Nanoscience Research Articles

Abstract 6773: Spatial dynamics of cytotoxic T lymphocyte exhaustion in reactive and tumoral tissue

Abstract Background The study of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (Tcy) has shown increased attention from the scientific community in the last years because of their predictive role in anti-cancer therapy with specific interest in immune check point blocking therapy. However, most of these studies have used bulk or dissociation-based single-cell technologies to draw their biological insights. Lately, new spatial -omics technologies are increasing our knowledge on this population by adding the spatial location of these cells in-situ in the native structure of the tissue. In this study, we have compared the activation of Tcy in reactive and cancerous conditions at single cell level and in the micro-anatomical context of the tissue. Experimental procedures One tissue micro array slide containing: reactive tonsil, inflammatory liver disease, breast cancer, glioblastoma and melanoma was stained using the COMET™ instrument (Lunaphore Technologies SA) for a multiplex panel of 20 markers. The derived multiplexed images were analyzed using the DISSCOVERY software platform developed by the MILAN Unit at KU Leuven (Belgium). 12/20 markers were specifically aimed at identifying the main cell populations in the tissue (CD11b, CD163, CD20, CD3, CD31, CD4, CD56, CD68, CD8, CK, FOXP3, S100) while the remaining 8 markers were aimed at adding functional information on immune cell types of interest (CD69, HLA-DR, Ki67, LAG3, OX40, PD-1, PD-L1, TIM3). Results The general activation levels of the Tcy in the reactive conditions were higher than in the three cancer subtypes. When looking at Tcy activation as a function of the distance from the vascular structures (identified via CD31+ endothelial cells), we observed an orderly distribution of activated Tcy around CD31+ endothelial cells with a gradient of increasing exhaustion levels with increasing distance from the vessel in the reactive conditions. In the cancer samples, on the contrary, a patchy disorderly organized pattern of exhausted and activated Tcy was observed around the vessels. Conclusion The spatial location of inflammatory cells plays a critical role to understand their functional behavior and thanks to technological progress it is now possible to start doing this at scale. The study of the dynamics of exhaustion of Tcy in the tissue will help clarify the interplay between cancer cells and immune environment. These results will be crucial to better select patients who may benefit the most of immune check point blockade. Citation Format: Maxim De Schepper, Asier Antoranz, Nikolina Dubroja, Giuseppe Floris, Frederik De Smet, Francesca Bosisio. Spatial dynamics of cytotoxic T lymphocyte exhaustion in reactive and tumoral tissue. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6773.

Efficacy of Transistor Stacking on Flip-Flop SEU Performance at 22-nm FDSOI Node

Fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) technology nodes offer better single-event performance compared with comparable bulk technologies. However, upsets are still possible at nanoscale feature sizes and additional hardening techniques need to be explored. Single-event upset (SEU) performance of multiple flip-flop designs using the stacked-transistor hardening technique at a 22-nm FDSOI technology node is presented in this paper. Irradiation results show significant reductions in SEU cross-sections for stacked-transistor-based hardened designs compared to a conventional design. Alpha particle exposures showed zero upsets for all D-Flip-Flop (DFF) designs tested. When exposed to heavy-ions, the stacked-transistor DFF design showed a 17X improvement over a conventional DFF design at an LET value of 47 MeV-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /mg. The stacked-transistor design with the charge-cancelling technique showed upsets when particle LET exceeded 93.8 MeV-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /mg and at a high angle of incidence. The stacked-transistor design with the interleaving technique showed zero upsets for all test conditions.

