Aim: The study aims to design and develop a bedside table using recycled wood and plywood waste while incorporating an indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring system to improve indoor environmental health within the context of interior design innovation. Methodology and results: The study employs a qualitative design thinking approach, following the five key stages: empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test. The bedside table is developed using upcycled wood waste and features an integrated IAQ monitoring system based on Arduino Nano's technology. The system includes DHT11 sensors for temperature and humidity monitoring and additional sensors for detecting CO and CO₂ levels. The results demonstrate that utilizing wood waste in furniture production effectively reduces landfill dependency while contributing to sustainable material use. Moreover, the embedded IAQ monitoring system enhances user awareness of indoor environmental conditions, supporting healthier living spaces. This research demonstrates the feasibility of integrating sustainable design and technological innovation to address environmental and health challenges in furniture interior design. The study enhances resource efficiency by repurposing wood waste into functional furniture while improving indoor air quality through smart monitoring technology. Conclusions, Significance, and Impact Study: The findings highlight the potential of smart furniture in promoting sustainability and health-conscious living. This study provides a practical framework for future furniture designs that support ecological responsibility and user well-being. This research sets a foundation for innovative product development in the furniture industry by bridging sustainable materials with IoT-based monitoring.

The increasing volume of plastic waste from additive manufacturing and the demand for sustainable engineering materials have intensified efforts to repurpose post-consumer polylactic acid (PLA). However, recycled PLA (rPLA) remains underutilised due to diminished functional efficiency in high-performance uses. This study reinforces rPLA with graphene, graphite, and corn silk ash (CSA) nanoparticles to enhance its mechanical, thermal, and shape-memory behaviour for sustainable applications. PLA waste was obtained from failed 3D-printed parts, graphite was recovered from spent lithium-ion battery electrodes, and graphene nanoparticles (99.9% purity, 1.5 nm) were sourced from Nanografi Nano Technology, USA. Corn silk fibres were calcined at 400 °C to produce CSA. The shredded rPLA was melted at 196 °C, and each filler was incorporated at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 wt% using melt blending. Composite samples were examined using scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction; tensile strength, micro-hardness, and thermomechanical shape-memory performance were evaluated. SEM showed homogeneous dispersion of graphene and CSA in PLA. EDX confirmed characteristic carbon-rich spectra for graphite composites and silicon and calcium peaks indicating CSA incorporation. XRD revealed increased crystallinity at 1.5 wt% for all fillers, with graphene composites exhibiting the sharpest diffraction peaks. Tensile strength increased from 0.068 MPa for rPLA to 1.541 MPa, 0.657 MPa, and 0.486 MPa for 1.5 wt% graphene, 1.5 wt% graphite, and 2.0 wt% CSA, respectively. Graphite improved hardness to 28.30, 28.70, and 26.90 HRB at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 wt%, while graphene and CSA did not. Shape-recovery time improved from 120 s (rPLA) to 25 s, 27 s, and 53 s at 2.0 wt% graphene, graphite, and CSA, respectively. Graphene, graphite, and CSA nanofillers markedly enhanced rPLA structural and shape-memory performance, with 1.5 wt% graphene providing the most balanced improvement. It is recommended to investigate hybrid reinforcement systems.

