Concentration Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Influence of solar thermal radiations and convective boundary on Al2O3/H2O transient model efficiency

Riga plate is a new, sophisticated magnetic field device that may be created by adjusting a group of permanent magnets and a different electrode over a plane surface. The heat transport and fluid movement in such physical setup are of paramount interest and have numerous engineering and industrial application particularly in submarines technologies. Due to the fixed magnetics the field produced which imperatively affect the model dynamics. Keeping in mind the influential applications of such physical setup, the purpose of this study is to introduce a new model based scrutinization of heat transport of stagnation point flow of Al2O3/water along vertically oriented convectively heated Riga surface. The conventional stagnation point flow model extended for nanofluid via radiative heat flux, dissipation effects and the first order thermal slip. The values of thermal conductivity values estimated via Corcione model and achieved the final nanoliquid model. For the results interpretation, the numerical scheme used and portrayed the results using different parametric ranges. The fluid motion is observed very slow due to stronger mixed convection and higher concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The temperature is determined very high against the stronger convection effects and radiation number. However, the fluid layers in the vicinity of Riga surface have high heat transmission ability. Further, thermal slip and viscous dissipation effects also boost the temperature of Al2O3/water. Further, buoyancy number δ resists the fluid movement and thermal boundary region reduces in the presence of buoyancy factor.

Radiation shielding properties of gold nanoparticle-dispersed bismuth borate glasses using Phy-X/PSD software

With the increasing use of radioactive materials in various sectors, effective radiation shielding has become a critical concern. The present study explores the potential of bismuth borate glasses doped with gold nanoparticles for gamma-ray shielding applications. Glass samples with a base composition of 30Bi2O3:70B2O3, containing varying concentrations of 10 nm gold nanoparticles, were synthesized using the melt quenching technique. The physical and morphological properties of the samples were characterized, confirming the presence of uniformly dispersed gold nanoparticles of size (4 nm) smaller than the size of precursor nanoparticles. Shielding parameters, including mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half value layer (HVL), ten value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective atomic number (Zeff), were analyzed using the Phy-X/PSD program. Results showed that the obtained highest MAC value is 155.864 cm2/g which is superior to other reported materials. The HVL and TVL values increased with the increase in energy range, indicating effective gamma-ray shielding potential. These findings suggest that optimizing the dispersion and concentration of gold nanoparticles in bismuth borate glasses could enhance their performance as radiation shielding materials, making them promising candidates for various applications.

Evaluation of the Effects of High Silver and Copper Nanoparticle Concentrations on Vaccinium myrtillus L. under Field Conditions.

The extensive development of nanotechnologies has allowed nanoparticles to impact living systems through different pathways. The effect of single exposure to high concentrations of silver and copper nanoparticles (50-200 mg/L) on Vaccinium myrtillus L. under field conditions was investigated. Nanoparticle uptake in different segments of Vaccinium myrtillus L. was assessed by applying inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and a particle-induced X-ray emission technique. Copper nanoparticles mainly accumulated in the roots and leaves, while silver nanoparticles showed a higher affinity for the roots and berries. The nanoparticles' effects on the pigments and antioxidant activity of the plant's leaves were also evaluated. The possible human health risk associated with the consumption of nanoparticle-contaminated berries was assessed. The results indicated that the consumption of berries contaminated with nanoparticles presented a low risk for human health.

A multi-analytical approach to evaluate the removal efficiency of polystyrene nanoparticles in water treatment processes

The removal of nanoplastics (NP) from water using various treatment processes has gained significant attention recently. This study comprehensively characterizes the degradation of polystyrene nanoparticles (concentration: 200 ppm, diameter: 140 nm) through UVC irradiation. For the first time, we compared four analytical methods to monitor removal efficiency: Py-GCMS, UV–Visible spectroscopy, TOC, and Turbidity. Additionally, DLS, TEM, and SEC were used to understand changes in particle size, morphology, and molecular weight. Results showed that Py-GCMS overestimated the removal rate by a factor of 2 compared to Turbidity and UV–Visible measurements, which were in agreement. Furthermore, after 200 h of irradiation, the styrene signal disappears from the pyrogram, although the mineralization rate reaches only 50%, as determined by total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. The particle size decreased slowly, reaching 100 nm after 150 h, while a significant decrease in molecular weight indicated high chain-scission. These findings emphasize the importance of a multi-analytical approach to accurately assess NP removal efficiency and understand degradation mechanisms.

