Zn Nanoparticles Research Articles

Properties of ZnO and Zn Nanoparticles Produced by Electrical Discharge in Liquid Method

Properties of ZnO and Zn Nanoparticles Produced by Electrical Discharge in Liquid Method

Experimental study of saturable and reverse saturable absorption of Zn nanoparticles photodeposited onto etched optical fibers

In this paper, the non-linear optical response of photodeposited zinc nanoparticles onto an etched optical fiber is reported. Through chemical etching, 20 mm of the cladding of a standard single-mode optical fiber was removed to expose its core and subsequently, photodeposit zinc nanoparticles on it at different times (1, 5 and 10 min) by using a continuous wave laser at 1550 nm. The non-linear optical response was obtained by the P-scan technique using a high-gain pulsed amplifier with a pulse duration of 10 ns at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The experimental results showed that it is possible to get the effects of reverse saturable absorption (RSA) at irradiances less than 380 MW/cm 2 and saturable absorption (SA) for higher values. Consequently, the analysis of the results obtained shows that the third-order non-linear susceptibility x3 of the RSA is 2.2130 × 10−06 (esu) for 10 min of photodeposition, which decreases for shorter photodeposition times; On the other hand, the third-order non-linear susceptibility x3 of the SA is −5.8955 × 10−07 (esu) for 10 min of photodeposition, which increases for shorter exposure times. Finally, the experimental results obtained show that it is possible to make a photonic device with desired non-linear absorption properties by the photodeposition of metallic nanoparticles onto etched fibers, which makes it ideal for applications in optical communications.

PRESERVATIVES FOR EXTENDING SHELF LIFE OF FISH BY USING NANOPARTICLES BASED ON NANO ICE

Nanotechnology is a branch of science that basically deals with synthesi of nano-size particles. A nanoparticle is an ultrafine particle, or a tiny particle that ranges between 1 to 100 nanometers in size and is undetectable by the human eye. Nanoparticles types are commonly divided into two main groups:- organic and inorganic Organic groups include lipsones, hybrid, micelles, dendriners and compact polymeric nanoparticles. Inorganic group includes quantum dots, silica,fullernes and metal nanoparticle. Artificial nanoparticles can be created from any solid or liquid material, including metals, dielectrics, and semiconductors. Nanoparticles have other physical properties that must be measured for a complete description such as size, shape, dispersion state,surface properties and crystallinty.In the current research work, collected some water from fish area and analyse bacteria responsible for spoilage of fish which are pseudomonas,Escherichia coli,Achromobacter,Serratia, Micrococcus,Staphylococcus aureus.Then isolate bacteria for suitable media (MSA,NAM ).Organic acid and bacteriocins from bacteria showed good antimicrobial activities against spoilage bacteria.Plant derived antimicrobials could prolong fish shelf life and decrease lipid oxidation.Nanoparticles were synthesized of mainly Zinc,Copper,Magnesium,Silver and their characterization were done using UV visible spectrophotometer,Zeta potential, PSA(Particle size Analyser).Different ice crystal of different nanoparticles of Zn,Ag,Mg,Cu shows to prolong the shelf life of fish.Hence nanoparticles can be a great source for preserving and enhancing the shelf life of fish.

Mulberry based zinc nano-particles mitigate salinity induced toxic effects and improve the grain yield and zinc bio-fortification of wheat by improving antioxidant activities, photosynthetic performance, and accumulation of osmolytes and hormones.

