Nanoparticle Drug Research Articles

Current Overview on the Use of Nanosized Drug Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases, encompassing conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, prion disease, and Huntington's disease, present a growing health concern as human life expectancy increases. Despite this, effective treatments to halt disease progression remain elusive due to various factors, including challenges in drug delivery across physiological barriers like the blood-brain barrier and patient compliance issues leading to treatment discontinuation. In response, innovative treatment approaches leveraging noninvasive techniques with higher patient compliance are emerging as promising alternatives. This Review aims to synthesize current treatment options and the challenges encountered in managing neurodegenerative diseases, while also exploring innovative treatment modalities. Specifically, noninvasive strategies such as intranasal administration and nanosized drug delivery systems are gaining prominence for their potential to enhance treatment efficacy and patient adherence. Nanosized drug delivery systems, including liposomes, polymeric micelles, and nanoparticles, are evaluated within the context of outstanding studies. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are discussed, providing insights into their therapeutic potential and limitations. Through this comprehensive examination, this Review contributes to the ongoing discourse surrounding the development of effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.

Amino-functionalised mesoporous silica nanoparticles for the delivery of isoniazid and its metal complexes

The effective delivery of poor water-soluble anti-tubercular drugs such as isoniazid to their target sites is a major factor that has made it difficult for tuberculosis to be eradicated. Isoniazid derivatives and nano-particulate drug delivery systems are explored as one way to address this limitation. This study investigated the use of amino-functionalised mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MCM-41) as nano-carriers for the delivery of isoniazid-based metal complexes, Cu–INH and Fe–INH. The Sol-gel method was used to synthesise the nano-carriers, which produced a series of well-ordered nano-carriers. Their physicochemical properties were modified through surface functionalisation with amino groups via post-grafting synthesis. The isoniazid-based metal complexes were incorporated into the nano-carriers using rotary evaporation. The nano-carriers were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Zeta potential, Fourier Transmission Infra-red (FT-IR), Brunaeur Emmett Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These characterisation techniques confirmed the successful surface functionalisation of the nano-carriers with amino groups and their encapsulation with INH, Cu–INH and Fe–INH. The amino-functionalised nano-carriers were observed to have the highest drug loading capacities and entrapment efficiencies within the range of 7.85%–19.31 % and 39.26%–96.53 %, respectively. The release rates of INH, Cu–INH, and Fe–INH from the nano-carriers were also studied in Phosphate Buffer Solution (PBS) with pH of 7.4 and 5.4 using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The cumulative release rates of INH, Cu–INH, and Fe–INH from their nano-carriers depended on their release media's textural properties and environmental conditions. Amino functionalised nano-carriers had high release rates, with A-MCM-41+Cu–INH having the highest of 37.09 % in PBS at 5.4 after 24 h. The cumulative data obtained was fitted into Zero order, First order, Hixson Crowell, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas and Weibull models. The Hixson Crowell, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Weibull models fitted well with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.9813, 0.9769 and 0.9802, respectively, for MCM-41+INH in PBS of pH 5.4.

Effect of the composition of combined solid lipid particles with gefitinib and a photosensitizer on their size, stability and cytotoxic activity

The creation of combined nanomedicines and their controlled release under the influence of photoinduction is an actively developing branch of scientific research. This work is devoted to the development of models of solid lipid nanoparticles for a well-known antitumor drug – gefitinib in combination with a photoindicating agent – a photosensitizer from the phthalocyanine group. Nanoparticles were obtained by several methods: hot homogenization with stearic acid, sesame oil and Tween 80 and by one-step dispersion with copolymers of lactic and glycolic acids and polyvinyl alcohol. In vitro experiments when irradiating particles with a laser in the near-infrared range (about 730 nm) proved the advantage of using combined nanoparticles with gefitinib and a photosensitizer compared to monotherapy, while the activity in terms of IC50 was 5.1-8.7 times higher for gefitinib and 1.5-1.8 times for the photosensitizer.