Simulation of the response of a magnetic polymersome in an inhomogeneous magnetic field

Purpose. Identification of the behavior of a magnetic polymersome placed in an inhomogeneous field of a point dipole using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations.Methods. The system under the study is represented as a set of interacting particles of two types: polymeric particles simulating a double layer of an amphiphilic membrane, and magnetic nanoparticles located in the membrane layer. Polymeric particles interact through elastic potentials designed to maintain an equilibrium spherical vesicular geometry. Magnetic nanoparticles interact with each other and external fields as point dipoles. The excluded volume and steric interaction of magnetic particles with polymeric walls are modeled in the form of soft repulsion. The entire system is under isothermal conditions, and the model parameters are chosen according to typical interaction energies relative to thermal fluctuations. A model polymersome with a diameter of about 100 nm in an aqueous solution at 25°C is considered. An inhomogeneous magnetic field is created by a dipole of constant direction located at a fixed distance. The dynamics of the system is monitored by numerical solution of the equations of particles motion with introduced interactions and imposed conditions.Results. In numerical experiments, the response of the polymersome to a magnetic field was obtained for three values of the parameter describing the inhomogeneity of the field. The problem with a gradual increase in the strength (and its gradient) of the magnetic field near the polymersome is considered. Changes in the magnetization of the system are shown, and the redistribution of the concentration of nanoparticles is analyzed. A simulation of the situation when the center of the polymersome at the initial moment was placed at a point with a fixed value of the magnetic field for three cases of inhomogeneity of the field was carried out. A significant restructuring of the magnetic layer of the vesicle combined with movement of the entire capsule was detected. Estimates are made about the average velocity based on the displacement of the object.Conclusion. The model allows to evaluate the features of the combined magnetic, structural and mechanical response of the polymersome to an inhomogeneous field in the context of potential applications for controlled delivery of contents into cells.

Exploring thermal flow dynamics in pressurized water reactors using hybrid graphene nanoplatelet coolants

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of hybrid nanoparticles on the temperature of nuclear reactor coolant, with a focus on graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)‐based hybrid nanoparticles. Sixteen different hybrid nanofluids were analyzed, and their performance was compared with a standard water‐based coolant. The criticality values were obtained through MCNP modeling, revealing that higher nanoparticle ratios led to increased criticality, with the highest value of 1.3239 observed in GNP‐Fe3O4 + Al2O3 nanofluids (0.05 wt%) and the lowest value of 1.2935 in GNP–Fe3O4 + SiO2 nanofluids (0.001 wt%). Temperature variations showed that increasing nanoparticle concentrations resulted in slightly higher temperatures, with a maximum of 611.97 K for 0.05 vol.% GNP nanoparticles. Additionally, the departure from nucleate boiling ratio values were consistently above the safety threshold of 2.08, with the lowest value of 3.657 for GNP–Fe3O4 + SiO2 nanofluids (0.05 vol.%). These findings suggest that hybrid nanofluids, particularly those with higher nanoparticle ratios, can enhance the thermal performance and safety margins of nuclear reactor coolants, offering a promising avenue for future research and application.

Novel 2D Layered MXene Nanofluids for Enhancing the Convective Heat Transfer Performance of Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers.

This paper proposes a new class of novel 2D layered structured materials, such as MXene (MX), for the synthesis of innovative nanofluids as coolants to evaluate the convective heat transfer performance of a double-pipe heat exchanger (DPHE). Convective heat transfer experiments were successfully conducted in lab-scale fabricated DPHE using low-concentration MXene nanofluids by varying the volume concentration of MXene nanoparticles (0.01-0.05 vol %) in different base fluids. The influence of the MXene nanofluids on various convective heat transfer parameters, such as LMTD, Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient, and heat transfer rate without using any inserts in the DPHE was experimentally investigated. The results of the experiments revealed that the heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number increase with increasing Reynolds number (Re) and concentration of MXene nanoparticles in the base fluids. Maximum enhancement in heat transfer coefficient (126%) was achieved for methanol-based MXene nanofluids at 0.05 vol %. Moreover, the Nusselt number exhibits a maximum enhancement of ∼50% for methanol- and water-based MXene nanofluids. In contrast, the thermal performance factor was also estimated, and it was observed that water- and methanol- based MXene nanofluids showed higher values than castor oil- and silicone oil-based MXene nanofluids. Finally, the LMTD and heat transfer coefficients were successfully validated using Aspen HYSYS 12.1 software.

