ZrO2 Nanoparticles Research Articles

Effect of nano-oxides on corrosion resistance of Al2O3–ZrO2–C material

The Al2O3–ZrO2–C material was prepared using tabular alumina aggregates and fines, zirconia-corundum, zirconia-mullite, flake graphite, B4C powder, Si powder and different nano-oxides (nano-ZrO2, nano-TiO2, and nano-Al2O3) as raw materials, the effects of different nano-oxides on the corrosion resistance and microstructure evolution of Al2O3–ZrO2–C material were investigated. The results showed that the high reactivity nano-ZrO2, nano-TiO2, and nano-Al2O3 particles reacted with CaO to generate high melting point phases of CaZrO3, CaTiO3, CaO·6Al2O3 (CA6) at high temperature, which forms a protective layer at the interface between corroded media and samples, inhibiting CaO penetration into the material. Additionally, nano-oxides can fill the pores and increase the density of material, thereby contributing to improving the penetration resistance and corrosion resistance of material.

Flexural strength of 3D-printed nanocomposite provisional resins: Impact of SiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles and printing orientations in vitro.

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the influence of zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) and silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) addition and printing orientation on the flexural strength (FS) of provisional three-dimensional (3D) printing resins undergoing thermal cycling (TC). Three dimensional-printed resin (NextDent C&B MFH) was used to fabricate 300bar-shaped specimens (25×2×2mm3 ). The ZrO2 NPs and SiO2 NPs specimens were divided into two groups, then subdivided into three groups, based on the nanoparticle concentration (i.e., 0 wt% (original group), 0.5 wt%, and 1 wt%). Each concentration was printed in three printing orientations (0°, 45°, and 90°). The printed specimens were exposed to 5000 cycles of TC, followed by a three-point bending test to assess the FS. Fracture surface analysis was conducted by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). For data analysis, ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc were utilized (α = 0.05). Compared to the original material, the addition of ZrO2 NPs and SiO2 NPs had a significantly positive impact on the FS, (P > 0.001). After TC, the FS of the original group decreased significantly and had the lowest value. The highest FS value was observed in 1% ZrO2 NPs at 0°. Regardless of the nanoparticle concentration, the 0° orientation consistently showed a higher FS, compared to the 45° and 90° orientations. At all orientations (i.e., 0°, 45°, and 90°), the FS significantly increased with the addition of NPs, compared with that of the original material (P > 0.001). TC had a significantly negative effect on the FS of the unmodified groups. However, no significant differences existed in FS among the modified groups after TC. The addition of SiO2 NPs and ZrO2 NPs increased the FS of the 3D-printed provisional resin. Regardless of the nanoparticle concentration, the 0° orientation had the higher FS. TC had an effect on the original resin, whereas it had no significant effect on the nanoparticle-modified resins. In clinical practice, 3D-printed provisional nanocomposite resins printed at the 0° orientation could be recommended for long-term dental provisional restorations.

Enhancing oxidation resistance of carbon fibre reinforced phenolic composites by ZrO2 nanoparticles through out-of-autoclave vacuum infusion

This study reports a vacuum-assisted resin infusion method for achieving low-porosity carbon fibre/phenolic resin composites utilizing a low-viscosity (∼281 cp) phenolic resin enhanced by ZrO2 nanoparticles. The experimental results reveal that this method can yield composites with a low porosity of 8.6 ± 2.5 % and average pore size of 3.8 ± 1.73 μm, demonstrating mechanical properties that show great potential for high-temperature structural applications, such as rocket motor nozzles. Moreover, the resultant composites exhibit distinct advantages over composites produced using other out-of-autoclave and autoclave methods investigated in this study in terms of flexural strength and modulus after oxidation treatment. The vacuum infusion approach retains higher resin content in composites than the autoclave method, leading to increased residual modulus post-oxidation. Furthermore, incorporating ZrO2 nanoparticles in the phenolic matrix has significantly enhanced the residual mass, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of the composites following exposure to oxidation at 1200 °C.