Study on nanometer cutting mechanism of single crystal silicon at different temperatures

Thermal-assisted single point diamond turning technology is currently one of the most important methods for realizing nano-scale machining. However, the nano-chip formation mechanism as the core of the nano-cutting mechanism is still unclear, which limits the development of this advanced technology. In this study, based on the molecular dynamics simulations, the nano cutting behaviour of single crystal silicon at different temperatures were studied. The cutting force, crystal structure, particle motion characteristics, stress-strain distribution and temperature distribution during chip formation process were systematically analyzed. The underlying mechanism of nano-chip formation in single crystal silicon was summarized. The results showed that the chip formation mechanism can be divided into two types: crack and shear. At low temperatures, chips are formed by crack propagation. The concentrated distribution of high stress triaxiality and local high temperatures at the crack tip are the main causes of crack propagation. With an increase in temperature, the chip formation mode gradually changed from crack to shear. The highly resolved shear stress distributed along the slip plane is the main reason for the expansion of the amorphous bands. In addition, it's found that higher quality machined surfaces can be obtained through chip formation process by shear than by crack.

Electrospun Nanofibers as Chemosensors for Detecting Environmental Pollutants: A Review

Electrospun nanofibers have shown their advantages for applications in a wide variety of scientific fields thanks to their unique properties. Meanwhile, electrospinning is closely following the fast development of nano science and nanotechnology to move forward to smaller (pico-technology), more complicated nanostructures/nanodevices and more order (all kinds of nano arrays). Particularly, multiple-fluid electrospinning has the strong capability of creating nanostructures from a structural spinneret in a single-step and a straightforward “top-down” manner, holding great promise for creation on a large scale. This review is just to conclude the state-of-art studies on the related topics and also point out that the future directions of environmental detection require chemosensors, while the improvement of sensors requires new chemically synthesized functional substances, new nanostructured materials, application convenience, and functional integration or synergy. Based on the developments of electrospinning, more and more possibilities can be drawn out for detecting environmental pollutants with electrospun nanostructures as the strong support platform.

Exploratory Research and the Quest for Sustainability

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEEditorialNEXTExploratory Research and the Quest for SustainabilityAnnamaria Petrozza*Annamaria PetrozzaCenter for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milan, Italy*[email protected]More by Annamaria Petrozzahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6914-4537 and Mario CaironiMario CaironiCenter for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milan, ItalyMore by Mario Caironihttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0442-4439Cite this: ACS Energy Lett. 2023, 8, 3, 1606Publication Date (Web):March 10, 2023Publication History Received15 February 2023Accepted17 February 2023Published online10 March 2023Published inissue 10 March 2023https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00359Copyright © 2023 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views-Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (782 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Elements,Energy,Materials,Sustainability,Toxicity Get e-Alerts

Chain-Length Induced Structural Polymorphism for two-dimension self-assembly

Structural polymorphism obtained through the 2D self-assembly which was made use of the chain-ength induced, has has aroused wide concern. On the one hand, owing to its significance meaning in crystal engineering, on the other hand, it has a broad application prospect in nano science and technolog.The assembly of symmetric 2, 7-bis (n-alkoxy) -9-fluorenone(F-OCn) with varying lengths of peripheral alkyl chains dissolved in homologous acids was investigated. The size and shape of molecules and the structure and position of substituents were critical factors that regulate the equilibrium of the interaction and formation of self-assembled patterns. Useing altered the symmetry and chain-length of the molecular structure, the self-assembly morphology and cellular properties can be predicted. The self-assembled strcture displayed the assembly of F-OCn (11-14). “S” shaped and alternating phases are the thermodynamic stable states. The competition between van der Waals forces from the interdigital alkyl chains and van der Waals forces between molecule-substrate takes effect. The vdW forces between the molecule-substrate was predominant when n varies from 15 to 18. The observation of the chain-length effects and odd-even effects showed that: F-OCeven developed from a loose-and close-packed patterns to a dislocated zigzag patterns.Self-assembled morphology of F-OCodd evolved from a well-distributed trimer monolayer to the dislocated zigzag pattern.These researches offers insight into the structural diversity by regulating the alkyl side chain-length and odd-even effects on two-dimension self-assembly and the construct a new molecular materials.