Optimizing locally delivered periodontitis therapy: Development of chitosan‐hydroxyapatite‐encapsulated drug via electrospraying

AbstractThis study presents the development of an optimized drug delivery system for periodontitis treatment utilizing chitosan‐hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Employing the electrospraying technique, researchers encapsulated the antibiotic amoxicillin within chitosan‐hydroxyapatite composite matrices while varying the concentrations of chitosan and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. The resulting microparticles displayed sizes ranging from 276 to 386 μm. Characterization of the produced drug encapsulations indicated that higher concentrations of chitosan and hydroxyapatite resulted in the formation of larger particles with rougher surfaces, increased mechanical strength, and enhanced thermal stability. Notably, nanoindentation analysis revealed an increase in hardness from 0.21 to 0.35 GPa, and in elastic modulus from 5.32 to 8.72 GPa with escalating chitosan and hydroxyapatite content, meeting or surpassing requirements for load‐bearing regenerative biomaterials. In vitro drug release assessments exhibited sustained amoxicillin release over 24 h, predominantly through diffusion and dissolution mechanisms. Formulations with lower polymer and mineral content showcased elevated release rates, with the F1 encapsulation (0.5% chitosan, 0.2% HAP) achieving a cumulative release of 78.3 ± 3.2% in contrast to 65.1 ± 2.7% for the F5 formulation (2.5% chitosan, 1% HAP). These encapsulations selectively modulated the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α, in gingival fibroblasts and osteoblasts without compromising cell viability. An artificial neural network (ANN) model accurately forecasted the material properties and biological performance of the formulations based on their compositional variations, yielding correlation coefficients exceeding 0.97. This computational platform offers a virtual screening tool for refining regenerative and drug delivery therapies. The developed chitosan‐hydroxyapatite microparticulate system demonstrates promising potential for prolonged treatment of periodontitis through controlled antibiotic delivery, improved mechanical properties, and targeted regulation of the inflammatory response.

Solar Collectors with Nanofluid for Domestic Applications: A Review

Energy management and the usage of renewable energy sources are essential for a sustainable future. This paper carried out a review and summarize the recent topic of solar collectors heating water for use in a domestic application. Several researchers have studied solar collectors with flat plates, evacuated, and concentrators to improve heat gain for heating water. Entropy is an important function that the attention of investigators to reduce and increase the thermal efficiency of solar collectors. Nanofluid has been selected as have found a new class of thermal efficiency enhancement for this purpose. Thermal performance is enhanced by changing the geometry of the absorber plate of the solar collector and the evacuated tube is the best. It was found that increasing nanoparticle concentration to 4% improves solar collector efficiency to 30%. It was observed that the report of solar-collector enhancement by changing geometry and fluid flow through the solar-collector.

Degradation of Microplastics by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Piper longum Leaf Extract.