Salinity stress (SS) is a challenging abiotic stress that limits crop growth and productivity. Sustainable and cost effective methods are needed to improve crop production and decrease the deleterious impacts of SS. Zinc (Zn) nano-particles (NPs) have emerged as an important approach to regulating plant tolerance against SS. However, the mechanisms of SS tolerance mediated by Zn-NPs are not fully explained. Thus, this study was performed to explore the role of Zn-NPs (seed priming and foliar spray) in reducing the deleterious impacts of SS on wheat plants. The study comprised different SS levels: control, 6 and 12 dS m−1, and different Zn-NPs treatments: control, seed priming (40 ppm), foliar spray (20 ppm), and their combination. Salinity stress markedly reduced plant growth, biomass, and grain yield. This was associated with enhanced electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl) accumulation, reduced photosynthetic pigments, relative water contents (RWC), photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomata conductance (Gs), water use efficiency (WUE), free amino acids (FAA), total soluble protein (TSP), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, N, and P). However, the application of Zn-NPs significantly improved the yield of the wheat crop, which was associated with reduced abscisic acid (ABA), MDA, H2O2 concentration, and EL, owing to improved antioxidant activities, and an increase in RWC, Pn, Tr, WUE, and the accumulation of osmoregulating compounds (proline, soluble sugars, TSP, and FAA) and hormones (GA and IAA). Furthermore, Zn-NPs contrasted the salinity-induced uptake of toxic ions (Na and Cl) and increased the uptake of Ca, K, Mg, N, and P. Additionally, Zn-NPs application substantially increased the wheat grain Zn bio-fortification. Our results support previous findings on the role of Zn-NPs in wheat growth, yield, and grain Zn bio-fortification, demonstrating that beneficial effects are obtained under normal as well as adverse conditions, thanks to improved physiological activity and the accumulation of useful compounds. This sets the premise for general use of Zn-NPs in wheat, to which aim more experimental evidence is intensively being sought. Further studies are needed at the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic level to better acknowledge the mechanisms of general physiological enhancement observed with Zn-NPs application.

Low-order nonlinearities and high-order harmonics generation in Zn and ZnSe nanoparticles synthesized during femtosecond laser ablation at a 50 kHz pulse repetition rate

We synthesize Zn and ZnSe nanoparticles during laser ablation of bulk material in ethanol and analyze them using the Z-scan technique and the generation of high harmonics using a 50 kHz, 40 fs, and 1030 nm laser. The low-order nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction coefficients in the colloidal suspensions of the formed nanoparticles were measured using 1030 nm and 515 nm probing laser pulses, respectively. The values of the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient of Zn NPs at 1030 nm wavelength were calculated to be γ = − 1.4 × 10 − 13 c m 2 W − 1 and β = 2.7 × 10 − 11 c m W − 1 , respectively. Similarly, in the case of ZnSe NPs, γ = − 4.9 × 10 − 14 c m 2 W − 1 and β = 0.5 × 10 − 11 c m W − 1 , respectively. In the case of 515 nm probing pulses, the corresponding nonlinear optical parameters of Zn NP suspension were calculated to be γ = − 1.7 × 10 − 14 c m 2 W − 1 and β = 1.0 × 10 − 11 c m W − 1 , and for ZnSe NP suspension, the value of β was calculated to be 2.1 × 10 − 11 c m W − 1 . The nonlinear refractive index of this suspension was γ = − 2.4 × 10 − 14 c m 2 W − 1 . We also report the studies of high-order harmonics generation in plasmas containing Zn and ZnSe NPs using single- (1030 nm) and two-color (1030 nm + 515 nm) laser fields. The maximal generated extreme ultraviolet (XUV) harmonics were 33rd (Zn NPs) and 27th (ZnSe NPs) orders. The decrease of the maximal generating harmonic orders was explained using the three-step model. The high brightness of the ninth and 10th harmonics generated in the two-color laser field was obtained due to the resonance properties of Zn NPs. The maximal generated XUV harmonics were the 33rd (Zn nanoparticles) and 27th (ZnSe nanoparticles) orders.

Effectiveness of foliar application of biostimulants and nanoparticles on growth, nitrogen assimilation and nutritional content in green bean

The use of biostimulants, such as salicylic acid (SA) and chitosan, are a sustainable strategy to solve stress problems in plants. Its use has been shown to have synergy with metallic microelements, which are very important for the development of crops under stress situations. An advance in the application of these nutrients is the use of nanoparticles, which emerge as a more precise alternative to achieve optimal plant development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of biostimulants, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) nanoparticles on growth, nitrogen assimilation, and nutritional content in green bean cv. ‘Strike’. Three treatments were used where complete nutrient solution was applied via foliar, the combination of chitosan (Q) plus SA and nanoparticles of Fe and Zn plus Q and SA. The application of nutrient solution favoured biomass content and carotene content. While the Q+SA treatment increased the nitrate reductase enzymatic activity, the mineral content in the root and the amino acid content, which places it as a viable alternative in situations where the supply of nutrients is limited or the plant cope with stressful situations. For its part, the application of nanoparticles of Fe and Zn plus biostimulants generated an increase in the mineral content of the aerial part, indicating that the application of this type of compound generates a greater mobility of nutrients within the plant.