Delivery Strategy to Enhance the Therapeutic Efficacy of Liver Fibrosis via Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems.

Liver fibrosis (LF) is a pathological repair reaction caused by a chronic liver injury that affects the health of millions of people worldwide, progressing to life-threatening cirrhosis and liver cancer without timely intervention. Due to the complexity of LF pathology, multiple etiological characteristics, and the deposited extracellular matrix, traditional drugs cannot reach appropriate targets in a time-space matching way, thus decreasing the therapeutic effect. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems (NDDS) enable multidrug co-therapy and develop multifactor delivery strategies targeting pathological processes, showing great potential in LF therapy. Based on the pathogenesis and the current clinical treatment status of LF, we systematically elucidate the targeting mechanism of NDDS used in the treatment of LF. Subsequently, we focus on the progress of drug delivery applications for LF, including combined delivery for the liver fibrotic pathological environment, overcoming biological barriers, precise intracellular regulation, and intelligent responsive delivery for the liver fibrotic microenvironment. We hope that this review will inspire the rational design of NDDS for LF in the future in order to provide ideas and methods for promoting LF regression and cure.

Design of the distribution of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nano-particle drug in realistic cholangiocarcinoma model and the simulation of temperature increase during magnetic induction hyperthermia

The prognosis for Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is unfavorable, necessitating the development of new therapeutic approach such as magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) which is induced by magnetic nano-particle (MNPs) drug to bridge the treatment gap. Given the deep location of CCA within the abdominal cavity and proximity to vital organs, accurately predict the individualized treatment effects and safety brought by the distribution of MNPs in tumor will be crucial for the advancement of MHT in CCA. The Mimics software was used in this study to conduct three-dimensional reconstruction of abdominal computed tomography (CT) and magnetic reso-nance imaging images from clinical patients, resulting in the generation of a realistic digital geometric model representing the human biliary tract and its adjacent structures. Subsequently, The COMSOL Multiphysics software was utilized for modeling CCA and calculating the heat transfer law resulting from the multi-regional distribution of MNPs in CCA. The temperature within the central region of irregular CCA measured approximately 46°C, and most areas within the tumor displayed temperatures surpassing 41°C. The temperature of the inner edge of CCA is only 39 ∼ 41℃, however, it can be ameliorated by adjusting the local drug concentration through simulation system. For CCA with diverse morphologies and anatomical locations, the multi-regional distribution patterns of intratumoral MNPs and a slight overlap of drug distribution areas synergistically enhance intratumoral temperature while ensuring treatment safety. The present study highlights the practicality and imperative of incorporating personalized intratumoral MNPs distribution strategy into clinical practice for MHT, which can be achieved through the development of an integrated simulation system which incorporates medical image data and numerical calculations.

Diselenide-Bridged Mesoporous Silica-Based Nanoplatform with a Triple ROS-Scavenging Effect for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Treatment.

Oxidative stress (OS) is a major mediator of secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Thus, antioxidant therapy is emerging as an attractive strategy to combat ICH. To achieve both reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability and on-demand drug release ability, we constructed a novel polydopamine (PDA)-coated diselenide-bridged mesoporous silica nanoparticle (DSeMSN) drug delivery system (PDA-DSeMSN). Edaravone (Eda) was blocked in the pores of DSeMSN by covering the pores with PDA as a gatekeeper. The drug maintained nearly "zero release" before reaching the lesion site, while in the ROS-enriched circumstances, the PDA shell went through degradation and the doped diselenide bonds broke up, triggering the disintegration of nanoparticles and leading to Eda release. Interestingly, the ROS-degradable property of the PDA shell and diselenide bond endowed the system with enhanced ROS-eliminating capacity. The synergistic effect of ROS-responsive drug delivery and ROS-scavenging PDA-DSeMSN showed efficient antioxidative and mitochondria protective performance without apparent toxicity in vitro. Importantly, PDA-DSeMSN@Eda through intravenous administration specifically accumulated in perihematomal sites and demonstrated robust neuroprotection in an ICH mouse model through antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects with high biological safety. Thus, the PDA-DSeMSN platform holds tremendous potential as an excellent carrier for on-demand delivery of drugs and provides a new and effective strategy for the clinical treatment of ICH.