Dawn: A Proton's Tale of All That Came to Be

DAWN: A Proton's Tale of All That Came to Be by Cees Dekker, Corien Oranje, and Gijsbert van den Brink. Translated by Harry Cook. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2022. 166 pages, discussion questions. Paperback; $22.00. ISBN: 9781514005668. *Imagine that you could witness the entire history of the universe first-hand, from the big bang to the end of time. Perhaps, if you were a sentient yet patient proton, you would have the necessary longevity and attention span, and this idea could become your reality. Such is the premise of Dawn: A Proton's Tale of All That Came to Be. "Pro," as the proton protagonist is known to his chatty neighboring subatomic particles, is born from quarks in the first second after the big bang, blind and knowing nothing, but with an insatiable curiosity about what is happening, and why. Conversations with other particles born a split-second earlier soon produce in Proton a deep admiration for a skilled Creator, and a sense of wonder and anticipation about what they have seen and what will happen next. *Throughout several chapters, Pro confusedly and vividly experiences the onset of light, nuclear fusion, a supernova, and incorporation into a molecule as part of a carbon nucleus. Pro ends up in the dust cloud that forms Earth, eventually witnessing the origin of terrestrial life as part of an RNA molecule. A rumor among the subatomic particles that the Creator wants to make personal contact with one of the creatures generates a guessing game as they witness the progress of evolution. Which lifeform will it be? *When Homo sapiens arrive on the scene, the story shifts to tracking biblical narratives, and the subatomic particles begin asking each other more theological questions. The Creator makes contact with two humans, a chieftain couple in Africa. The Fall ensues when the couple and their tribe reject the Creator's instructions, much to the subatomic particles' surprise and horror. Pro and his neighbors are then able to witness key moments in the progress of redemption, becoming fly-on-the-wall observers to events in the lives of several important biblical characters. "How is the Creator going to fix things?" the particles ask each other. *At this point it becomes apparent what a colossal challenge the three authors (a nano scientist, a novelist, and a theologian)1 have taken upon themselves. They have tried to produce a gripping narrative in which the protagonist does not know the outcome, but Christian readers will. They have set out to tell an entertaining story of the history of the universe from a Christ-centered perspective, filled with imaginative details that are consistent with modern science but also with the biblical witness. They have charged into a literary no man's land between fiction and nonfiction. *Do they succeed? In many ways, admirably so. The merging of science and biblical witness is skillfully accomplished, respecting the integrity of each source of knowledge. To readers of this journal, the idea of a Creator patiently guiding the evolution of the universe and of life over billions of years in order to generate Earth and its humanity, followed by the increasingly intimate involvement of that Creator in redeeming humanity, is familiar. To many others, this idea will be revelatory. *If evaluated as a work of fiction, it would be safe to say that Dawn is wildly imaginative, yet it is also strangely hindered by the passivity of the narrating subatomic particles. "Imagine that you yourself could determine where you would like to go" (p. 28), they muse just before the first protocell develops. Pro witnesses and experiences history but cannot intervene. The subatomic particles can react, but they have no agency in the macroscopic world. They do not embark on a quest or a voyage of self-discovery. "Just go with the flow" (p. 29), one advises. The tropes of fiction, however, are probably the wrong standards for evaluating this book. *Dawn succeeds, in the end, as creative nonfiction--the memoir of a proton. Along the way, it retells the old, old story in an imaginative way. The authors have created one of the most accessible books on science and Christianity to come out in recent years. Even young adults will be able to enjoy it. *Note *1Cees Dekker, distinguished nano-scientist at Delft University of Technology; Corien Oranje, novelist/theologian and author of Christian children's literature; and Gijsbert van den Brink, theologian and holder of the Chair of Theology and Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. *Reviewed by David O. De Haan, Professor of Chemistry, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110.

