligible (<1% wt.%). Methanol leaching reached a maximum of 29.3%. The base strength ranged between 11.0 and 18.4. Potassium‐based geopolymer lattices presented the highest basicity, followed by sodium and sodium‐potassium geopolymer catalysts. The basicity of all formulations decreased gradually as the calcination temperature increased. When compared to the homogeneous catalysts NaOH and KOH, the level of biodiesel contamination with Na and K is 81–93% lower. The findings support the heterogeneous nature of geopolymers as biodiesel catalysts and further validates their use for this application.

NaOH-Catalyzed Methanolysis Optimization of Biodiesel Synthesis from Desert Date Seed Kernel Oil.

Biodiesel synthesis from non-edible vegetable oil via catalytic transesterification is one of the effective ways to replace petroleum-based fuels in the area of renewable energy development and is beneficial to environmental security. Therefore, this research investigates the optimization of process parameters (temperature, methanol to oil ratio, and NaOH catalyst dose) for the conversion of biodiesel from non-edible desert date (Balanites Aegyptiaca) seed kernel oil using the Box–Behnken experimental design of response surface methodology statistical analysis. Accordingly, the optimum values of reaction conditions, namely, a temperature of 60.5 °C, methanol to oil ratio of 6.7:1, and catalyst dose of 0.79 %wt, yielded 93.16% biodiesel. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the cracking of a single glycerol backbone from the triglycerides and the substitution by methoxyl in the presence of a NaOH catalyst. The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel were investigated and compared with standards in terms of its density, viscosity, higher heating value, acid value, saponification value, cetane number, cloud point, pour point, and flash point, and the values are within the recommended standard limits of American Standard for Testing Material (ASTM D6751) and European Committee for Standardization (EN14214). Thus, the results revealed that homogeneous base catalysis of non-edible oil under optimum reaction conditions provides high yield of biodiesel.

Application of deep eutectic solvent in biodiesel reaction: RSM optimization, CI engine test, cost analysis and research dynamics

In this study, biodiesel was produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) in one step process with crude glycerol-ChCl based deep eutectic solvent (DES) and NaOH catalyst. Response surface methodology (RSM) technique was employed in predicting the optimal operating conditions and to study the relationship between reaction parameters and the yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The RSM coefficient of determination (R2) was observed to be 0.9965. The highest yield of biodiesel was 95% at the optimum reaction temperature of 65 °C with a reaction time of 90 min. The FAME produced was in compliance with the American standard for testing materials (ASTM) D6751-07 (2007) standards. CI engine test of B100 biodiesel fuel emitted lesser CO (2.01 g/kWh), HC (0.02 g/kWh) for engine load of 100% with little increase in CO2 when compared to petroleum-based diesel (PBD). Lower calorific value of biodiesel resulted in higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) compared to the PBD. Computed biodiesel production cost was approximately 833.35 USD/ton. This investigation opens new pathway for utilizing crude glycerol-ChCl based DES as co-solvent for transesterification and other chemical reactions.

Sustainability assessment of biomethanol production via hydrothermal gasification supported by artificial neural network

Global warming and climate change urge the deployment of close carbon-neutral technologies via the synthesis of low-carbon emission fuels and materials. An efficient intermediate product of such technologies is the biomethanol produced from biomass. Microalgae based technologies offer scalable solutions for the biofixation of CO2, where the produced biomass can be transformed into value-added fuel gas mixtures by applying thermochemical processes. In this study, the environmental and economic performances of biomethanol production are examined using artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the modelling of catalytic and noncatalytic hydrothermal gasification (HTG). Levenberg-Marquardt and Bayesian Regularisation algorithms are applied to describe the thermocatalytic transformation involving various types of feedstocks (biomass and wastes) in the training process. The relationship between the elemental composition of the feedstock, HTG reaction conditions (380 °C–717 °C, 22.5 MPa–34.4 MPa, 1–30 wt% biomass-to-water ratio, 0.3 min–60.0 min residence time, up to 5.5 wt% NaOH catalyst load) and fuel gas yield & composition are determined for Chlorella vulgaris strain. The ideal ANN topology is characterised by high training performance (MSE = 5.680E-01) and accuracies (R2 ≥ 0.965) using 2 hidden layers with 17-17 neurons. The process flowsheeting of biomass-to-methanol valorisation is performed using ASPEN Plus software involving the ANN-based HTG fuel gas profiles. Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) is carried out to evaluate the climate change potential of biomethanol production alternatives. It is obtained that high greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction (−725 kg CO2,eq (t CH3OH)−1) can be achieved by enriching the HTG syngas composition with H2 using variable renewable electricity sources. The utilisation of hydrothermal gasification for the synthesis of biomethanol is found to be a favourable process alternative due to the (i) variable synthesis gas composition, (ii) heat integration, and (iii) GHG emission mitigation possibilities.