Background: The environmental hazards posed by microplastics have drawn considerable concern due to their buildup in ecosystems. Microplastics accumulate in human saliva, skin, and hair. Developing effective technology for managing and degrading microplastics remains a substantial challenge. In a concerted attempt to save the ecology, this study explores the photocatalytic breakdown of common microplastics like polystyrene (PS) microspheres and polyethylene (PE) using green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) under UV light exposure. Aim: To synthesize and characterize zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared using the extract of the leaves of Piper longumand qualitatively assess the photocatalytic degradation potential of the nanoparticles under light microscopy. Material and Methods:A fresh extract of P. longum leaves was used as a reducing agent to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, UV-Vis spectra analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were performed to characterize the nanoparticles. Microplastics were isolated from the saliva of 50 healthy patients and were purified and filtered. In a six-well microtiter plate, 0.5 μg of varying concentrations of nanoparticles were added. After fixing with 15% formaldehyde, microplasticswere subjected to UV irradiation for 2 hours with different concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles (25, 50, 75,and 100 µg). Custom photoreactors activated the photocatalysts to degrade the microplastic pollutants. The six-well microtiter plate was viewed under 40x magnification in a light microscope to observe microplastic morphology after 24 hours of degradation. Results: The FTIR spectrum showed distinct peaks at 890.51 cm⁻¹, indicating the involvement of C-N in-plane vibrations of amino acids. XRD analysis revealed three distinct diffraction peaks at 31.68°, 34.39°, and 36.33°, corresponding to the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO nanoparticles. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles ranged from 50 to 90 nm in size, viewed at 100x magnification on SEM. The highest degradation of microplastics was observed ataZnO NPconcentration of 100 µL, with the ZnO NPs 50-90 nm in size. Conclusion: Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Piper longum leaf extract effectively degrade microplastics, with the highest degradation observed at a 100 µL concentration of ZnO nanoparticles and optimal degradation occurring at a concentration of 75 µL.

Intra-articular injection of platinum nanozyme-loaded silk fibroin/pullulan hydrogels relieves osteoarthritis through ROS scavenging and ferroptosis suppression

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated ferroptosis plays a critical role in the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Consequently, it is speculated that anti-ferroptosis agents could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for managing OA. In this study, a hydrogel incorporating platinum (Pt) nanozyme was synthesized by dispersing Pt nanoparticles (NPs) within a matrix of silk fibroin (SF) and oxidized pullulan (oxPL). This hydrogel allows for a substantial and sustained release of up to 30 days. The gelation time (from 140.3 ± 42.3 s to 460.0 ± 40.0 s), swelling capacity (from 57.7 ± 3.8 % to 24.0 ± 7.0 %), and degradation rate (from 60.3 ± 4.7 % to 32.0 ± 4.6 %) of the hydrogels can be modulated by adjusting the Pt NP content. The Pt@SF/oxPL hydrogel effectively eliminates ROS due to its catalase-like and superoxide dismutase-like enzymatic properties. In vitro studies demonstrated that Pt@SF/oxPL efficiently mitigated the process of ferroptotic cell death in chondrocytes. More critically, intra-articular administration of Pt@SF/oxPL showcased therapeutic advantages by both protecting and stimulating the regeneration of cartilage throughout the progression of OA. Collectively, this study suggests that Pt@SF/oxPL hydrogels could potentially serve as an effective treatment for OA, presenting a novel nanozyme-based therapeutic approach for this condition.

Mast cells as indicators of foreign particle biocompatibility

The key problem of introducing nanoparticles into clinical practice for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes is their safety. Connective tissue, an important component of which are mast cells, reacts actively in response to foreign particles. The reaction of mast cells can be an indicator of the biocompatibility of foreign particles. The study was conducted on male Wistar rats. Iron-carbon nanoparticles in the FeC modification stabilized in an aqueous medium using an auxiliary substance were used. Tissue examination (liver, lungs, heart, thymus, kidneys) was performed 1, 7 and 30 days after injection. After the injection of nanoparticles, the largest quantity of them is found in the liver and lungs, a smaller quantity is found in the heart, kidneys and thymus. The liver and lungs are the main organs of excretion of nanoparticles due to phagocytes. The accumulation of nanoparticles in the liver leads to the development of destructive processes and to the activation of compensatory and adaptive mechanisms in the form of cellular and intracellular regeneration of hepatocytes. In organs with a low content of nanoparticles, structural changes are poorly expressed. The mast cells of the studied organs react differently to the introduction of nanoparticles. The first to react are the mast cells of the liver by reducing the quantity and increasing degranulation. The population of lung mast cells reacts unidirectionally by sharply activating degranulation without changing the amount. An increase in the secretory activity of mast cells in the lungs and liver indicates the participation of mast cells in the regulation of particle elimination through intercellular signaling pathways of interaction with the system of phagocytic mononuclear cells. Heart mast cells are involved in maintaining the inflammatory process in the early period of the experiment, contribute to the return of myocardial parameters to homeostatic norm in the late period of the experiment. Mast cells can be considered as indicators of biocompatibility nanoparticles. The absence of an inflammatory process and the preservation of the structural and functional characteristics of the tissues where nanoparticles accumulate, as well as the reaction of mast cells in them, indicate the relative safety of the particles under study.