Photocatalytic Inactivation of Viruses and Prions: Multilevel Approach with Other Disinfectants

Ag, Cu, Zn, Ti, and Au nanoparticles show enhanced photocatalytic properties. Efficient indoor disinfection strategies are imperative to manage the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Virucidal agents, such as ethanol, sodium hypochlorite, 222-nm UV light, and electrolyzed water inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments. Tungsten trioxide (WO3) photocatalyst and visible light disinfect abiotic surfaces against SARS-CoV-2. The titanium dioxide (TiO2)/UV system inactivates SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols and on deliberately contaminated TiO2-coated glass slide surfaces in photocatalytic chambers, wherein 405-nm UV light treatment for 20 min sterilizes the environment and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that inactivate the virus by targeting S and envelope proteins and viral RNA. Mesoscopic calcium bicarbonate solution (CAC-717) inactivates pathogens, such as prions, influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, and noroviruses, in fluids; it presumably acts similarly on human and animal skin. The molecular complexity of cementitious materials promotes the photocatalysis of microorganisms. In combination, the two methods can reduce the pathogen load in the environment. As photocatalysts and CAC-717 are potent disinfectants for prions, disinfectants against prionoids could be developed by combining photocatalysis, gas plasma methodology, and CAC-717 treatment, especially for surgical devices and instruments.

Використання наночастинок і нанотехнологій у картоплярстві

Goal. To analyze the literature data and the results of their own research on the use of nanoparticles and nanotechnologies in potato growing, as well as the results of the combined use of nanoparticles and microbial preparations. Methods. Analysis of literature, virological, microbiological, instrumental, field experiment, biochemical, statistical, and economic analysis. Results. Nanoparticles with virulicidal, bactericidal and fungicidal activity, as well as those that stimulate the growth of bacteria, were determined in vitro. Thus, Ti nanoparticles, the composition of Se + I nanoparticles, and the drug «Avatar-2 Zahyst» obtained by the nanotechnological method had virulicidal activity against the phytopathogenic virus Potato virus Y in the conditions of vegetation experiments. Using the method of transmission electron microscopy, it was established that Ti nanoparticles can concentrate around Potato virus Y virions and adsorb on their surface, this can be a potential explanation for their virulicidal activity. Zn nanoparticles exhibit bactericidal activity against strains of beneficial soil bacteria Bacillus subtilis IMV B7023 and Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens ICM B306 (2687) and a strain of bacteria pathogenic for potatoes — Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus Ac1995, reducing their titer by 100%. The composition of Se + I nanoparticles to one degree or another increases the titer of all tested strains of beneficial soil and phytopathogenic bacteria, in particular the strain Bacillus subtilis IMV B7023, which is one of the bioagents of the microbial preparation «Azogran», by 8.46–20.36%. Also, the composition of Se + I nanoparticles showed the strongest antifungal activity, reducing the diameter of colonies of strains of phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium sp. 072 by 25.26–51.75%, Acremonium cucurbitacearum 502 — by 78.95–94.22, and Acremonium strictum 048 — by 52.67–75.00%, as well as the number of colonies of the strain Acremonium cucurbitacearum 502 — by 60,00-86.67%. These properties of nanoparticles, their compositions, and the drug «Avatar-2 Zahyst» were tested in the conditions of a field experiment, and the combined use of nanoparticles with the microbial drug «Azogran» was also investigated. The drug «Avatar-2 Zahyst» was effective against viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases. The combination of the drug «Azogran» with the composition of Se+I nanoparticles turned out to be the best, reducing the frequency of establishment of bacterial and fungal diseases and the degree of their damage, increasing the marketability of tubers, yield, and improving other indicators. In this option, the highest calculated profitability, the value of which was 111.7 and 75.8% in two areas, which is more than in the control by 57.7 and 41.5%, respectively. Among other options, it is worth highlighting the composition of Se + I nanoparticles and the drug «Azogran», however, their effects individually were smaller than in combination. Conclusions. The effectiveness of the composition of Se+I nanoparticles, «Avatar-2 Zahyst» and «Azogran» preparations for the control of potato infectious diseases and the prospects of their use in potato cultivation technology were proven. The positive effect of the composition of Se + I nanoparticles and the drug «Azogran» on the marketability of tubers and yield was shown. The synergy between the composition of Se + I nanoparticles and the drug «Azogran» was established. The most promising was the combined use of nanoparticles and microbial preparations in the technology of growing potatoes.