Comprehensive Assessment from Optimum Biodiesel Yield to Combustion Characteristics of Light Duty Diesel Engine Fueled with Palm Kernel Oil Biodiesel and Fuel Additives

Biodiesel is considered as a key prospective renewable energy source in India. Hence, a study was carried out for the improvement of palm kernel oil biodiesel production using a transesterification process at different molar ratios. This study comprehensively examined all aspects of biodiesel from optimum production to the effect of additives on its combustion behavior. The optimum yield condition was validated with the MINITAB-17 software and analyzed using the Taguchi method. Two different additives, 5% diethyl ether (DEE) and 2000 ppm Butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT), were also experimented. Engine experiments were conducted at constant speed (1500 rpm) and five different engine loads (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) on a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Heat release rate, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, engine emissions, such as CO, HC, NOx, and smoke opacity were analyzed. The maximum palm kernel oil (PKO) biodiesel yields, obtained at 55 °C, for the KOH and NaOH catalysts were 86.69% and 75.21% at the molar ratio of 6:1. B20BHT combustion showed 4.6% higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE). NOx emission was reduced by 19.4%, compared to the diesel fuel values. DEE resulted in higher CO and HC emissions compared to diesel fuel values by 39.2% and 7.6%, respectively, whereas smoke emission was improved by 11.5%.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil: Characterization, Modeling and Optimization

In this study, waste and discarded cooking oils (WCO) of palm, sunflower, rice bran and groundnut oils are collected from local restaurants. The high viscous WCO was converted into waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOBD) by a single-stage transesterification process. During the transesterification process, the important parameters which show a significant change in biodiesel yield are studied using the optimization tool of response surface methodology (RSM). Results reported that 91.30% biodiesel yield was achieved within L18 experiments and NaOH catalyst was identified as the most influential parameter on WCOBD yield. Artificial Intelligence (AI) based modeling was also carried out to predict biodiesel yield. From AI modeling, a predicted yield of 92.88% was achieved, which is 1.70% higher than the RSM method. These results reveal the prediction capabilities and accuracy of the chosen modeling and optimization methods. In addition, the significant fuel properties are measured and observed within the scope of ASTM standards (ASTMD6751) and fatty acid profiles from chromatography reveal the presence of high unsaturated fatty acids in WCOBD. Therefore, utilizing the waste cooking oils for biodiesel production can mitigate the global challenges of environmental and energy paucity.

Engineered nano-foam of tri-metallic (FeCuCo) oxide catalyst for enhanced hydrogen generation via NaBH4 hydrolysis

Catalytic hydrolysis of sodium borohydride can potentially be considered as a convenient and safe method to generate hydrogen, an environmentally clean and sustainable fuel for the future. The present effort establishes the development of FeCuCo tri-metallic oxide catalyst by a simple, single-step solution combustion synthesis (SCS) method for hydrogen generation from NaBH4 hydrolysis. Amongst series of FeCuCo tri-metallic oxide catalyst synthesized, FeCuCo with 50:37.5:12.5 wt% respective precursor loading displayed remarkable activity by generating hydrogen at the rate of 1380 mL min−1 g−1 (1242 mL in 18 min) with turnover frequency (TOF) of 62.02 mol g−1 min−1. The catalyst was characterized by using various techniques to understand their physiochemical and morphological properties. The results revealed that the catalyst synthesized by combustion method led to the formation of FeCuCo with appreciable surface area, porous foam-like morphology and high surface acidity. Major factors affecting the hydrolysis of NaBH4 such as catalyst loading, NaOH concentration and temperature variation were studied in detail. Additionally, the FeCuCo catalyst also displayed substantial recyclability performance up to eight cycles without considerable loss in its catalytic activity. Therefore, FeCuCo oxide can be demonstrated as one of the most efficient, cost effective tri-metallic catalyst so far for application in the hydrogen generation.