Investigation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of an Al/SiC/ZrO2 hybrid composite by spark plasma sintering technique

The quantum of work with silicon carbide (SiC) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) in the aluminum hybrid composite material has increased due to the growing demand for lightweight materials for various industrial applications. The aluminum hybrid composite with the wt% of primary reinforcement particles of SiC was kept constant at 5%, and the secondary reinforcement particles of ZrO2 were taken by 5%, 10%, and 15%. The sintering parameters were used as the temperature at 600°C, holding time of 35 minutes, and pressure at 30MPa. In this work, the aluminum composite material reinforced with 5%wt of SiC particles compared the test results with aluminum hybrid composite reinforcement of SiC and ZrO2 nanoparticles. Adding ZrO2 reinforcements enhances the aluminum hybrid composite material's better microstructure, microhardness, tensile strength, compression, and yield strength.

PRODUCTION OF CuO/ZrO2 NANOCOMPOSITES IN POWDER AND FIBER FORMS

CuO/ZrO2 composite systems were synthesized in two different ways and comprehensively characterized with X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX). These metal oxide samples were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and electrospinning process. In these methods, the same metal salts were used as precursors. Separately produced ZrO2 nanoparticles(NPs) and CuO particles have spherical and cube-like shapes, and both morphologies have monoclinic structures. However, ZrO2 and CuO particles do not have uniform diameters, and the average size of these particles ranges between 6–17 and 215–847 nm, respectively. Moreover, CuO/ZrO2 nanocomposite particles(NCPs) were synthesized using a facile and one-pot hydrothermal technique. They have uniform, spherical, and monoclinic structures with a 15nm average diameter. Furthermore, ZrO2 fibers were produced with the electrospinning process as highly crystalline structures after annealing, with a 230 nm average fiber diameter. In addition, ZrO2 fibers were doped with hydrothermally synthesized CuO particles with a drop-casting method for the first time. This study clearly shows that particle-fiber structure allows the development of the efficiency of p-type counterparts by using only 0.5-1.5wt.% n-type. With these results, two methods can be used to produce heterostructure CuO/ZrO2 composite particles/fibers and as potential for photocatalytic degradation.

A comprehensive study of Al-Cu-Mg system reinforced with nano-ZrO2 particles synthesized by powder metallurgy technique

More focus has recently been placed on enhancing the strength, elastic modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), wear and corrosion resistance, and other qualities of aluminum (Al) alloys by varying the quantity of ceramics added for a range of industrial uses. In this regard, Al-4.2-Cu-1.6Mg matrix nanocomposites reinforced with nano-ZrO2 particles have been created using the powder metallurgy approach. The microstructure and particle size distributions of the produced powders were analyzed using a diffraction particle size analyzer, XRD, TEM, and SEM. To achieve good sinterability, the powders were compacted and sintered in argon. The sintered nanocomposites' mechanical, elastic, and physicochemical characteristics were measured. Additionally, the behavior of corrosion, wear, and thermal expansion were examined. The results showed a decrease in the particle sizes of the Al-Cu-Mg alloy by adding ZrO2 nanoparticles up to 45.8 nm for the composite containing 16 wt.% ZrO2. By increasing the sintering temperature to 570 °C, the densification of nanocomposites was enhanced. Also, the coefficient of thermal expansion and wear rate remarkably decreased by about 28 and 37.5% by adding 16 wt.% ZrO2. Moreover, microhardness yield, strength, and Young’s modulus were enhanced to 161, 145, and 64%, respectively, after adding 16 wt.% ZrO2. In addition, increasing the exposure time was responsible for decreasing the corrosion rate for the same sample.