Development of (TiO2-ZnO)/LDPE based active nanocomposite films and detection of migration to minced beef during storage using response surface methodology

In the current research, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using ethylene ethyl acrylate as compatibilizer are incorporated into low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to generate active nanocomposite films (ANFs) using melt blowing technique. The film properties such as colour, thickness, mechanical and thermal properties, surface morphology, and molecular composition were analyzed. Subsequently, minced beef samples were packed with ANFs, and migration was determined in 7-days storage period at 1 °C, 7 °C, and −18 0C. The migration characteristics were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at these 3 different temperature applications. The SEM results indicated that metal oxides had a substantially homogenous distribution in the polymer matrix, but agglomerates were formed in some regions. The Ti and Zn nanoparticles migrated to minced beef were significantly affected by the independent variables. The amounts of Ti and Zn migrated into minced beef samples ranged from 21.37 to 48.15 ppm and 11.01 and 52.74 ppm, respectively. In general, migration from Ti nanoparticles was greater compared to Zn nanoparticles. As a result, it has been demonstrated that TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles are good alternatives to functionalizing food packaging film.

Effect of loading various nanoparticles on superhydrophobic/superoleophilic stearic acid-modified polyurethane foams for oil-water separation

This report has been generated to synthesize certain superhydrophobic/superoleophilic materials by modifying the polyurethane nanocomposite with three different nanoparticles (NPs). The general purposes are to study the effect of the nanoparticles and remove oil contaminants from water, which is highly required following the impact of technology development in various fields. The materials were produced by dip-coating in-situ method upon a polyurethane foam (PUF) and directly continued with the insertion of nanoparticles and a stearic acid (SA) branch through ultrasonication for further transformation. Additionally, characterization by SEM/EDX, TGA, and FTIR presented that the nanoparticle composites were uniformly distributed through the PUF, caused as a result of the intense chelating bond bonded between NPs active surface and the carboxylates-hydroxide. Notably, the water contact angle (WCA) measurement showed that the static contact angle escalated up to 162°. Interestingly, after 20 cycles of the absorption-desorption test, the WCA remained above 135° which strongly affirmed the excellent superhydrophobic properties of the modified PUF nanocomposites. Furthermore, their performance in oil-water separation was tested with different organic and commercial oil to compare the capacity rate, reusability, permeate flux, and separation efficiency of each material. The results exhibited that the surface alteration of the PUF enhanced the oil capacity up to 35–37 g/g, oil permeate flux as much as 8000 L m−2 h−1, and separation efficiency up to 99.5% respectively. Moreover, the colored oil in the oil removal test was rapidly absorbed by the materials within 2sconfirming the high applicability in a wider area of oil-water separation. Notably, these remarkable results demonstrated that the fabricated PUF absorbents were capable to be used in industrial applications owing to their high performance, and mechanical, and chemical stability. Finally, the effect of loading different NPs (Al, Fe, and Zn) was studied that the Fe NPs are the most excellent nanoparticles for all the performance tests.