Preparation of metal doped nanoparticles using flower extract of Piper betle and its anti-bacterial investigations

Preparation of Silver, Gold and Zinc oxide nanoparticles was carried out by biological reduction method using Piper betle flower (Pbf) extract which has been known for its phytochemical constituents such as carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, amino acids, proteins etc. The nano products capped with plant extract Pbf-AgNPs, Pbf-AuNPs and Pbf-ZnONPs have been characterised by UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV–vis), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) studies. The spherical and circular morphology of the green synthesised nanoparticles confirmed and supported by SEM and TEM analysis. The crystalline in nature of Pbf-AgNPs, Pbf-AuNPs and Pbf-ZnONPs were examined by an X-ray diffraction study (XRD). Optical band values were derived for nano products using UV–vis data. The anti-bacterial activities were examined on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Among the nano products the Pbf-ZnONPs has shown potential inhibition in the range of 15 mm to 21 mm in positive bacteria and 10 mm to 14 mm in negative bacteria upon increasing concentration. Next to this Pbf-AuNPs has also shown promising results in the range of 7 mm to 12 mm and 9 mm to 20 mm in positive and negative bacteria respectively. The potentiality of nano products can be arranged Pbf-ZnONPs > Pbf-AuNPs > Pbf-AgNPs in terms of inhibition zone against microorganisms. We the pioneer to report Piper betle flower as potential capping agent for the green synthesis of Pbf-AgNPs, Pbf-AuNPs and Pbf-ZnONPs.

Preface

International Conference on Current Trend in Physics and Photonics (ICCTPP-2022), a virtual conference was organized by School of Physics, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University- Pune, India in association with IOP Science Publishing from 9th June to 11th June 2022. The conference was Chaired by Dr. Sachin Kulkarni, Head, School of Physics, MITWPU Pune and Co-Chaired by Prof. Dr. Narendra Mathakari and Dr. Ajit Deore from School of Physics.The purpose of the conference was to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers, industry professionals to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of general Physics and in particular the emerging field of photonics. In General Physics, the focus was mainly on material science, nanoscience, computational physics and theoretical physics. In Photonics, the focus was primarily on Lasers, Nanophotonics, Green photonics, Solar Energy, Plasmonics and Nonlinear Optics.The three-day conference program was carefully structured to encourage mutual inspiration and fruitful debate among researchers. Well known experts across India and the world were associated with the conference for keynote addresses, plenary sessions and invited talks. In addition, high quality research was presented by academicians, industry professionals, and research scholars from leading institutions across India, UAE, South Korea, Republic of Korea, Thailand, Tunisia and Algeria through oral and poster sessions. Total Ten oral and poster sessions was scheduled with topics ranging from Photonics, Optics, Nano Science and Material Science.On the first day the conference lamp was ignited with the Keynote address of Prof. Jagadish Chennupati, Distinguished Professor and Head of Semiconductor Optoelectronics and Nanotechnology Group in the Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Australia and the Plenary Talk of Prof. Venu Gopal Achanta, Director of CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, India. Prof. Chennupati enlighten the attendees on ‘Semiconductor Nanostructures for Optoelectronics Applications’ and Prof. Achanta on ‘Nanophotonics’. During afternoon session Dr. Nayana Vaval, Scientist, NCL, Pune, India delivered her talk on ‘Study of temporary bound states’ and Dr. Almantas Pivrikas, Senior Lecturer, Murdoch University, Australia expressed his views on ‘opto-electronic devices, such as photovoltaic cells, light emitting diodes, field-effect transistors and sensors’.The second day started with the Plenary talk of Prof. Prashant Sonar, ARC Future Fellow and Professor in School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Material Science at Queensland University of Technology, (QUT), Australia on the topic ‘Novel Conjugated Functional Materials for Photonics, Electronics, and Sensing’. Afternoon session was two invited talks, one by Dr. K. V. Sreekanth, Scientist-II, IMRE, A-Star, Singapore on ‘Reconfigurable nanophotonics with chalcogenide phase change materials’ and another by Dr. Dmitry Vasilyev, Dept of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany on ‘Imaging Spin Detection in Microscopy and Spectroscopy’.List of ICCTPP-2022, Committee Members are available in this Pdf.