Reduction-Responsive Polyprodrug Nanoplatform Based on Curcumin for Tumor-Targeted Therapy.

Polymer prodrug nanoparticles have become an emerging drug delivery system in cancer therapy due to their high drug loading. However, their poor drug release and lack of tumor cell targeting limit their clinical application. This study aimed to prepare targeted and reduction-reactive polyprodrug nanocarriers based on curcumin (CUR) for co-delivery of doxorubicin (DOX), labeled as DOX/HAPCS NPs, and to investigate their anticancer activity. The polymer was synthesized and characterized by chemical method. The drug loading and drug release behavior of DOX and CUR in polymer nanoparticles were determined. Moreover, the antitumor effects of polymer nanoparticles were evaluated using an MTT experiment and tumor inhibition experiment, and the synergistic effect of co-delivered DOX and CUR was explored. The particle size of DOX/HAPCS NPs was 152.5nm, and the potential was about -26.74 mV. The drug-carrying capacity of DOX and CUR was about 7.56% and 34.75%, respectively, indicating high drug-carrying capacity and good stability. DOX and CUR released over 90% within 24 hours in the tumor environment. Compared with free DOX, DOX/HAPCS NPs demonstrated significantly enhanced cell and tumor inhibitory effects (P< 0.05) in vivo and in vitro and changed drug distribution to avoid toxic side effects on normal tissues. The combined index showed that DOX and CUR showed synergistic anticancer effects at a set ratio. The prepared reduction-responsive targeted polymer nanomedical DOX/HAPCS NPs exhibited a synergistic anti-cancer effect, with high drug loading capacity and the ability to release drugs in proportion, making it a promising polymer nanoparticle drug delivery system.

Addressing barriers in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: the transformative role of lipid nanoparticulate drug delivery.

The brainstem tumour known as diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), also known as pontine glioma, infiltrative brainstem glioma is uncommon and virtually always affects children. A pontine glioma develops in the brainstem's most vulnerable region (the "pons"), which regulates a number of vital processes like respiration and blood pressure. It is particularly challenging to treat due to its location and how it invades healthy brain tissue. The hunt for a solution is continually advancing thanks to advances in modern medicine, but the correct approach is still elusive. With a particular focus on brain tumours that are incurable or recur, research is ongoing to discover fresh, practical approaches to target particular areas of the brain. To successfully complete this task, a thorough literature search was carried out in reputable databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The present article provides a comprehensive analysis of the notable advantages of lipid nanoparticles compared to alternative nanoparticle formulations. The article delves into the intricate realm of diverse lipid-based nanoparticulate delivery systems, which are used in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) which thoroughly examines preclinical and clinical studies, providing a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness and potential of lipid nanoparticles in driving therapeutic advancements for DIPG. There is strong clinical data to support the promising method of using lipid-based nanoparticulate drug delivery for brain cancer treatment, which shows improved outcomes.

Dynamically crosslinked ECM-like hydrogels loaded with ROS-responsive drug nanoparticles for treating inflammation in myocardial infarction and stroke

