Significance of magnetized Darcy-Forchheimer stratified rotating Williamson hybrid nanofluid flow: A case of 3D sheet

Abstract

The rising challenges of thermal transportation in compact density heat exchangers demand an efficient solution. The adequate thermal transportation for various heat exchangers can be achieved by mild homogeneous mixing of metallic/nonmetallic materials in the bulk base fluid. In this way, the base fluid's thermal efficiency is boosted. So, hybrid nanofluid constituted by mixing two or more nano species in the bulk base fluid is more effective than nanofluids. Therefore, the current research aims to determine the heat transfer properties of a 3D rotating Williamson hybrid nanofluid with Darcy-Forchheimer, dual stratifications, nonlinear thermal radiation, magnetic field, viscous dissipation, activation energy, and Joule heating effects for a stretched surface. The Al2O3 and Zn nanoparticles are mixed with base fluid C2H6O2. Partial differential equations are used to formulate the flow problem. Due to the nonlinear nature of the resulting governing differential equations, these partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations using a feasible similarity transformation. The reduced mathematical structure is solved numerically with the help of MATLAB software Bvp4c package's boundary value problem solver. This study showed a higher degree of symmetry and accuracy of data than the previous ones. The primary velocity declined, and secondary velocity was enhanced for nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid by increasing the Williamson parameter's values, which is consistent with prior observations. Additionally, the temperature and concentration of both fluids are decreased for the boosted inputs of thermal stratification and concentration stratification parameters, respectively.