Approach of nano materials in pharmaceutical science

Recent technical advancements have provided proof that evolution in Nano technology and Nano science is the fundamental factor. Physics, chemistry, materials science, and other engineering sciences are all involved in the multidisciplinary field of Nano technology. Nearly all areas of science and technology are seeing significant use of Nano technology. The varieties of Nano particles, as well as their synthesis and characterization methods, were highlighted in this review study. Although various techniques and applications have been described over the previous years, we primarily focused on the general synthetic approaches and uses of Nano materials here in order to give the young researchers a general perspective.

Approach of nano materials in pharmaceutical science

Recent technical advancements have provided proof that evolution in Nano technology and Nano science is the fundamental factor. Physics, chemistry, materials science, and other engineering sciences are all involved in the multidisciplinary field of Nano technology. Nearly all areas of science and technology are seeing significant use of Nano technology. The varieties of Nano particles, as well as their synthesis and characterization methods, were highlighted in this review study. Although various techniques and applications have been described over the previous years, we primarily focused on the general synthetic approaches and uses of Nano materials here in order to give the young researchers a general perspective.

When cancer drug resistance meets metabolomics (bulk, single-cell and/or spatial): Progress, potential, and perspective.

Resistance to drug treatment is a critical barrier in cancer therapy. There is an unmet need to explore cancer hallmarks that can be targeted to overcome this resistance for therapeutic gain. Over time, metabolic reprogramming has been recognised as one hallmark that can be used to prevent therapeutic resistance. With the advent of metabolomics, targeting metabolic alterations in cancer cells and host patients represents an emerging therapeutic strategy for overcoming cancer drug resistance. Driven by technological and methodological advances in mass spectrometry imaging, spatial metabolomics involves the profiling of all the metabolites (metabolomics) so that the spatial information is captured bona fide within the sample. Spatial metabolomics offers an opportunity to demonstrate the drug-resistant tumor profile with metabolic heterogeneity, and also poses a data-mining challenge to reveal meaningful insights from high-dimensional spatial information. In this review, we discuss the latest progress, with the focus on currently available bulk, single-cell and spatial metabolomics technologies and their successful applications in pre-clinical and translational studies on cancer drug resistance. We provide a summary of metabolic mechanisms underlying cancer drug resistance from different aspects; these include the Warburg effect, altered amino acid/lipid/drug metabolism, generation of drug-resistant cancer stem cells, and immunosuppressive metabolism. Furthermore, we propose solutions describing how to overcome cancer drug resistance; these include early detection during cancer initiation, monitoring of clinical drug response, novel anticancer drug and target metabolism, immunotherapy, and the emergence of spatial metabolomics. We conclude by describing the perspectives on how spatial omics approaches (integrating spatial metabolomics) could be further developed to improve the management of drug resistance in cancer patients.

A review/survey paper on Nanobots in Medical Applications for kidney curing in humans

A review or survey on Nanobots in Medical Applications is presented in this paper. Nanorobotics is the science and technology of designing and manufacturing nanoscale machines, especially robotic machines. Nanorobots would constitute any “smart” structure capable of actuation, sensing, signaling, information processing, intelligence, manipulation and swarm behavior at nano scale (10-9m). More specifically, nanorobotics (as opposed to micro robotics) refers to the nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots with devices ranging in size from 0.1 to 10 micrometers and constructed of nanoscale or molecular components. The first useful applications of nanomachines is in nanomedicine. The biological machines are used to identify and destroy cancer cells. The work given here is a project that is taken up as a part of the curriculum completed by electronics and communication engineering post-graduate student in the second year of the electronics &amp; communication engineering department at Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering in Bangalore.

A review/survey paper on Nanobots in Medical Applications for cancer cures

A review or survey on Nanobots in Medical Applications is presented in this paper. Nanorobotics is the science and technology of designing and manufacturing nanoscale machines, especially robotic machines. Nanorobots would constitute any “smart” structure capable of actuation, sensing, signaling, information processing, intelligence, manipulation and swarm behavior at nano scale (10-9m). More specifically, nanorobotics (as opposed to micro robotics) refers to the nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots with devices ranging in size from 0.1 to 10 micrometers and constructed of nanoscale or molecular components. The first useful applications of nanomachines is in nanomedicine. The biological machines are used to identify and destroy cancer cells. The work given here is a project that is taken up as a part of the curriculum completed by electronics and communication engineering post-graduate student in the second year of the electronics &amp; communication engineering department at Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering in Bangalore.