Following a myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke, the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within a brief timeframe may induce a pronounced inflammatory reaction, which exacerbates the progression of the disease. Thus, there is an urgent need to design a biomaterial to inhibit the inflammatory response associated with MI and stroke. In this study, we designed a reversible extracellular matrix (ECM)-like hydrogel via borate ester crosslinking, which responds to the inflammatory microenvironment affected by MI and stroke. At the same time, we developed a new type of loaded polymer nanoparticle (TK-DA) that can respond to ROS in ischemic regions and release the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone. Ultimately, we integrated the nanoparticles and ECM-like hydrogel to fabricate a functional hydrogel. To verify the therapeutic effect of the functional hydrogel, we established two models of typical ischemic diseases, MI and stroke. The results showed that the hydrogel substantially reduced ROS levels and inflammation in vitro. Moreover, the results of the two in vivo animal models demonstrated that this functional hydrogel can effectively treat MI and stroke by suppressing inflammatory responses, mitigating apoptosis, and promoting neovascularization. In conclusion, the functional hydrogel strategy presents a universally applicable treatment approach for ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, which are not limited solely to the treatment of MI and stroke, but also hold future potential for clinical applications.

Cardiac-targeted delivery of a novel Drp1 inhibitor for acute cardioprotection

Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is a mitochondrial fission protein and a viable target for cardioprotection against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Here, we reported a novel Drp1 inhibitor (DRP1i1), delivered using a cardiac-targeted nanoparticle drug delivery system, as a more effective approach for achieving acute cardioprotection. DRP1i1 was encapsulated in cubosome nanoparticles with conjugated cardiac-homing peptides (NanoDRP1i1) and the encapsulation efficiency was 99.3 ± 0.1 %. In vivo, following acute myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in mice, NanoDRP1i1 significantly reduced infarct size and serine-616 phosphorylation of Drp1, and restored cardiomyocyte mitochondrial size to that of sham group. Imaging by mass spectrometry revealed higher accumulation of DRP1i1 in the heart tissue when delivered as NanoDRP1i1. In human cardiac organoids subjected to simulated ischaemia-reperfusion injury, treatment with NanoDRP1i1 at reperfusion significantly reduced cardiac cell death, contractile dysfunction, and mitochondrial superoxide levels. Following NanoDRP1i1 treatment, cardiac organoid proteomics further confirmed reprogramming of contractile dysfunction markers and enrichment of the mitochondrial protein network, cytoskeletal and metabolic regulation networks when compared to the simulated injury group. These proteins included known cardioprotective regulators identified in human organoids and in vivo murine studies following ischaemia-reperfusion injury. DRP1i1 is a promising tool compound to study Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission and exhibits promising therapeutic potential for acute cardioprotection, especially when delivered using the cardiac-targeted cubosome nanoparticles.

Synthesis and characterization of nano-biopolymer carriers loaded with clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) extract as an anticancer agent: an in vitro study

The objective of this work was to design a new drug nanoparticle (NP) composed of chitosan/β-cyclodextrin/sodium tripolyphosphate/alginate (CS/βCD/TPP/AL) loaded with a clove extract (CE) for potential anticancer effects. The extract was prepared by two extraction methods: hydroalcoholic maceration (MAC) with 80% MeOH and supercritical fluid (SCF). The MACCE and SCFCE CE NPs had particle sizes of 71 nm and 20 nm, respectively with irregular spherical shapes. The nanocarriers achieved entrapment efficiencies of over 90%. MACCE-NPs and SCFCE-NPs released 18.35% and 10.12% of the extract after 6 h, respectively. Cell viability decreased to 54%, 7%, and 12% in HeLa, U87, and KB cell lines, respectively, after a 48-hour treatment with SCFCE-NPs and 75%, 8%, and 17% after treatment with MACCE-NPs, significantly reduced compared to the control. It is concluded that NPs containing CE exhibit a higher degree of toxicity due to better penetration into cells.