Abstract Medicinal herbs have long been an integral part of traditional healthcare systems and are increasingly gaining global recognition for their therapeutic value. This review explores the chemical complexity of herbal plants, with a particular emphasis on their volatile organic compounds (VOCs) content, which contribute significantly to their pharmacological and industrial relevance. It delves into the therapeutic roles and ethnopharmacological significance of herbal VOCs, while also examining their economic impact. This review provides a critical overview of the chemical diversity, biosynthetic pathways, and functional roles of VOCs. The review further outlines the chromatographic techniques for chemical profiling and fingerprinting, essential for quality control, standardization, and regulatory compliance of herbal products that led to the plants-based drug discovery. A detailed overview of sample preparation and extraction methods, including emerging green and nano-enabled technologies is provided. Analytical chromatographic techniques and sensor-based methods, are discussed alongside advances in miniaturized systems. The application of statistical, chemometric, and machine learning tools for data interpretation is reviewed, emphasizing their role in enhancing the relevance of volatile profiling. The review identifies a growing trend toward integrative approaches that combine advanced analytical methods with robust statistical tools to ensure reproducibility, standardization, and regulatory compliance of herbal products. Notably, significant challenges remain, including variability in VOC composition due to geographical, genetic, and processing factors. We propose that future research should focus on data fusion strategies, AI-driven metabolomics, and precision phytomedicine to translate volatile profiling into clinically relevant outcomes. This review thus provides a comprehensive synthesis that bridges traditional phytochemistry with cutting-edge analytical science, setting the foundation for sustainable innovation in herbal therapeutics.

CoP/fs-Mo electrodes with superhydrophilic/aerophobic properties show excellent HER activity over a wide pH range.

When it comes to delivering active ingredients to and through the skin for a variety of medicinal uses, nanoformulations have a certain position. These provide notable delivery advantages over coarse emulsions and are attractive, reasonably easy to manufacture, and reasonably inexpensive. A key technology opening the door for cutting-edge goods is nano technology. By using materials on a microscopic scale, nanotechnologies can give them new qualities not found in their bigger form. Further more, a vast range of consumer goods that are now available on the market and used in daily life can be altered by this technology. Nano cosmetics is one such fascinate in gareasince nano material can be used to createin nov active products. On the other hand, the manufacturing of UV filters for sunscreens in because they behave differently than larger forms, nanoforms may be more dangerous than larger ones. Numerous studies conducted in the last few decades have shown how successful these delivery technologies are. Furthermore, the creation of novel excipients with prospective applications in nanoformulations keeps opening up new possibilities for formulations with high distribution capacities and low toxicity and irritation. In order to assess the durability of nano-cream preparation, droplet size, electrical conductivity, drug content, pH, and rheological characteristics have all been investigated at various temperatures. Thus, the extraordinary behavior and features of nanomaterials have the potential to significantly alter both industry and human life. In addition to develop an effective, long lasting antifungal Nanocream and examine its antifungal activity and physico chemical properties.

Background: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a critical staple crop supporting global food security, yet production is severely constrained by pests and diseases causing yield losses up to 80%. Conventional chemical control strategies have led to resistance development, environmental contamination, and non-target toxicity. Aims: This review synthesizes current knowledge on nanotechnology-based solutions for rice pest and disease management, evaluating efficacy, mechanisms, environmental safety, and adoption challenges. Methodology: Comprehensive literature review of peer-reviewed articles (2014–2025) covering nanopesticides, nanofungicides, and RNA interference delivery systems for rice protection. Results: Nano-enabled technologies demonstrate superior efficacy at 30–60% lower active ingredient concentrations compared to conventional formulations. Metal oxide nanoparticles exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity through multiple mechanisms including reactive oxygen species generation and membrane disruption. Conclusion: RNA interference delivered via nanocarriers offers species-specific gene silencing for resistance-proof pest management. Nanotechnology represents a transformative approach for sustainable rice protection, though critical challenges remain regarding long-term environmental fate assessment, comprehensive toxicological evaluation, regulatory framework development, production cost reduction, and farmer acceptance. Future research must prioritize mechanistic understanding of nanoparticle-biological interactions, lifecycle assessment, and integration with sustainable agriculture systems.