Surfactant-Free Preparation of Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles in Aqueous Dispersions Using Sulfate Functionalized Fluorene Monomers.

Conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) can be synthesized by a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling miniemulsion polymerization to give stable dispersions with a high concentration of uniform nanoparticles. However, large amounts of added surfactants are required to stabilize the miniemulsion and prevent the aggregation of the nanoparticles. Removal of the excess surfactant is challenging, and residual surfactant in thin films deposited from these dispersions can reduce the performance of optoelectronic devices. We report a novel approach to prepare stable dispersions with no added surfactant using a fluorene monomer, 2,7-dibromo-9,9-bis(undecanesulfate)-9H-fluorene, with alkyl side chains terminated by negatively charged sulfate groups. This functionality mimics the structure of one of the most commonly used surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). This charged monomer effectively stabilizes the miniemulsion through electrostatic repulsion without the use of any additional surfactant in molar ratios ranging from 2.0 to 20.0 mol % of total monomer content for the preparation of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-bithiophene) (PF8T2). Incorporation of 5.0 mol % of the amphiphilic monomer gave stable dispersions with a surface potential below -40 mV and, and polymers with molar mass (Mn) above 10 kg mol-1. This method should be generally applicable to the preparation of dispersions of polyfluorenes for application in organic electronic and optoelectronic devices without the requirement for time-consuming processes to remove residual surfactant.

A New Process for Efficient Non-Destructive Metal-Activated Composite Plating of Ni-P-Al2O3 on Titanium Base and Its Performance Research

A new high efficient and non-destructive mental activation process of electroless composite plating was proposed. The process utilized electromagnetic induction equipment to heat the titanium alloy substrate and used its energy to complete the activation process, which could successfully attach the nickel nanoparticles firmly to the surface of the titanium alloy; at the same time, the process pre-activated Al2O3 nanoparticles and added the activated nanoparticles to the plating solution. In the process of plating, the activated titanium substrate was used as the catalytic center of electroless nickel plating (ENP) for electroless composite plating. The new activation process avoided complicated traditional processes such as acid etching and zinc dipping. Such traditional processes require huge doses of chemicals, including various strong acids, so improper waste liquid treatment will cause harm to the environment. The important parameters of the process were optimized by orthogonal experiments. A scanning electron microscope (SEM), an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), thermal shock experiments and friction and wear experiments were used to characterize and analyze the surface morphology, composition, binding force and friction coefficient of the coating, and analyze the coating quality by measuring the plating rate and the thickness of the coating. The results showed that the rate of electroless composite plating increased with the increase in Al2O3 nanoparticle concentration. When the concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticles reached 1.5 g/L, the ENP rate decreased with the increase in Al2O3 nanoparticle concentration. The adhesion of the sample was evaluated by the scratch test, which showed that the binding grade of the sample was 0, and the Vickers hardness was 688.5 HV. Results showed that the coating produced by this new process has excellent performance. Therefore, the process is an environmentally friendly and fast activation composite plating process.

Numerical investigation of different transverse Rib shapes on thermal convection in a channel filled with nanofluid

With the growing interest in energy optimization, corrugated surfaces are arguably an excellent choice, finding applications in areas as diverse as heat exchangers, automobiles, building energy efficiency, and chemical reactors. However, due to the poor thermal properties of conventional fluids, heat transfer is limited. The introduction of nanoparticles into fluids is a promising solution to improve their thermal performance. This paper does a detailed numerical analysis of how different factors affect the forced convection heat transfer in a two-dimensional ribed channel. The shape of the ribs is one of the factors that are looked at, along with some new parameters like e/H, which is the ratio of rib height to channel height, and L2/P, which is the test section to the pitch between the ribs. The aim is to determine the optimum geometry that maximizes the Nusselt number while minimizing the pressure drop. The study also examines the effects of nanoparticle type and concentration on heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics. To this end, the continuity, momentum, and energy equations were solved with the finite volume method using the SIMPLE scheme with the k-ε turbulence model at different Reynolds numbers ranging from 4000 – 14,000. The results indicate that triangular ribs with ratios e/H = 0.15 and L2/P = 4 increase the Nusselt number by 63.3 % while reducing the pressure drop by 22 % compared with the other cases. The improvement in heat transfer in the water-SiO2 case was the greatest compared with the other nanofluids tested. Particle size fraction and Reynolds number increased the Nusselt number in ribbed channels by 20.7 % compared with water.