Tribological evaluation of ZrO2 and YSZ nanoparticle reinforced electroless Ni–B coatings

This paper investigates the sliding friction and erosion resistance of untreated and heat-treated electroless Ni–B coatings, reinforced with ZrO2 and (3 mol%) YSZ nanoparticles. A ball-on-flat system was used for the sliding friction wear test, and an air jet carries solid particles for the erosion wear test. The wear scars were studied with a 3D profilometer. Further, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for morphological and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to examine the chemical properties of the worn surfaces. These scars correlate with properties of hardness, Young's modulus, and fracture toughness has been studied with microhardness and nanoindentation tests. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzed the coating phase structure and synthesis. The wear tests revealed that Ni–B–ZrO2 and Ni–B-YSZ coatings had lower friction coefficients at heat-treated conditions (with an average value of μ = 0.3) than Ni–B, HT, which had a 14 % higher coefficient. Consequently, the Ni–B-YSZ demonstrates the lowest specific wear rates (2.4 x10−6 mm3/N-m) and erosion resistance which is more promising for use in indented gun barrel applications.

Investigation of optical properties of nanoparticle-dispersed polymer films

Composite films of polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate with added ZnO and ZrO2 nanoparticles have been prepared. Effective medium approximations have been applied to calculate final refractive indices. Results are compared to the experimental values of films with different thickness. Transparency of neat polymer and nanocomposite layers is also studied.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Cu doped ZrO2 nanoparticles: an optically tuned material with superior structural, electrical and dielectric characteristics

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Cu doped ZrO2 nanoparticles: an optically tuned material with superior structural, electrical and dielectric characteristics

Studying Some Properties of Microwave-Cured Resin After Adding PP Fibers and ZrO2 NPs

Aim of the study: Since the introduction of acrylic resin as a denture base material, it suffered from having unsatisfactory properties and processing method. So, the use of microwave cured technique for the acrylic as modified procedure to simplify the manipulation of laboratory procedure and reinforcing of polymer by materials such as fibers and nanoparticles can maintain good resin material and to overcome these limitations. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of adding polypropylene fibers with and without different concentration of ZrO2nanoparticles into resin on some properties such as surface hardness and roughness.
 Materials and methods: 100 samples were split into 2 groups depending on test type, 50 specimens were subdivided into 5 groups (control group without any reinforcement, reinforced with polypropylene fibers group alone and other three groups reinforced acrylic with polypropylene fibers with 0.5%,1%,1.5%ZrO2 respectively).
 Results: The results of polypropylene fibers addition into acrylic revealed a non-significant for both tests. The addition polypropylene fibers with ZrO2 nanoparticles showed significant heightening in the hardness and significant decrease in surface roughness.
 Conclusion: The conclusion of this study was both ZrO2nanoparticles with polypropylene fibers addition into resin improved the surface hardness with reduction in the surface roughness of acrylic resin.

Interfacial Engineering Using Covalent Organic Frameworks in Polymer Composites for High‐Temperature Electrostatic Energy Storage

AbstractThe use of inorganic nanofillers has been an effective method to improve high‐temperature capacitive performance of dielectric polymers, though there are unmet challenges such as undesirable organic–inorganic compatibility, and low efficiencies and energy densities. Herein, a surface functionalization strategy using covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is employed to address such challenges in realizing high‐performing polymer composites. Specifically, core–shell structured nanoparticles, where ZrO2 nanoparticles act as the core and a COF material forms the shell, are constructed and composited with the polyetherimide (PEI) matrix. The design leverages the high electron affinity (EA) of the outer COF shell to create energy traps, thereby capturing free charges and limiting electrical conduction. Concurrently, the low EA and wide bandgap of the ZrO2 core introduce energy barriers to impede charge injection and migration. This orchestrated “energy level cascade” results in a marked reduction of leakage current and energy loss. The resulting polymer composite showcases an impressive discharged energy density of 6.21 J cm−3 at an efficiency above 90%, with a maximum discharged energy density reaching 7.43 J cm−3 at 150 °C. These performance metrics position the PEI/ZrO2@COF polymer composite to surpass or be on par with state‐of‐the‐art high‐temperature PEI composites and other advanced polymer dielectrics.