The economic ramifications associated with the utilization of noble metals/precious metals such as Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, and Ru are significant, as they are not only costly but also relatively scarce, with Ir being especially limited, given that its natural occurrence is estimated to be roughly one-tenth that of Pt and Ru, rendering its availability a crucial element in industrial electrocatalysis and sensing applications. In this regard, atomic layer deposition (ALD) emerges as a cutting-edge precision thin film technique that is increasingly recommended for industrial applications, as it provides atomic-level control over the deposition of even the rarest noble metals Ir, allowing for the placement of single metal atoms or clusters through a self-limiting growth process. We attempt to introduce a pragmatic approach towards the utilization of Ir precious metal, employing the ALD technique on the ever-expanding new 2D MXene family member, thereby facilitating the creation of a sophisticated Ir-ALD-MXene advanced multifunctional heterostructure that not only takes into account the cost and rarity of Ir but also aims to contribute significantly to next-generation hydrogen fuel and human-machine interfaced healthcare applications. We observe a steady improvement of over 250% in electrocatalytic activities and 400 % in outstanding sensitivity of Ir-ALD-MXene by smartly controlling the Ir-ALD cycle numbers compared to the pristine MXene. Noteworthy is the observation that the presence of Ir in the form of single atoms or clusters significantly enhances the surface catalytic and sensing activity; thus, given its limited earth abundancy, the improved catalytic-sensing performance per iridium atom, achieved with a considerably reduced quantity of the precious metals, has been comprehensively examined through computational techniques as well as next-generation aberration-corrected ultra-high-resolution electron microscopies. The current research contributes substantially to the field by establishing precise and delicate control over the arrangement of the precious metals through an emerging ALD process technique for creating new ALD precious metal-based electrocatalysts and healthcare sensors on ever-expanding MXene 2D nanomaterials. Acknowledgments This research was supported by the Nano & Material Technology Development Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(RS-2024-00408180) and this work was also partially supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korea Government (Ministry of Science and ICT) (2021R1A2C1007601, 2021M3H4A3A02099209).

Nano technology possesses a role in the enhancement of anti-inflammatory and anti-Alzheimer activities of the synthesized triazole/thiadiazole hybrids 3a–c. Selective propargylation of 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol with propargyl bromide and triethyl amine followed by Click reaction with different azides to afford 1,2,3-triazole/thiadiazole hybrids 3a–c. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed using different spectroscopic analysis such as FT-IR, 1H NMR,13C NMR and elemental analysis. Moreover, the synthesized compounds were prepared in nano scale via chitosan to enhance their solubility and compatibility, and their size was evaluated via transmission electron microscope (TEM). The formulated nanoparticles are found to be relatively stable with higher positive zeta potential 22.5–29.5 mV and particle size 29–80 nm. The studied compounds were further subjected to molecular docking in the active site of four particular proteins AChE, BuChE, LOX-5 and COX-2.The synthesized compounds and their nanoformulations were tested as anti-inflammatory and anti-Alzheimer as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. The result revealed that nanoformulations N-(3a–c) exhibited superior inhibitory activity compared to their synthesized counterparts 3a–c, demonstrating enhanced potency against AChE, BuChE, NO formation, iNOS, LOX-5, and RBC lysis. N-3a showed the strongest iNOS inhibition, while N-3b was the most effective BuChE inhibitor. Notably, all nanoformulations matched the reference drug in LOX-5 inhibition and outperformed diclofenac K in protecting against RBC lysis. These results highlight the potential of these hybrids as anti-inflammatory and anti-Alzheimer agents.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-26140-8.