Zn-Loaded and Calcium Phosphate-Coated Degradable Silica Nanoparticles Can Effectively Promote Osteogenesis in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Nanoparticles such as mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are promising for use in bone regeneration applications due to their inherent bioactivity. Doping silica nanoparticles with bioinorganic ions could further enhance their biological performance. For example, zinc (Zn) is often used as an additive because it plays an important role in bone formation and development. Local delivery and dose control are important aspects of its therapeutic application. In this work, we investigated how Zn incorporation in MSN and MBG nanoparticles impacts their ability to promote human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) osteogenesis and mineralization in vitro. Zn ions were incorporated in three different ways; within the matrix, on the surface or in the mesopores. The nanoparticles were further coated with a calcium phosphate (CaP) layer to allow pH-responsive delivery of the ions. We demonstrate that the Zn incorporation amount and ion release profile affect the nanoparticle’s ability to stimulate osteogenesis in hMSCs. Specifically, we show that the nanoparticles that contain rapid Zn release profiles and a degradable silica matrix were most effective in inducing hMSC differentiation. Moreover, cells cultured in the presence of nanoparticle-containing media resulted in the highest induction of alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity, followed by culturing hMSC on nanoparticles immobilized on the surface as films. Exposure to nanoparticle-conditioned media did not increase ALP activity in hMSCs. In summary, Zn incorporation mode and nanoparticle application play an important role in determining the bioactivity of ion-doped silica nanoparticles.

Oxidation control of metallic zinc nanoparticles by silica coating

ABSTRACT A simple method for controlling the aggregation and oxidation of metallic zinc (Zn) nanoparticles has been developed. Metallic Zn nanoparticles were fabricated from Zn(CH₃COO)2·2H2O by electrolysis under ultrasonic irradiation in water exposed to air. The metallic Zn nanoparticles were silica-coated by adding ethanol, a silane coupling agent (SCA)/ethanol, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), and NaOH aqueous solution to the metallic Zn nanoparticle colloid solution, which perfectly prevented the metallic Zn nanoparticles from aggregating due to the physical barriers that were provided by the silica shells. (3-Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane was suitable as the SCA for ensuring the nonaggregation of the silica-coated metallic Zn nanoparticles. Oxidation of the metallic Zn nanoparticles even with annealing in air was controlled by the silica shells due to their function as physical barriers.

Adjustable Mixed Conductive Interphase for Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Batteries.

Lithium (Li) metal batteries with high energy density are of great promise for next-generation energy storage; however, they suffer from severe Li dendritic growth and an unstable solid electrolyte interphase. In this study, a mixed ionic and electronic conductive (MIEC) interphase layer with an adjustable ratio assembled by ZnO and Zn nanoparticles is developed. During the initial cycle, the in situ formed Li2O with high ionic conductivity and a lithiophilic LiZn alloy with high electronic conductivity enable fast Li+ transportation in the interlayer and charge transfer at the ion/electron conductive junction, respectively. The optimized interface kinetics is achieved by balancing the ion migration and charge transfer in the MIEC Li2O-LiZn interphase. As a result, the symmetric cell with MIEC interphase delivers superior cycling stability of over 1200 h. Also, Li||Zn-ZnO@PP||LFP (LFP = LiFePO4) full cells exhibit long cyclic life for 2000 cycles with a very high capacity retention of 91.5% at a high rate of 5 C and stable cycling for 350 cycles at a high LFP loading mass of 13.27 mg cm-2.

Three-dimensional porous nitrogen-doped carbon aerogels derived from cellulose@mof for efficient removal of dye in water

Three-dimensional porous nitrogen-doped carbon aerogels are synthesized by one-step carbonization of bacterial cellulose@zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) composite aerogels. The uniformly distributed Zn nanoparticles in the carbon aerogels gradually volatilize during the calcination process, and a large number of mesopores are formed in situ. After carbonization at 1000 °C, nitrogen-doped carbon aerogels (C-BZ-1000) show excellent hydrophilicity and the three-dimensional macroporous structure of composite aerogels is well preserved. The obtained C-BZ-1000 aerogels with hierarchical porous structure have large specific surface area and low density of 0.005 g cm−3, thereby realizing fast diffusion of methylene blue (MB) molecular. They have excellent adsorption performance, and the equilibrium adsorption of MB in simulated industrial wastewater can reach 227 mg g−1, which was 1.4 times higher than that of nanoporous carbon obtained by carbonization of ZIF-8 and 4.7 times higher than carbon aerogels obtained by carbonization of BC, respectively. Importantly, this current approach can be extended to more metal-organic framework and biomass materials for the design and fabrication of various advanced multifunctional materials.