Attenuation properties of poly methyl methacrylate reinforced with micro/nano ZrO2 as gamma-ray shields

This research aimed to examine the radiation shielding properties of unique polymer composites for medical and non-medical applications. For this purpose, polymer composites, based on poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a matrix, were prepared and reinforced with micro- and nanoparticles of ZrO2 fillers at a loading of 15%, 30%, and 45% by weight. Using the high purity germanium (HPGe) detector, the suggested polymer composites’ shielding characteristics were assessed for various radioactive sources. The experimental values of the mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) of the produced composites agreed closely with those obtained theoretically from the XCOM database. Different shielding parameters were estimated at a broad range of photon energies, including the linear attenuation coefficient (μ), tenth value layer (TVL), half value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), effective electron density (Neff), effective atomic number (Zeff), and equivalent atomic number (Zeq), as well as exposure buildup factor (EBF) and energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) to provide more shielding information about the penetration of γ-rays into the chosen composites. The results showed that increasing the content of micro and nano ZrO2 particles in the PMMA matrix increases μ values and decreases HVL, TVL, and MFP values. P-45nZ sample with 45 wt% of ZrO2 nanoparticles had the highest μ values, which varied between 2.6546 and 0.0991 cm−1 as γ-ray photon energy increased from 0.0595 to 1.408 MeV, respectively. Furthermore, the highest relative increase rate in μ values between nano and micro composites was 17.84%, achieved for the P-45nZ sample at 59.53 keV. These findings demonstrated that ZrO2 nanoparticles shield radiation more effectively than micro ZrO2 even at the same photon energy and filler wt%. Thus, the proposed nano ZrO2/PMMA composites can be used as effective shielding materials to lessen the transmitted radiation dose in radiation facilities.

Investigation on chemical mechanical polishing of Ga-faced GaN crystal with weak alkaline slurry

A remarkable improvement in the chemical–mechanical polishing (CMP) of GaN using a weakly alkaline ZrO2–SiO2 based slurry is described in detail, and an almost complete atomic step-platform structure with a surface roughness (Ra) of 0.059 nm is obtained. ZrO2 nanoparticles were added to the CMP slurry to replace part of the SiO2 to obtain a higher removal rate. When the content of ZrO2 reaches 0.5 wt%, the material removal rate of GaN is increased by 47.5 % compared with that of SiO2 with equal content, which significantly improves the material removal rate (MRR) of GaN, and does not destroy the atomic ladder-platform structure. In addition, we also investigate the causes of the formation of atomic ladder-terrace morphology on Ga-face, and describe the removal mechanism of materials in CMP process.

Effect of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on thermal, optical, and radiation shielding properties of Bi2O3-B2O3-MnO2 glasses

This study has explored the DSC, UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, gamma ray and neutron shielding properties of Bi2O3-B2O3-MnO2: ZrO2 glasses. It demonstrates a unique approach to photon shielding analysis using JENDL/PD-2016 photonuclear data and employs a validated spherical neutron model for neutron shielding. Five transparent glasses were prepared with the chemical composition (in mol%) of 29Bi2O3-70B2O3-(1-x)MnO2: xZrO2, and labeled as MZ0.00 (for x = 0), MZ0.25 (for x = 0.25), MZ0.50 (for x = 0.5), MZ0.75 (for x = 0.75) and MZ1.00 (for x = 1). The glass ceramic nature of the samples has been characterized by DTA thermograms. The glass forming ability parameters (Kgl, S & H) were found to be highest for the sample MZ1.00. The UV–Visible optical absorption spectra have been interpreted, and hence the cut-off wavelength (λcut-off) and optical band gap (Eo) were evaluated. The absorption spectra have revealed the co-existence of manganese ions in three stable valence states Mn4+, Mn3+ and Mn2+ in the samples. When ZrO2 nanoparticles were added in the composition up to x = 0.50 mol%, the red shift in the cut-off wavelength (λcut-off) with gradual shrinkage in optical band gap (Eo) has been observed. Also, the linear and non-linear optical parameters viz., refractive index (no), non-linear refractive index (n2), linear optical susceptibility (χ(1)) and non-linear optical susceptibility (χ(3)) have been evaluated. These parameters showcased that B-O, Bi-O, Mn-O, Zr-O, etc. bonds could be strengthened by subsequent reduction of polarization of the trivalent ions (B3+ ions, Bi3+ ions and Mn3+ ions) in the glass system at higher concentrations of ZrO2. Photoatomic and photonuclear attenuation studies portrayed that the sample MZ0.50 has the lowest photon shielding capability. The fast neutron effective removal cross section (ΣR) was observed to be the highest for the sample MZ1.00. Thus, these glasses can be used to design the thermally stable transparent glasses, tunable optical elements, and radiation shielding materials.