Stingless bee bread is a fermented bee pollen product containing beneficial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with potential probiotic properties. This study aimed to characterise the probiotic potential and perform whole genome analysis of LAB isolated from the bee bread of two Indonesian stingless bee species, Tetragonula laeviceps and Heterotrigona itama. Four LAB isolates (BBAT2, BBST20, BBAH2, and BBAH7) were chosen for their ability to combat harmful bacteria, followed by molecular characterisation based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, and identified as Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (BBAT2, BBAH2, and BBAH7) and Fructobacillus fructosus (BBST20). Probiotic properties of these isolates were further characterised by digestive tract simulations. Two selected LAB isolates with the highest viability under acidic conditions (80.96-102.10%), gastric juice (80.56-97.92) and bile salt (69.78-102.0%) were L. rhamnosus BBAH2 and BBAH7 followed whole genome sequence (WGS) analysis using PromethION Oxford Nano Technology (ONT). WGS revealed that Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus BBAH2 (2,987,481bp) and BBAH7 (2,987,282bp) belong to the strain Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus strain JCM 1136 (2,934,834bp) with an average nucleotide identity (ANI) and ANI based on BLAST + (ANIb) values of 99.88-99 and 99.97% (> 95%), respectively. Genome mining analysis using antiSMASH version 8 beta 1 revealed two regions of biosynthesis gene clusters (T3PKS and RiPP-like), and BAGEL4 revealed one bacteriocin region (carnocin class). The results demonstrated that LAB isolates from stingless bee bread possess desirable probiotic properties and potential genomic characteristics. These strains provide a foundation for the further exploration of their applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Malaria, a globally prevalent disease caused by Plasmodium species, significantly impacts the immune system, particularly affecting splenic function. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Indigofera oblongifolia leaf extracts (IOLE) with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Plasmodium chabaudi-induced splenic damage in a female C57BL/6 mice model. Fifty female mice were infected with P. chabaudi and subsequently treated with IOLE AgNPs or chloroquine phosphate. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that IOLE AgNPs effectively restored splenic architecture, reduced inflammatory markers, and improved immune responses compared to the control and chloroquine-treated groups. These findings suggest that IOLE AgNPs may offer a novel therapeutic approach to mitigate splenic dysfunction associated with malaria and provide comparative analysis between established therapies like chloroquine and innovative combination of traditional medical plant and modern nano technology.

Abstract: The convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Nanotechnology (NT) represents a transformative frontier for innovation and sustainability. AI’s data-driven intelligence and predictive capabilities complement the precision and scalability of nanotechnology, fostering advancements across healthcare, energy, manufacturing, and environmental protection. This paper explores the synergy between AI and NT, focusing on their integration mechanisms, applications, and implications for sustainable development. Furthermore, it discusses key challenges, ethical considerations, and prospective research directions essential for realizing a sustainable technological future. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Nanotechnology, Sustainability, Innovation, Machine Learning, Smart Materials.

As technology progresses from sub-micron to nanometer scales, memory-based systems are increasingly prone to faults. Consequently, developing robust methodologies to achieve defect-free embedded static random-access memory (SRAM) has become a critical challenge in modern very large scale integration (VLSI) design. Also, the increased integration of layout layers leads to form unknown defects. From the existing literature, observed that huge parametric variation is present whenever technology is changed. This is the key issue addressed in this paper, by representing an analysis on the impact of open and short defect models that uses parasitic extraction method while drawing various fault models. Possible open/short defects between the existing nodes are considered for the development of fault models using 45 nm, 32 nm, and 7 nm technologies. The total number of fault models of both kinds observed are 147. Also observed that besides to the existing faults, few undetectable faults are found named as undefined short faults (USF), undefined write after read fault (UWARF), and few faults with multiple faulty behavior.

Exploring the Brazilian consumer perceptions of nanotechnology in food

Biodegradation commonly refers to the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms. However, the term biodegradation has recently been usurped by the nano (bio)technology community with reference to the biological (enzymatic) degradation of nanomaterials and other advanced materials. Here we address the degradation or dissolution of nanomaterials and advanced materials including graphene-based materials and other emerging two-dimensional (2D) materials in the body and in the natural environment. Understanding the degradation profile of nanomaterials and advanced materials is relevant for the clinical use of such materials.