An efficient approach to endow TiNbTaZr implant with osteogenic differentiation and antibacterial activity in vitro

Osteogenic differentiation and antibacterial property are two-core requirements for bone implants, but typically they are not compatible. Zinc (Zn) as a common bioactive material is widely used in the medical field. A balance between antibacterial and osteogenic activity can be achieved at appropriate Zn concentration. In this study, the TNTZ/Zn micro/nano-composites were prepared by doping Zn nanoparticles onto Ti-35Nb-2Ta-3Zr (TNTZ) surface through the friction stir processing (FSP) technique. The results of material characterization revealed the homogeneous distribution of Zn, the presence of α″ martensite, and the increase in microhardness in the stir zone. Due to the solid metallurgical bonding between Zn NPs and substrate, Zn ions were released slowly and may be biologically responsive through body fluid corrosion. In terms of biological activity, the expression of adhesion-related protein vinculin and osteogenic differentiation genes were up-regulated by TNTZ/Zn, which improved the early adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal stem cells. Besides, TNTZ/Zn presented excellent antibacterial properties, and direct contact with the fine grain surface containing Zn NPs may be the dominant mechanism. TNTZ/Zn micro/nano-composites have excellent mechanical properties, osteogenic differentiation and antibacterial properties, providing an efficient strategy for titanium alloy surface modification and showing tremendous potential in dental applications.

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Red Seaweed for the Elimination of Organic Toxic Dye from an Aqueous Solution

This study aims to produce green zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) derived from red seaweed (Pterocladia Capillacea) and evaluate their potential to absorb Ismate violet 2R (IV2R) ions from an aqueous solution. UV-vis spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis (BET) were used to analyze the structural, morphological, and optical features of the synthesized nanoparticles. The change in color of the chemical solution revealed the formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The FTIR examination confirmed the synthesis of both Zn and ZnO nanoparticle powder, with a BET surface area of 113.751 m2 g−1 and an average pore size of 2.527 nm for the synthesized adsorbent. Furthermore, the maximum removal effectiveness of IV2R was 99% when 0.08 g ZnO-NPs was applied at a pH of 6, a temperature of 55 °C, and a contact time of 120 min. The dye adsorption capacity of the ZnO-NPs was 72.24 mg g−1. The adsorption process was also controlled by the Freundlich adsorption model and pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics. The adsorption of IV2R ions onto the ZnO-NPs could be represented as a nonideal and reversible sorption process of a nonuniform surface, according to Freundlich adsorption isotherms. In addition, the constant values of the model parameters were determined using various nonlinear regression error functions. Moreover, thermodynamic parameters such as entropy change, enthalpy change, and free energy change were investigated; the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The high capacity of the ZnO-NPs synthesized by red seaweed promotes them as promising substances for applications in water treatment for the removal of IV2R dye from aqueous systems.

Thermal performance of ternary-hybrid nanofluids through a convergent-divergent nozzle using distilled water - ethylene glycol mixtures

A computational analysis is conducted based on ternary-nanoparticles performance for base fluid mixture through a convergent-divergent (CD) nozzle. Since the thermal phenomena through a CD nozzle exposes many attention-grabbing performances, it deserves additional investigation for laminar flow characteristics. Using ternary-nanoparticles at different base fluid mixture makes the study more robust and interesting to analyze the real situation better. In this study, the properties of cobalt (Co), silver (Ag), and zinc (Zn) nanoparticles along with base fluid mixtures of distilled-water (DW) and ethylene glycol (EG) as (100:0), (60:40), (50:50), and (0:100), are employed. A wide range of inlet velocity, solid concentrations, nanoparticle size and magnitude of nanoparticle shape factor is considered in this research. The mixtures of nanoparticles are considered as a ratio of (0:1/2:1/2), (1/2:0:1/2), (1/2:1/2:0), (1/6:1/6:2/3), (1/6:2/3:1/6), (2/3:1/6:1/6) and (1/3:1/3:1/3). The mathematical model is formulated using Navier-Stokes equations, energy conservation with proper boundary conditions, and solved using finite element method. Among the considered base fluid mixtures, the highest heat transfer rate is obtained for EG-Co-Ag-Zn nanofluid. A relatively higher heat transfer rate is found for all base fluid mixtures with nanoparticles ratio (1/6:2/3:1/6) compared to other combinations. Furthermore, advanced rate of thermal transport is found using laminar shape nanoparticles.