Post Flowering Management Using Plant Growth Regulators in Greengram (Vigna radiata L.)

Aim: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Auxin and Zeatin-based nanoformulations in post-flowering management in greengram.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Nanoformulations were standardized at the Department of Nano Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore and a field trial was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Bhavanisagar.&#x0D; Methodology: Nanoformulations were standardized by oil in water nanoemulsion technique and effect on crop is observed by foliar spray of nanoformulations during the flowering stage of crop growth.&#x0D; Results: Increased chlorophyll content due to NAA and Zeatin and extended retention of chlorophyll in Auxin-based treatments has been recorded. Hence the crop can produce more assimilates leading to increased seed yield. Zeatin spray also recorded increased chlorophyll, mature pods, number of seeds pod-1, seed weight, pod setting percentage. Such an increase of yield attributes was mainly due to decreased flower shedding percentage.&#x0D; Conclusion: Growth regulators such as Auxin and Zeatin exhibited a significant role in increasing plant chlorophyll content and yield of greengram. Among treatments, Nanoemulsion of NAA @ 30ppm recorded a higher number of mature pods, seed yield, seed weight and lower flower shedding percentage which is concluded as the best treatment.

A Detailed Review on Synthesis, Functionalization, Application, Challenges, and Current Status of Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Field of Drug Delivery and Gene Delivery System

For progression of health care system, it has always been a challenge to the researchers for formulation to a type of advanced drug delivery system which will have less toxicity, targeted delivery and will be highly biodegradable. Nano science or nanotechnology has been validated to be a successful method as of targeting the drug to its active site be due to its special physicochemical properties and size thereby reducing the dose of administration, increasing bioavailability, and also reducing toxicity. Magnetic nanoparticles recently in few decades have proved as an effective advanced drug delivery system for its elevated magnetic responsiveness, biocompatibility, elevated targeted drug delivery effectiveness, etc. The drug can be easily targeted to active site by application of external magnetic field. Among the various elements, nanoparticles prepared with magnetically active iron oxide or other iron-based spinel oxide nanoparticles are widely used due to its high electrical resistivity, mechanical hardness, chemical stability, etc. Owing to their easy execution towards drug delivery application, extensive research has been carried out in this area. This review paper has summarized all recent modifications of iron-based magnetically active nanoparticle based drug delivery system along with their synthesis, characterization, and applications.

Large-Area and High-Precision Milling of Focused Ion Beam Based on the Integration of Nanoscale Machine Vision and Compensation Control

Abstract Focused ion beam (FIB) is a high-precision technology for micro/nanofabrication that can be used to fabricate micro/nanoscale structures and electronic devices, such as waveguide gratings, resonators, and photonic crystals. In this study, a novel FIB processing system was developed using machine vision coupled with a piezoelectric motor, which compensates the process periodically and automatically. The FIB system is controlled by a computer program that enables automatic processing, automatic recognition, and provides feedback to control the movement of the stage. The results show that ring arrays with a diameter of 2 μm can be detected automatically under the field of view (FOV) of 114 × 114 μm2 with relative errors of less than 6%. The FOV can be larger than 400 × 400 μm2 after the splicing function of automatic compensation control is applied to the same ring arrays. Structurally, the average splicing errors in the X- and Y-directions decreased one order of magnitude, which are from 1.49 to 0.15 μm and 1.47 to 0.37 μm, respectively. This paves the way for the mass production of nanoholes in a large area with high precision and high speed for semiconductor manufacturing and research.