Edoxaban enfolded beta-1,4-poly-d-glucosamine nanoparticles for targeting eponym Stuart–Prower factor for treatment of venous thrombosis

The present research looked for ways to develop shielded nanoparticles (NPs)-drug transporters made of chitosan (CS) to enhance the bioavailability of edoxaban tosylate monohydrate (ETM) for oral administration by examining the correlation among design aspects and data from experiments using response surface methodology (RSM). ETM-loaded CS nanoparticles (ETM-CS-NPs) were developed using the ionic gelation of CS with tripolyphosphate (TPP). Utilising Zeta-sizer and scanning electron microscopy, the ETM-CS-NPs were evaluated for particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), surface morphology, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug loading (DL). Drug and polymer interactions in NPs were assessed using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. The response surface approach and Design-Expert software optimised the ETM-CS-NPs. Using RSM, the effects of independent variables such as the amount of CS, the amount of TPP, and the amount of glacial acetic acid on PS, PDI and ZP were analysed. The optimal combination of PS (354.8 nm), PDI (0.509), ZP (43.7 + mV), % EE (70.3 ± 1.3) and % DL (9.1 ± 0.4) has been identified for the optimised ETM-CS-NPs. ETM-CS-NPs’ anticoagulant activity was evaluated using activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT) and thrombin time (TT) assays. In conclusion, a practical and consistent method has been established, and its application has been proven in vitro, indicating its utility for future studies of the biological distribution of ETM-CS-NPs in vivo for specific antithrombotic treatments.

Targeted pH-responsive biomimetic nanoparticle-mediated starvation-enhanced chemodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy for ovarian cancer treatment

In recent years, the use of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in the context of ovarian cancer chemotherapy has attracted significant attention. However, ATO’s limited biocompatibility and the occurrence of severe toxic side effects hinder its clinical application. A nanoparticle (NP) drug delivery system using ATO as a therapeutic agent is reported in this study. Achieving a synergistic effect by combining starvation therapy, chemodynamic therapy, and chemotherapy for the treatment of ovarian cancer was the ultimate goal of this system. This nanotechnology-based drug delivery system (NDDS) introduced arsenic-manganese complexes into cancer cells, leading to the subsequent release of lethal arsenic ions (As3+) and manganese ions (Mn2+). The acidic microenvironment of the tumor facilitated this process, and MR imaging offered real-time monitoring of the ATO dose distribution. Simultaneously, to produce reactive oxygen species that induced cell death through a Fenton-like reaction, Mn2+ exploited the surplus of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) within tumor cells. Glucose oxidase-based starvation therapy further supported this mechanism, which restored H2O2 and lowered the cellular acidity. Consequently, this approach achieved self-enhanced chemodynamic therapy. Homologous targeting of the NPs was facilitated through the use of SKOV3 cell membranes that encapsulated the NPs. Hence, the use of a multimodal NDDS that integrated ATO delivery, therapy, and monitoring exhibited superior efficacy and biocompatibility compared with the nonspecific administration of ATO. This approach presents a novel concept for the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer.

A novel nanodrug for the sensitization of photothermal chemotherapy for breast cancer in vitro.

Owing to the complexity of tumor treatment, clinical tumor treatment has evolved from a single treatment mode to multiple combined treatment modes. Reducing the tolerance of tumors to heat and the toxicity of chemotherapy drugs to the body, as well as increasing the sensitivity of tumors to photothermal therapy and chemotherapy drugs, are key issues that urgently need to be addressed in the current cancer treatment. In this work, polylactic acid-based drug nanoparticles (PLA@DOX/GA/ICG) were synthesized with good photothermal conversion ability by encapsulating the water-soluble anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX), photothermal conversion agent indocyanine green (ICG) and liposoluble drug gambogic acid (GA) using a double emulsion method. The preparation process of PLA@DOX/GA/ICG was examined. Gambogic acid entrapped in PLA@DOX/GA/ICG nanoparticles could act as an HSP90 protein inhibitor to achieve bidirectional sensitization to chemotherapy and photothermal therapy under 808 nm laser irradiation for the first time, effectively ablating breast cancer cells in vitro. This nanodrug was expected to be used for the efficient treatment of tumors.