Combustion, performance and emission analyses of organic Manganese-Added crambe abyssinica biodiesel in a direct injection diesel engine

In this study, biodiesel was produced from Crambe Abyssinica plant with KOH and NaOH catalysts and mixed with standard diesel fuel in different proportions. The effects of the test fuels obtained by adding organic manganese at the rate of 5 µmol/L. Experiments of all fuel types were carried out on a test setup containing a single-cylinder diesel engine under 2200 rpm engine speed, 3.75, 7.5, 11.25 and 15 Nm engine load conditions. The pressure data obtained as a result of the tests were analyzed in the MATLAB / Simulink simulation program environment, and the heat release rate, combustion stages, thermal efficiency, indicated mean effective pressure (imep), ignition delay (ID), maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR), ringing intensity (RI), cyclic of variations (COVimep) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values were calculated. Higher thermal efficiency was obtained as 21.58% with CANB25K fuel usage compared to CAKB25K fuel (20.82%). BSFC increased 0.96%, 8.24% and 10.36% with CAKB25K, CAKB50K and CAKB75K according to diesel at 11.25 Nm load respectively. Likewise, 1.51% 4.83% and 7.33% increase was seen with CANB25K, CANB50K and CANB75K according to diesel at 11.25 Nm load respectively.

Production Process Optimization study on the synthesis of Manilkara zapota seed bio-oil and its characterization

In this study, Manilkara zapota seed oil was used for biodiesel production. The free fatty acid content of the oil was determined as 5.91 mg KOH/g and hence a two-step acid-base transesterification reaction was followed to convert M. zapota seed oil into biodiesel. The performance variables such as reaction temperature, alcohol to oil ratio, experimental duration, and catalyst weight were optimized using Taguchi orthogonal array. The study revealed a 40°C reaction temperature, 6:1 alcohol-to-oil ratio, 150 min experimental duration, and 1 wt.% NaOH catalyst that were optimal performance variables to obtain maximum conversion efficiency of 97.08%. Among the four performance variables, the alcohol-to-oil ratio was found to be the most effective variable with 84.36% of the contribution. The synthesized Manilkara zapota methyl ester (MZME) procured from seed oil with optimized performance variables matches with the standards of ASME D 6751.

A Simplified Design for Biodiesel Production

In this research work, a simple design for the production of 1kg biodiesel involving two stage esterification-transesterification process, with the use of waste soybean oil (WSO) and NaOH catalyst was considered. CHEMCAD 7.1.2 software was used for the design operation which revealed that four (4) pumps, four (4) heaters, two (2) mixers, one (1) drying equipment and two (2) reactors were involved. Also, the production process design revealed that 0.0513kg/hr of methanol and 0.1800kg/hr of 0.1M H2SO4 were required during the esterification process. While 0.6921kg/hr of methanol, 0.9870kg/hr of WSO as well as 0.1934kg/hr of NaOH catalyst were needed for the transesterification process. The simplicity of the design and high purity level of the biodiesel produced adjudged the design operation good.

Environmental impact of the waste fish fry oil in DI diesel engine

Due to the increasing need for a fuel with less carbon emission has made the way to find the alternate fuel for engines. Biodiesel is a safe subsitute to the current fuel. Thermal barrier coating decreases the transfer of heat to the cooling system in idle conditions and it also protects engine components from induced high thermal stresses. This work deals with the exploration in blending of waste fish fry oil in a four stroke single cylinder DI diesel engine. In the present study, Waste fish fry oil (WFFO) is transesterified by using methanol with NaOH catalyst and then it is blended with petroleum diesel into three test fuels of WFFO10, WFFO20, WFFO30. These blended samples are initiated into the diesel engine and performance tests are carried out. The engine properties like Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and emissions for an ordinary engine are quantified.