The contamination of water resources with heavy metal ions (HMs) presents a significant challenge that necessitates the use of highly effective remediation techniques, including enhanced adsorption. Alginate-based hydrogels, in particular, have garnered considerable attention as a promising class of advanced adsorbents. This interest stems from their numerous oxygen-rich functional groups, ease of chemical alteration, wide availability, and environmentally friendly and sustainable nature. This overview synthesizes recent developments in the removal of HMs using alginate-based hydrogel sorbents. Nano-based composites of alginates have become a focus for their application as biosorbents in addressing environmental concerns, such as the extraction and reclamation of heavy metals from contaminated water sources, owing to their unique properties. The primary characteristics that support the application of alginate-based biosorbents for environmental remediation include: high selectivity and sorption capacity, renewability, and the ability for safe handling. Additionally, their sorption capacity can be improved through straightforward physical and chemical modifications, and they are easily separated from treated water, facilitating simple regeneration and reuse over multiple sorption-desorption cycles. This review further delves into the mechanisms that govern the adsorption process. Finally, it outlines the existing challenges and future directions for the creation and application of these materials. It is anticipated that this compilation of pertinent information will encourage further scientific investigation into advancing functional alginate-based hydrogels for adsorption purposes

Nanotechnology (NT) has revolutionized agriculture through precision farming, environmental protection, enhanced nutrient delivery and crop production, and effective pesticide control. The purpose of the present research is twofold. First, it aims to develop a novel soft computing model for multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) by proposing an Interval-valued p, q–Quasirung Orthopair Fuzzy Number (p, q–IVQROFN)-based hybrid MCDA framework. The CIMAS (Criteria Importance Assessment) method is employed to determine the weights of the criteria, while the WISP method ranks the alternatives. This paper introduces a modification to the WISP method by aggregating four distinct utility degrees using the Heron Mean. The second objective is to apply the proposed framework to compare leading NTs used in agriculture. An expert group decision-making approach is developed to evaluate eight NTs, guided by the theoretical frameworks of TOE (Technology–Organization–Environment) and TRI (Technology Readiness Index). Alternatives are ranked using experts’ ratings within the proposed framework, followed by a risk assessment using the Fine–Kinney framework (FKF) to identify potential vulnerabilities. The NTs are compared based on both performance and risk profiles. The results indicate that nano-sensors (NT5), nano-fungicides (NT3), nano-fertilizers (NT2), nano-clays (NT6), and nano-herbicides (NT4) rank as the top nanotechnologies for agricultural applications. The reliability of the proposed model is confirmed through comparisons with other MCDA methods and sensitivity analysis. Overall, this paper presents a robust and practical methodology for sustainable agricultural planning.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to critically review advances in improving the performance of photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collectors utilizing two innovative approaches. The first method consists of plating nanocoatings at the front face of the collector using PV/T. These coatings represent anti‐reflective, self‐cleaning layers that raise light transmittance to the photovoltaic cells to realize an overall rise in energy conversion efficiency by up to 12%, and then directly increase photovoltaic conversion efficiency. On top of that, self‐cleaning nanocoatings minimize dust accumulation and maintenance costs in the long term. The second approach investigates a nanofluid‐based cooling system developed and integrated into the backsides of PV panels. The engineered suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids are referred to as nanofluids, and the addition thereof strengthens. By improving heat transfer rates by 15–20% and reducing solar cell operating temperatures by 10–15°C, nanofluids reduce thermal degradation by allowing for the dissipation of heat efficiently. Among the output of the reviewed literature, key findings indicate that the nanocoating raises electrical efficiency by 12%, and the nanofluid cooler effectively lowers operating temperatures by 15–20%, making PV/T collectors more sustainable and economically profitable. Integrating both methods allows the synergistic affinity for achieving higher energy yields and operational stability. The conclusion of this review is that research towards the optimization of nanoparticles, development of a hybrid nanofluid PV/T system formulation, and improvement of a PV/T system cost‐effective manufacturing are needed to further advance solar energy harvesting technologies towards next‐generation PV/T systems.