Modelling of a shear-type piezoelectric actuator for AFM-based vibration-assisted nanomachining

Recent research investigations have reported the benefit of enhancing conventional AFM-based nanoscale machining operations by the introduction of high frequency vibrations between the AFM tip and the processed material. The technique relies on piezoelectric actuation and is relatively straight forward to implement in practice. However, the non-linearity of piezoelectric actuators when operated under high electric field and frequency conditions can affect the dimensional accuracy of the fabricated nanostructures. To address these issues, the paper reports a method based on coupled mechanical-electrical Finite Element (FE) modelling to predict the relative motion between an AFM tip and a workpiece for vibration-assisted AFM-based nanomachining applications. In particular, the novelty of the proposed method is that it combines two classical approaches for modelling the nonlinear behaviour of piezoelectric materials. More specifically, two sources of non-linearity are considered simultaneously by combining the field-dependant model from Muller and Zhang with the frequency-dependant model from Damjanovic. The resulting combined model is employed to establish the piezoelectric constitutive equations implemented in the developed coupled field FE model. A further distinguishing characteristic of the work is that the proposed approach was subsequently validated by comparing the predicted widths of nanoscale grooves against those machined with a custom AFM-based vibration-assisted nanomachining configuration.

Facial design and synthesis of Ce doped Co-Ni oxide nanocages with cubic structure for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors

From the perspective of nano science and nanotechnology, it is very interesting and important to develop a reasonable and practical synthesis route of nanomaterials for production and life. Here, we develop a strategy of hollow cubic metal oxide nanocages. The method was inspired by Pearson’s Hard-Soft-Acid-Base (HSAB) theory, and nanocages with excellent performance were prepared by coordination etching and optimization of reaction conditions. Firstly, Cu2O nanocubes were prepared by redox reaction at room temperature. Then, the hollow cubic NiCo2Ox/CeOy nanocages were obtained by HSAB theory and cerium doping. The nanomaterial has a specific capacitance of up to 1976 F/g at the current density of 1 A/g. In addition, the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) prepared with hollow cubic NiCo2Ox/CeOy nanocage as cathode and active carbon as anode exhibits an energy density as high as 37.1 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 375 W kg−1. The capacitance retention rate of the device is 91.5 % after 10,000 cycles. The device can be charged to light up LED lights. These excellent electrochemical properties, due to their unique structure and synergistic effect between materials, indicate the potential application value of hollow cubic NiCo2Ox/CeOy nanocages in high-performance supercapacitors.

Analysis of second grade hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching flat plate in the presence of activation energy

The research of fluid containing nanoparticles for the heat transport characteristics is very famous because of its variety of real-life applications in various thermal systems. Although the thermal efficiency of the nanofluid was effective but still the nano scientists were trying to introduce some new advance class of fluid. Therefore, an advance class of fluid is developed by the dispersion of two different nano sized particles in the conventional base fluid known as “Hybrid nanofluid” which is more effective compared to simple nanofluids in many engineering and industrial applications. Therefore, motivated from the hybrid type of nanofluids in the current research we have taken two-dimensional laminar and steady flow of second grade fluid passing through porous plate. The engine oil base fluid is widely used fluid in the engineering and industrial problems. Keeping these applications in mind the engine oil is considered and two different nanoparticles Copper and aluminum oxide are added in ordered to get the required thermal characteristics. In addition to this the thermal radiation, chemical reaction, activation energy, Brownian motion and thermophoresis are also addressed during the current research. The present proposed higher-order PDE’s is transformed to the non-linear system of ODE’s. For the solution of the proposed high non-linear model HAM method is employed. As the hybrid nanofluid are highlighted on the second-grade fluid flow over a horizontal porous flat plate. During the present analysis and experimental study, it has been proved that the performance of hybrid nanofluid is efficient in many situations compared to nanofluid and regular fluid. For physical interpretation all the flow parameters are discussed through graphs. The impact of volume fraction is also addressed through graphs. Moreover, the comparative analysis between hybrid and nanofluid is carried out and found that hybrid nanofluid performed well as compared to nanofluid and regular fluid. The engineering quantities obtained from the present research have been presented in tables.