Aspergillus fumigatus-induced biogenic silver nanoparticles' efficacy as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents with potential anticancer activity: An in vitro investigation

A worldwide hazard to human health is posed by the growth of pathogenic bacteria that have contaminated fresh, processed, cereal, and seed products in storage facilities. As the number of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogenic microorganisms rises, we must find safe, and effective antimicrobials. The use of green synthesis of nanoparticles to combat microbial pathogens has gained a rising interest. The current study showed that Aspergillus fumigatus was applied as a promising biomass for the green synthesis of biogenic silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The UV–visible spectra of biosynthesized Ag NPs appeared characteristic surface plasmon absorption at 475 nm, round-shaped with sizes ranging from 17.11 to 75.54 nm and an average size of 50.37 ± 2.3 nm. In vitro tests were conducted to evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects of various treatment procedures for Ag NP applications. The synthesized Ag NPs was revealed antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus flauvas, A. niger, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerugonosa, and Staphylococcus aureus under optimum conditions. The tested bacteria were sensitive to low Ag NPs concentrations (5, 10, 11, 8, 7, 10, and 7 mg/mL) which was observed for the mentioned-before tested microorganisms, respectively. The tested bacterial pathogens experienced their biofilm formation effectively suppressed by Ag NPs at sub-inhibitory doses. Antibacterial reaction mechanism of Ag NPs were tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to verify their antibacterial efficacy towards S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. These findings clearly show how harmful Ag NPs are to pathogenic bacteria. The synthesized Ag NPs showed antitumor activity with IC50 at 5 μg/mL against human HepG-2 and MCF-7 cellular carcinoma cells, while 50 mg/mL was required to induce 70 % of normal Vero cell mortality. These findings imply that green synthetic Ag NPs can be used on cancer cell lines in vitro for anticancer effect beside their potential as a lethal factor against some tested pathogenic microbes.

Numerical study of unsteady flow behavior of Cu-ethylene glycol nanoparticle on radially stretching sheet with Joule Heating effect

This article proposes a mathematical investigation of unsteady flow and heat transfer in the presence of Joule Heating over a radially stretching sheet using a nanofluid of Cu-Ethylene glycol. With an extensive numerical study, we reveal the novel interaction between the shape factors of nanoparticles and surface deformations brought about by stretching. As opposed to earlier studies that have mostly concentrated on traditional nanoparticle forms, our investigation methodically looks at the unique behaviors of Cu-EG nanoparticles on stretching surfaces. The research findings offer great potential for numerous practical applications, in addition to providing insight into basic concepts related to fluid dynamics and heat transfer. The solution to this issue is significant for enhancing thermal management in manufacturing environments, such as cooling systems used in aerospace and electronics. Therefore, our work establishes a foundation for novel methods of creating materials with customized qualities, opening the door for the creation of next-generation technologies that are more sustainable and functional. A numerical solution of the highly non-linear ordinary differential equation is attained with suitable boundary conditions by applying BVP4C in MATLAB. Impact of pertinent parameters on Cu-Ethylene glycol nanofluid Joule Heating concentration, as well as Eckert, Prandtl, and Biot-number on flow and heat transport, are studied. Important results show that the Joule Heating effect raises the total heat transfer rate by roughly 15 %, and the addition of Cu nanoparticles improves thermal conductivity by around 22 %. The findings show that the combined influences of Joule Heating and nanoparticle concentration greatly increase the heat transfer efficiency, offering important new information for the optimization of cooling systems in a range of industrial applications. Finding of the current study is that the shape factor of platelets effectively transfers heat and flow, with sphere forms convey the least amount of heat.