The electrochemical conversion of CO2 into high-purity Graphene NanoCarbon (GNC) materials provides a compelling path to address climate change while producing economically valuable nanomaterials. This work presents the progress and prospects of new large-scale syntheses of GNC allotropes via the C2CNT (CO2 to Carbon Nano Technology) process. The C2CNT molten carbonate electrolysis technique enables the formation of Carbon NanoTubes (CNTs), Magnetic CNTs (MCNTs), Carbon Nano-Onions (CNOs), Carbon Nano-Scaffolds (CNSs), and Helical CNTs (HCNTs) directly from atmospheric or industrial CO2. We discuss the morphology control enabled through variations in electrolyte composition, temperature, current density, and nucleation additives. We present results from scaled operations reaching up to 1000 tons/year CO2 conversion and propose design approaches to reach megaton scales to support climate mitigation and GNC mass production. The products demonstrate high crystallinity, as evidenced by Raman, XRD, SEM, and TGA analyses, and offer promising applications in electronics, construction, catalysis, and medical sectors.

As humanity confronts the escalating global warming crisis, the urgent need for research and development of renewable energy sources has become increasingly evident, particularly to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Among these renewable options, fuel cells stand out due to their high efficiency and energy storage potential. A fuel cell consists of two main components: an anode, where hydrogen oxidation reactions occur, and a cathode, where oxygen reduction reactions take place. The cathode faces greater overpotential challenges due to its involvement in a complex four-electron reaction, unlike the simpler two-electron reaction at the anode. Consequently, developing efficient cathode catalysts is critical to reducing overpotential.Platinum generally used due to its reliable catalytic activity and stability in fuel cells. However, reducing platinum loading is important in terms of cost-effective. One promising strategy involves incorporating carbon-based materials, such as carbon black and graphene, as support materials. Among these, graphene, a two-dimensional carbon material, has investigated significant attention for its high conductivity and large specific surface area resulting from its geometric structure. Although the benefit of a high surface area for attaching precious nanoparticles and its intrinsic property of electrical conductivity, it is still not commonly used in practical applications. This might be due to its relatively lower electrical conductivity naturally occurring as a result of its synthetic processes.Currently, the most widely used method to synthesize reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is the Hummers' method, which involves oxidation and introduces structural defects such as hydroxyl groups and vacancies. The defects in the carbon lattice and oxygen groups on carbon atoms negatively affect rGO's electrical conductivity, causing slower kinetics of ORR on the Pt surface.In contrast, non-oxidized graphene (NOG) has the potential to alter traditional carbon materials. Unlike rGO, NOG is produced without an oxygen expose, using a chemical exfoliation method. This process involves inserting potassium metal between graphite layers to create gaps and weaken the van der Waals forces. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) then further disrupts these weakened forces, exfoliating the graphite into graphene introducing few defects. As a result, NOG retains significantly fewer structural imperfections.NOG is significantly improved in electrical conductivity and has a larger specific surface area compared to carbon black and rGO. Additionally, its intact graphitic structure ensures greater stability. Given these advantages, NOG is regarded as a highly suitable support material for fuel cell catalysts. Platinum-based catalysts synthesized using NOG as a support material have been analyzed for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). NOG’s properties enhance ORR activity by increasing the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), highlighting its potential as an one of the solution to improve activity and durability in fuel cell.This research was supported by the Nano & Material Technology Development Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by Ministry of Science and ICT(RS-2024-00409675), Korea government(MSIT) (No. RS-2024-00467234), Technology Innovation Program (20019175) supervised by the d Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology(KEIT) and “Digital manufacturing platform" (No. P0022331) supervised by the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT).

This research aims to examine the potential integration of nanotechnology, specifically solar cells, in the teaching of Natural Sciences (IPA) at the elementary and secondary education levels. Literature review shows that nanotechnology-based solar cells not only support the understanding of contextual renewable energy concepts but also contribute to strengthening students' critical and creative thinking skills. This integration enriches the science curriculum through a cutting-edge technology-based learning approach that is relevant to the challenges of the 21st century. The study results indicate that the use of nano technology can enhance science literacy, encourage a scientific attitude, and connect scientific concepts with real-life applications. This study also highlights the challenges of implementation and offers recommendations for developing a curriculum that is more responsive to technological advancements. These findings have important implications for educators and policymakers in designing nano-technology-based science learning innovations.