Abstract
Currently, immunotherapy is considered to be one of the effective treatment modalities for cancer. All the developments and discoveries in this field up to the recent Nobel Prize add to the interest for research into this vast area of study. Targeting tumor environment as well as the immune system is a suitable strategy to be applied for cancer treatment. Usage of nanoparticle systems for delivery of immunotherapeutic agents to the body being widely studied and found to be a promising area of research to be considered and investigated further. Nanoparticles for immunotherapy would be one of the effective treatment options for cancer therapy in the future due to their high specificity, efficacy, ability to diagnose, imaging, and therapeutic effect. Among the many nanoparticle systems, polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, gold nanoparticles, iron oxide, dendrimers, and artificial exosomes are widely used for immunotherapy of cancer. Moreover, the combination therapy found to be the more effective way of treating the tumor. Here, we review the current trends in nanoparticle therapy and efficiency of these nanosystems in delivering antigens, adjuvants, therapeutic drugs, and other immunotherapeutic agents. This review summarizes the currently available bioactive nanoparticle systems for cancer immunotherapy.
Highlights
The treatment for cancer has been studied and explored for decades
After the intratumoral injection of gold nanoshells and anti PD-1 peptide (APP)-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles, an excellent killing effect at the primary tumor site was achieved by photothermal therapy (PTT)
Immunotherapy is one of the most explored areas in the new era of cancer treatment due to its specificity and fewer side effects compared to the other modality of therapy for cancer
Summary
The treatment for cancer has been studied and explored for decades. Advancements and breakthroughs in this area have changed the outlook of cancer treatment options. The side effects of chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radiotherapy are considered to be a downside of the current cancer treatment These kinds of drawbacks in treating the tumor have led to approaches for more specific targeting of the tumor site with fewer side effects [1,2]. The innovation of biomaterials for the immune checkpoint blockade and CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T cell response is considered to be a remarkable achievement in this field [6,7,8,9] Both off-target side effects, cost, and lengthy processing are considered to be drawbacks of immunotherapy treatment methods [10,11]. We discuss currently available bioactive nanoparticle systems for cancer immunotherapy and the mode of action of these nanoparticles against cancer
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