Nanoparticles For Immunotherapy Research Articles

Advances in nanoparticle-based drug delivery in cancer treatment

As a pathologically heterogeneous disease, cancer is one of the leading causes of global morbidity. According to the World Health Organization, approximately one in six deaths are caused by cancer. Fortunately, many cancers can be cured if diagnosed at early stages and treated efficiently. Despite the benefits of conventional cancer treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radiation therapy, they have several drawbacks, including cytotoxicity, inaccurate targeting of tumor cells, and multi-drug resistance, which underscore the importance of developing novel and effective strategies to improve diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, and patient survival. Recently, the advancement of nanotechnology has opened new horizons for cancer treatment thanks to the discovery of nanoparticles (NPs) and the small-sized molecules that revolutionized the drug delivery methods in cancerous tissues. The specific characteristics of NPs, such as reduced toxicity, improved permeability, and accurate targeting of tumor cells, provide a great advantage in cancer treatment and help to overcome the limitations and challenges of conventional cancer treatment methods. Besides, the role of NPs in immunotherapy has created a novel concept for cancer treatment. This review gives a brief overview regarding the importance of NPs and their targeting mechanism, as well as the challenges and limitations associated with their use in cancer treatment.

The application of nanoparticles in immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, however, current clinical diagnostic and treatment approaches remain relatively limited, creating an urgent need for the development of effective technologies. Immunotherapy has emerged as a powerful treatment strategy for advanced cancer. The number of clinically approved drugs for HCC immunotherapy has been increasing. However, it remains challenging to improve their transport and therapeutic efficiency, control their targeting and release, and mitigate their adverse effects. Nanotechnology has recently gained attention for improving the effectiveness of precision therapy for HCC. We summarize the key features of HCC associated with nanoparticle (NPs) targeting, release, and uptake, the roles and limitations of several major immunotherapies in HCC, the use of NPs in immunotherapy, the properties of NPs that influence their design and application, and current clinical trials of NPs in HCC, with the aim of informing the design of delivery platforms that have the potential to improve the safety and efficacy of HCC immunotherapy，and thus, ultimately improve the prognosis of HCC patients.

Bioinspired Membrane-Coated Nanoplatform for Targeted Tumor Immunotherapy.

Immunotherapy can effectively activate the immune system and reshape the tumor immune microenvironment, which has been an alternative method in cancer therapy besides surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the current clinical outcomes are not satisfied due to the lack of targeting of the treatment with some unexpected damages to the human body. Recently, cell membrane-based bioinspired nanoparticles for tumor immunotherapy have attracted much attention because of their superior immune regulating, drug delivery, excellent tumor targeting, and biocompatibility. Together, the article reviews the recent progress of cell membrane-based bioinspired nanoparticles for immunotherapy in cancer treatment. We also evaluate the prospect of bioinspired nanoparticles in immunotherapy for cancer. This strategy may open up new research directions for cancer therapy.

The Role of Nano Particles in Cancer Immunotherapy

Nanotechnology has been widely read and abused for malignant growth treatment as nanoparticles can play a significant part as a medication conveyance framework. Contrasted with regular medications, nanoparticle-based medication conveyance has specific favourable circumstances, for example, improved security and biocompatibility, upgraded porousness and maintenance impact, and exact focusing on. The application and improvement of half breed nanoparticles, which joins the consolidated properties of various nanoparticles, has driven this kind of medication transporter framework to the following level. Furthermore, nanoparticle-based medication conveyance frameworks have been appeared to assume a part in defeating malignancy related medication obstruction. The components of malignancy drug obstruction incorporate overexpression of medication efflux carriers, deficient apoptotic pathways, and hypoxic climate. Nanoparticles focusing on these components can prompt an improvement in the inversion of multidrug opposition. Moreover, as more tumour drug opposition instruments are uncovered, nanoparticles are progressively being created to focus on these systems. Moreover, scientists have recently started to investigate the role of Nano particles in immunotherapy, which assumes a more significant part in disease treatment. In this survey, we examine the parts of nanoparticles and cross breed nanoparticles for drug conveyance in chemotherapy, directed treatment, and immunotherapy and depict the focusing on instrument of nanoparticle-based medication conveyance just as its capacity on turning around drug obstruction.

Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy and Its Role in Overcoming Drug Resistance.

Nanotechnology has been extensively studied and exploited for cancer treatment as nanoparticles can play a significant role as a drug delivery system. Compared to conventional drugs, nanoparticle-based drug delivery has specific advantages, such as improved stability and biocompatibility, enhanced permeability and retention effect, and precise targeting. The application and development of hybrid nanoparticles, which incorporates the combined properties of different nanoparticles, has led this type of drug-carrier system to the next level. In addition, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been shown to play a role in overcoming cancer-related drug resistance. The mechanisms of cancer drug resistance include overexpression of drug efflux transporters, defective apoptotic pathways, and hypoxic environment. Nanoparticles targeting these mechanisms can lead to an improvement in the reversal of multidrug resistance. Furthermore, as more tumor drug resistance mechanisms are revealed, nanoparticles are increasingly being developed to target these mechanisms. Moreover, scientists have recently started to investigate the role of nanoparticles in immunotherapy, which plays a more important role in cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the roles of nanoparticles and hybrid nanoparticles for drug delivery in chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy and describe the targeting mechanism of nanoparticle-based drug delivery as well as its function on reversing drug resistance.

Human Papillomavirus and the use of nanoparticles for immunotherapy in HPV-related cancer: A review.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) remains one of the most commonly contracted sexually transmitted diseases around the world. There are a multitude of HPV types, some of which may never present any symptoms. Others, however, are considered high-risk types, which increase the chance of the person infected to develop cancer. In recent years, the utilization of nanotechnology has allowed researchers to employ and explore the use of nanoparticles in immunotherapies. The new nanoparticle frontier has opened many doors in this area of research as a form of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in cancers resulting from HPV. This review will provide a brief background of HPV, its relationship to head and neck cancer (HNC) and present some insight into the field of immunotherapeutic nanoparticles.

Bioactive Nanoparticles for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Currently, immunotherapy is considered to be one of the effective treatment modalities for cancer. All the developments and discoveries in this field up to the recent Nobel Prize add to the interest for research into this vast area of study. Targeting tumor environment as well as the immune system is a suitable strategy to be applied for cancer treatment. Usage of nanoparticle systems for delivery of immunotherapeutic agents to the body being widely studied and found to be a promising area of research to be considered and investigated further. Nanoparticles for immunotherapy would be one of the effective treatment options for cancer therapy in the future due to their high specificity, efficacy, ability to diagnose, imaging, and therapeutic effect. Among the many nanoparticle systems, polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, gold nanoparticles, iron oxide, dendrimers, and artificial exosomes are widely used for immunotherapy of cancer. Moreover, the combination therapy found to be the more effective way of treating the tumor. Here, we review the current trends in nanoparticle therapy and efficiency of these nanosystems in delivering antigens, adjuvants, therapeutic drugs, and other immunotherapeutic agents. This review summarizes the currently available bioactive nanoparticle systems for cancer immunotherapy.

Application of polymeric nanoparticles in immunotherapy

The purpose of the present review is to underline the importance of nanoparticulate carriers, such as polymeric nanoparticles, in the future development of safe and effective formulation in the field of immunotherapy against infectious diseases and cancer. Polymeric nanoparticles can modulate the immune response, that is, by targeting antigens to dendritic cells that possess a crucial role in initiating immune responses, and might be potentially useful in immunotherapy. In the last decades, significant progress in research and clinics has been made to offer possible innovative therapeutics for the management of infectious diseases and cancer. Polymeric nanoparticles are particularly adept at facilitating immunotherapeutic approaches because they can be engineered to have different physical properties, encapsulated agents, and surface ligands. Moreover, these systems are administrable for all routes, are capable of being actively taken up by dendritic cells and have shown promising potential in systemic and mucosal immunotherapy. Here, some recent findings on these systems, in their potential applications for infectious and cancer immunotherapy, are reported.