Interfacial polymerization achieved integration of pore size adjustment, electrostatic repulsion and physical adsorption into one to inhibit polysulfide shuttle for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery

The application of lithium-sulfur battery is seriously hindered by the shuttle of dissolved polysulfide between sulfur cathode and lithium anode, by which is not selectively inhibited by the conventional separator. Developing functional separator is considered as a preferred solution for this issue, but it is always challenged by the tedious preparation process. Herein, interfacial polymerization (IP) is employed to modify the surface property of ZrO2 nanoparticles embedded polyetherimide (PZ) based separator, and the integration of pore size adjustment, electrostatic repulsion and physical adsorption into one is facilely achieved to effectively inhibit the polysulfide shuttle. Consequently, the optimized PZ separator presents a high lithium-ion transference number (0.55) and diffusion coefficient (2.16 × 10−8 cm s−1). Compared with the pristine one, the electrochemical performance of the assembled lithium-sulfur battery is obviously enhanced, and an initial discharge specific capacity of 1242 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention of 68 % after 200 cycles are obtained.

Investigation of electrical, corporeal, ocular, and aquaphobic properties of zirconia thin-films by varying substrate temperature for high voltage insulators

ABSTRACT The addition of ZrO2 nanoparticles to porcelain insulators and its influence on their electrical and corporeal characteristics are studied throughout a wide range of sintering temperatures. The DC magnetron sputtering with a 99.99% pure zirconium target is utilized to create zirconium oxide thin films on glass and silicon substrates in a 12-inch-diameter chamber. Different temperatures were used to sinter the produced samples (room temperature (RT) − 400°C) for 1 h with gas pressure of 15 mTorr for all depositions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the microstructures of a subset of the samples. In order to assess the physical and microphysical changes brought on by an increase in substrate temperature, the phase composition of various nanocomposites samples was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The breakdown strength, electrical resistivity, and dielectric constant were measured to assess the electrical attributes of the various samples. The obtained findings showed that the electrical and corporeal characteristics of samples sintered at RT were the best. In addition, the sample of nanocomposite porcelain sintered at room temperature has excellent insulating qualities, confirming the possibility of electro-technical porcelain manufacture (water contact angle = 103.5º), dielectric constant = 24.4, refractive index = 2.15, and bandgap = 5.33.

Evaluation and Experimental Investigation on A356.1 Aluminum Composite Reinforced with Zirconium Oxide Nano Metal Matrix Composites through Stir Casting technique

Because of their durability, aluminum composites are employed in self-propelled industries. Despite their superior malleability and formability, high electrical and thermal conductivity, and low densities, aluminum alloys have several drawbacks when used in engineering appliances due to their strength and mechanical behavior. The preparation of nanoparticles by means of the combustion mixture method is presented in this paper. ZrO2 nanoparticles are added to A356.1 aluminum alloy by stir casting at weight percentage ratios of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0% while the mixture is continuously stirred at 100 rpm. PXRD was used to characterize the produced nanoparticles, revealing their elemental compositions. Results from hardness testing with a Brinell hardness apparatus and tensile testing with a tensometer showed that the mechanical characterization of Nano Metal Matrix Composites (NMMCs) with 4.0 weight percentage is superior.