Exploring Natural Convection and Entropy Generation in a Closed Water Tank Utilizing Nanofluid: a Computational Study

Theoretical framework: This study presents a comprehensive investigation into three-dimensional natural convection within a confined cavity filled with an alumina-water nanofluid. Objective: Utilizing numerical simulations, we explore the influence of nanoparticles' volume fraction and Rayleigh number () on entropy generation, heat transfer efficiency, and fluid behavior within the water tank. Method: The study delves into the conservation equations governing mass, momentum, and energy within the context of three-dimensional laminar natural convection. It focuses on steady, incompressible flow, employing the Boussinesq approximation to account for variations in fluid density due to temperature gradients. Results and conclusion: Our findings indicate that increasing Rayleigh numbers lead to heightened entropy generation, with values ranging from to, primarily driven by intensified buoyant flow. However, the presence of nanoparticles significantly mitigates entropy generation, enhancing the overall thermal performance of the system. Moreover, nanofluids demonstrate superior heat transfer capabilities compared to pure fluids, with higher nanoparticle concentrations resulting in increased heat transfer rates, ranging from to alumina. Research implications: As a result of such thorough research, qualitative examinations of velocity fields and entropy generation patterns further highlight the role of nanofluids in improving heat transfer efficiency while reducing irreversible processes within the cavity.

Development and Characterization of Novel Green Cutting Fluids with Nano-additives

In this current investigation, novel cutting fluids developed through a unique combination of food grade emulsifiers, plant based additives (EA) and nano particles (NP) as cutting fluid additives in corn oil (CO) based vegetable oil. Five dissimilar corn-based green cutting fluids (CBGC1, CBGC2, CBGC3, CBGC4, CBGC5) were prepared by varying the weight percentages (wt.%) of EAs (5, 10, 15, 20, 25) with CO, and their thermo-physical properties were meticulously analyzed. Among these formulations, CBGC2 demonstrated superior lubrication performance, making it the most promising oil for further investigation. Subsequently, the effect of different NP was investigated by adding alumina (Al2O3), graphene (Gr) and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) NPs in the CBGC2 solution in the ratio of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 in weight percent (wt.%) and the experimental results reveal substantial enhancements in thermophysical properties. Among various samples, the nanofluid containing 0.8 wt.% concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticles in CBGC2 exhibited the highest viscosity. Additionally, the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid enhanced by 24.82% when 1.2 wt.% of Gr nanoparticles added oil compared to CBGC2. Furthermore, in tribological tests, CBGC2 with 0.4% Al2O3 exhibited the lowest frictional force among the prepared cutting fluids. The contact angle reduced to a maximum extent by 11.14% for cutting fluids containing 1.2% alumina nanoparticles. These findings suggest that these innovative green cutting fluid formulations with nano-additives hold great potential for improving machining processes in various industrial applications towards sustainability.

Fabrication of cellulose nanocrystals-incorporated dense Janus membranes for enhanced desalination and oily saline wastewater treatment via membrane distillation

Conventional hydrophobic membranes used in membrane distillation (MD) face significant challenges, such as severe membrane fouling and wetting, when treating surfactant-containing oily wastewater. Current strategies to modify surfaces for anti-fouling and anti-wetting purposes are often complex and time consuming, potentially compromising the flux in MD. This study investigates the characteristics and performance of novel fabricated Janus membranes for the treatment of oily hypersaline wastewater in membrane distillation applications. Janus membranes, which have a dense polyamide layer containing cellulose nanocrystal nanoparticles, were synthesized using the reverse interfacial polymerization (R–IP) method on a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) substrate. Characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle (WCA) revealed that the modified Janus membranes exhibited an enhanced hydrophilicity and structural integrity due to the incorporation of cellulose nanocrystal nanoparticles. The fabricated membranes showed a dense surface layer without visible pores or cracks, with micron-scale patterned structures and widely distributed wrinkles, particularly at higher concentrations of cellulose nanocrystal nanoparticles. The desalination performance was evaluated in an air gap membrane distillation setup, where the modified Janus membranes demonstrated higher water vapor fluxes and stable salt rejection, even in the presence of surfactants. The wettability and fouling resistance of the Janus membranes were evaluated, with the PVDF-RIP0.5C membrane showing the highest hydrophilicity and underwater oleophobicity, thereby preventing oil adhesion and membrane fouling. These results underline the potential of Janus membranes with incorporated cellulose nanocrystal nanoparticles for efficient desalination and treatment of oily saline wastewater in the MD process.