Biodiesel Production From Waste Cooking Oil using Homogeneous Catalyst

Due to the upsurge of awareness of the depletion of fossil fuel feedstock and environmental issues, biodiesel has become a more attractive choice. Biodiesel's productivity is deemed a fruitful and significant research field since its relevance obtains from the increased oil prices and environmental benefits. This paper presents a study of Alfa waste cooking oil used to produce biodiesel oil via the transesterification process. The investigation includes various variables such as transesterification time, catalyst ratio, temperature, and biodiesel yield. Two catalysts (NaOH and KOH) have been utilized in this study. The engine test was carried out at constant load with increasing speed to compare different fuels' performance relative to mineral diesel. The produced biodiesel was categorized according to ASTM D6751. The highest conversion and yield of biodiesel in the transesterification method were scrutinized using the KOH catalyst compared to the NaOH catalyst. The maximum conversion and yield of biodiesel are 97.76 and 94.4%, respectively, with optimum operating conditions of 60 oC reaction temperature, 3 hours reaction time, and KOH catalyst at 4% weight. Consequently, the engine test outcomes revealed similar biodiesels trends compared to diesel in terms of engine brake power and brake specific fuel consumption with increasing engine speed.

Utilization of Virgin Coconut Oil that has been Extracted in Phenolic Compounds as Resource of Diethanolamide

One of the vegetable oils that can be used as a surfactant is extracts of phenolic compounds from virgin coconut oil (VCO) or VCO residue.The purpose of this study was to make surfactants from VCO residue and to obtain the correct ratio of reactants and the appropriate concentration of NaOH catalyst to produce diethanolamide surfactant.The materials used are methyl ester from VCO residue and dietanolamine with NaOH catalyst. The amidation process uses a mole ratio of dietanolamine and methyl ester (1:1, 1.25: 1, 1.5: 1, 1.75: 1 and 2: 1) at a temperature of 160 ° C for 3 hours, and a NaOH catalyst with a concentration of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%.The results showed that the treatment of the ratio of methyl ester and diethanolamine and the concentration of NaOH catalyst produced DEA surfactant with the same consistency, namely a semi-solid viscous liquid with a clear yellow color.The higher the concentration of catalyst, the yield tends to increase.. All DEA surfactant products have a pH of 10, with viscosities ranging from 252.47 - 509.89 cP, soaping numbers ranging from 35.22 - 52.95 mg KOH / g, and glycerol levels from 0.08 to 29%.

Biodiesel production process without glycerol by-product with base catalyst: effect of reaction time and type of catalyst on kinetic energy and solubility

Biodiesel is a renewable energy that is very potential to be produced because it has many advantages compared to diesel fuel. The process of making biodiesel which has so far been carried out is a transesterification process with glycerol byproducts. Glycerol has a low economic value and is usually only disposed of as waste. An alternative process for producing biodiesel with more valuable byproducts is interesterification. The by-product of the interesterification reaction is triacetin which is widely used in the chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries. From the analysis and calculation, the highest FAME yield was 87.18% at reaction temperature 60°C, the molar ratio of palm oil: methyl acetate = 1: 6, reaction time 1 hour, NaOH catalyst, stirring speed of 400 rpm and catalyst mass of 0.5% wt. oil. From the calculation of ChemDraw software for the triglyceride + methyl acetate + NaOH system had an energy kinetic of 2930.8062 kcal/kmol and a dipole moment of 12582.9333 debye, whereas the triglyceride + methyl acetate + KOH system had a kinetic energy of 3140.9573 kcal/kmol and a dipole moment of 9630.3735 debye so that the NaOH catalyst is superior in solubility and the KOH catalyst is superior in reactivity. Biodiesel produced had an acid value of 0.224 mg KOH/g and meets ASTM D664 for a maximum acid value of 0.5 mg KOH/g, and a density of 0.888 g/ml so that meets ASTM D1298 for a density between 0.86 – 0.89 g/ml.