Abstract
Immunotherapy can effectively activate the immune system and reshape the tumor immune microenvironment, which has been an alternative method in cancer therapy besides surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the current clinical outcomes are not satisfied due to the lack of targeting of the treatment with some unexpected damages to the human body. Recently, cell membrane-based bioinspired nanoparticles for tumor immunotherapy have attracted much attention because of their superior immune regulating, drug delivery, excellent tumor targeting, and biocompatibility. Together, the article reviews the recent progress of cell membrane-based bioinspired nanoparticles for immunotherapy in cancer treatment. We also evaluate the prospect of bioinspired nanoparticles in immunotherapy for cancer. This strategy may open up new research directions for cancer therapy.
Highlights
Cancer has been one of the most refractory diseases worldwide, causing millions of deaths with a vast social consumption annually [1, 2]
Mice bearing B16F10 were injected pseudoneutrophil cytokine sponges (pCSs) daily for 8 days, the peripheral lymphoid organs and tumors were collected and analyzed by flow cytometry, and the results showed that pCSs could significantly suppress the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the bone marrow and decreased their assembly in peripheral lymphoid organs and tumors
The therapeutic efficacy of the CpG-CCNPs was examined in B16-F10 tumor-bearing mice, and the results revealed that subcutaneous injection of the CpG-CCNPs combined with an intraperitoneal injection of antiCTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 could inhibit tumor growth and prolong the survival time than other treatments
Summary
Cancer has been one of the most refractory diseases worldwide, causing millions of deaths with a vast social consumption annually [1, 2]. Tumor cells can produce various cytokines (mainly including GMCSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and CXCL2, chemokine ligand 2), resulting in an immunosuppressive environment through recruiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and inhibit the functions of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells and cause tumor cells’ immune escape [9, 10] Due to this fact, it remains the major obstacle that limits the efficacy of immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint therapy. B16-F10 cancer cell membrane-coated murine-specific CpG-NPs (CpG-CCNPs) achieved a superior prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in melanoma therapy [17]. The B16-OVA cancer cell membrane was wrapped onto the NPs and intradermally injected into mice bearing B16-OVA melanoma tumor, and it can effectively trigger the maturation of DCs and subsequent specific T-cell response. The study identified that gene engineering PD-1 vesicle could be an effective bioinspired multifunctional platform for cancer theranostics, in which targeted therapeutic delivery and immunotherapy were combined
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