Study of thermodynamic, transport and volumetric properties of nanofluids containing ZrO2 nanoparticles in polypropylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and water.

Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanofluids are used in cooling systems, solar energy, and heat exchangers, offering improved heat transfer and efficiency across a wide temperature range. The aim of this work was to study the influence of polypropylene glycol (PPG) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and aqueous solutions of them as a base fluid on stability, volumetric properties, and viscosity of nanofluids containing Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles. The stability of these nanofluids has been confirmed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, and the particle size distribution of the systems using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Among these systems ZrO2-PPG and ZrO2-H2O-PVP30% have appropriate stability. The density, speed of sound and viscosity of these nanofluids have been measured at T = (293.15 to 318.15) K. From these data, the excess molar volume (V E m) and isentropic compressibility (κ s) have been determined. The effects of ZrO2 nanoparticles and temperature have also been investigated on volumetric and transport properties of aqueous solutions of PPG and PVP. The (V E m) values were fitted to the Redlich-Kister, Ott et al., and polynomial equations. Also, the isentropic compressibility (κ s) values were correlated with the polynomial equation. The Eyring-NRTL and Eyring-mNRF models have been used for correlating of the viscosity of the nanofluids with temperature dependency. The performance of the Einstein, Brinkman, Lundgren and Batchelor models in the prediction of viscosity of the nanofluids has also been analyzed.

INNOVATIVE SYNTHESIZE OF ZrO2 NANOMATERIAL USING BIODEGRADABLE DRAGON FRUIT PEEL EXTRACTS AND ITS PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY AGAINST METHYL ORANGE BY UV RADIATION

The motivation behind this study is to stress the worth of green amalgamation in the development of nanomaterials. Regarding this declaration, we said that we have examined the morphological, optical, underlying, and photocatalytic color debasement exercises of the incorporated ZrO2 nanoparticles as well as their biosynthesis by means of a response intervened by mythical serpent organic product bloom separate. UV-noticeable spectroscopy was utilized to identify a huge absorbance top at 360 nm. The utilization of SEM affirmed that the nanoparticles, which had a typical size of 17.5 nm, were circular in shape. The nanoparticles' zirconium (70.88%) and oxygen (29.12%) contents were checked utilizing energy-dispersive X-beam examination. The nanoparticles' X-beam powder diffraction (XRD) spectra demonstrated their crystallinity. While the information from HR-TEM shows particles that are 33.75 nm in size. When the photocatalytic movement of ZrO2 NPs was researched, Methyl Orange showed 54.2 % debasement following 120 minutes of UV openness and 68.50 % corruption following an hour and a half of UV openness, individually. This fresh-out of the plastic bio-ZrO2 nanoparticle was utilized to study the photocatalytic breakdown of methyl orange when presented with apparent light. The cationic color was separated by the engineered bio-ZrO2 shortly with 91.8 % corruption ability.

Enhancing the stability and efficiency of carbon-based perovskite solar cell performance with ZrO2-decorated rGO nanosheets in a mesoporous TiO2 electron-transport layer.

Improving the role of electron-transport layers (ETLs) in carbon-based perovskite solar cells (CPSCs) is a promising method to increase their photovoltaic efficiency. Herein, we employed rGO sheets decorated with ZrO2 nanoparticles to increase the electron transport capability of mesoporous TiO2 ETLs. We found that the rGO/ZrO2 dopant enhanced the conductivity of the ETL, reducing the charge-transfer resistance at the ETL/perovskite interface and reducing charge recombination in the corresponding CPSCs. Notably, this dopant did not effectively change the transparency of ETLs, while increasing the light-harvesting ability of their own top perovskite layer by improving the crystallinity of the perovskite layer. The rGO/ZrO2-containing ETLs produced a champion efficiency of 15.21%, while devices with a net ETL recorded a maximum efficiency of 11.88%. In addition, the modified devices showed a higher stability behavior against ambient air than the net devices, which was linked to the passivated grain boundaries of the modified perovskite layers along with the improved hydrophobicity.