Structural, optical, dielectric, and magnetic properties of spinel MFe2O4 (M = Co and Zn) nanoparticles synthesized by CTAB-assisted hydrothermal method

Nanostructured MFe2O4 (M = Co and Zn) ferrites have been successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) as a precipitating agent at a moderate temperature (∼160 °C) for 10 h and subsequent calcination of the precursors at 400 and 600 °C. These ferrite materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), thermogravimetric analysis−differential scanning calorimetry (TGA−DSC), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The CoFe2O4 is found to have both hexagonal and spherical surface morphologies and for ZnFe2O4 a spherical morphology is obtained at 600 °C. Optical, dielectric, and magnetic properties of these ferrites have been investigated. CoFe2O4 exhibits ferromagnetism at room temperature. In contrast, ZnFe2O4 shows paramagnetism at room temperature. The Ms and Hc values are observed to increase, respectively, from 74.2 emu g−1 to 78.9 emu g−1 and 1221 Oe to 1411 Oe for CoFe2O4 as the calcination temperature increases from 400 °C to 600 °C. This is related to better crystallinity because of calcination at higher temperature. Dielectric properties of the ferrite materials are also enhanced with the increase in the calcination temperature.

​Influence of Zn, Fe and Ag Nanoparticles on Growth, Yield Attributes and Profitability in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum mill)

Background: The ambition of nanoparticles in agriculture is to reduce the amount of spread chemicals, minimize nutrient losses in fertilization and increased yield through pest and nutrient management. The recent advances in nanotechnology and its use in the field of agriculture are astonishingly increasing therefore it is tempting to evaluate the effect of different nanoparticles on growth and yield contributing characters in tomato. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar during Rabi season 2019-2020 which consisted of 13 treatments of three nanoparticles, viz. Zn, Fe and Ag at four different concentrations. Result: The results revealed that among different concentration of nanoparticles, seed treated with 800 ppm Zn NPs solution for 4 hours significantly improved the growth and yield characteristics in comparison to control. Similarly, Fe and Ag NPs also significantly influenced the growth and yield attributes but at increasing concentration showed decreasing trend for these characters. Thus, it can be inferred that employing Zn nanoparticles as seed treatment could increase in growth and yield contributing attributes at higher concentration in tomato.

Significance of magnetized Darcy-Forchheimer stratified rotating Williamson hybrid nanofluid flow: A case of 3D sheet

The rising challenges of thermal transportation in compact density heat exchangers demand an efficient solution. The adequate thermal transportation for various heat exchangers can be achieved by mild homogeneous mixing of metallic/nonmetallic materials in the bulk base fluid. In this way, the base fluid's thermal efficiency is boosted. So, hybrid nanofluid constituted by mixing two or more nano species in the bulk base fluid is more effective than nanofluids. Therefore, the current research aims to determine the heat transfer properties of a 3D rotating Williamson hybrid nanofluid with Darcy-Forchheimer, dual stratifications, nonlinear thermal radiation, magnetic field, viscous dissipation, activation energy, and Joule heating effects for a stretched surface. The Al2O3 and Zn nanoparticles are mixed with base fluid C2H6O2. Partial differential equations are used to formulate the flow problem. Due to the nonlinear nature of the resulting governing differential equations, these partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations using a feasible similarity transformation. The reduced mathematical structure is solved numerically with the help of MATLAB software Bvp4c package's boundary value problem solver. This study showed a higher degree of symmetry and accuracy of data than the previous ones. The primary velocity declined, and secondary velocity was enhanced for nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid by increasing the Williamson parameter's values, which is consistent with prior observations. Additionally, the temperature and concentration of both fluids are decreased for the boosted inputs of thermal stratification and concentration stratification parameters, respectively.