Emerging nanomedicine strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent malignant tumor with a range of risk factors, including viral infections, alcoholic liver disease, exposure to fungal toxins, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Despite advancements in early detection and treatment, HCC continues to exhibit a high rate of recurrence. Patients in advanced stages have a poor prognosis, and the survival rate after cancer metastasis is notably low. Consequently, there exists an urgent necessity for novel treatment strategies. Nanomedicine possesses superior attributes, such as targeted administration and responsive drug release within the tumor microenvironment. These systems demonstrate potential in HCC treatment by facilitating the transportation of diverse therapeutic drugs. This comprehensive review aims to delve into the application of nanoparticle drug delivery systems in the management of liver tumors, with particular emphasis on formulation, targeted strategies specific to liver tumors, and various methods of drug release. By offering insights into the utilization of nanoparticle drug delivery systems in the realm of liver tumor treatment, this review endeavors to assist readers in exploring their vast potential.

Tailored Sugar-Mediated Porous Particle Structures for Improved Dispersion of Drug Nanoparticles in Spray-Freeze-Drying.

We fabricated porous particles incorporating sugars (mannitol, sucrose, or dextran) and fenofibrate nanoparticles (FNPs) by using spray-freeze-drying (SFD). The type of sugar significantly influenced the pore architecture of the resulting SFD particles. Rapid freezing of droplets containing dextran produced ice encapsulation within a dextran matrix, forming porous dextran particles. In the presence of FNPs, the particle size (approximately 4 μm) and pore volume (0.3 cm3/g) of SFD dextran were barely affected. In contrast, SFD particles derived from mannitol and sucrose exhibited denser structures with a lower pore volume than dextran. SFD mannitol incorporating FNPs produced porous structures. FNPs containing surfactant and polymer, which reduced surface tension and increased viscosity, promoted the formation of small droplets with a polymeric structure and porous particles with a relatively sharp size distribution with a median around 5 μm. FNPs were uniformly distributed in SFD dextran, which featured large pore structures, whereas in SFD mannitol, the Raman signal of FNPs was more broadly distributed across the powder samples. Both morphologies contributed to enhancing the FNP dispersibility within a redispersed suspension of SFD particles. FNPs in SFD mannitol and dextran matrices maintained their particle size distribution from before SFD, showing no aggregation upon redispersion. Dextran formed a highly porous network irrespective of the presence of FNPs, whereas mannitol tended to alter the particle attributes upon FNP inclusion. In conclusion, SFD particles derived from dextran and mannitol might help to increase FNP dispersibility by increasing the formation of porous architectures.

Construction of an intranasal drug delivery system with hypothalamus‐targeting nanoparticles

AbstractDysfunction of the hypothalamus is associated with endocrine imbalances, growth abnormalities, and reproductive disorders. However, there is a lack of targeted treatment strategies focused on the hypothalamus. In this study, we constructed a multifunctional nanocarrier system (S@ANP) to directly target the hypothalamic neurokinin receptor 3 (NK3R) via an intranasal delivery strategy. This system could overcome the primary obstacles in drug delivery for hypothalamus‐related diseases. Under the guidance of a modified (Trp7, β‐Ala8)‐neurokinin A (4‐10) peptide with cysteine, nanoparticles encapsulated with SB222200, an NK3R inhibitor, were found to readily penetrate hypothalamic cells with substantial loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency, and sustained release in vitro. Moreover, intranasal delivery represents an optimal delivery strategy that allows for a significant reduction in oral dosage and enables nanoparticles to bypass the blood‒brain barrier and target relevant parts of the brain. The mucolytic agent N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC) was loaded into the nanoparticles (S@ANP + NAC) to increase mucosal solubility and intranasal delivery efficiency. In vivo evaluations showed that S@ANP + NAC could effectively target the hypothalamus and modulate NK3R‐regulated hypothalamic functions in mice. Due to its high hypothalamic targeting efficiency and low toxicity, this intranasal nanoparticle drug delivery system may serve as a potential strategy for precision therapy of hypothalamic disorders.

Nanosuspension as a Novel Nanovehicle for Drug Delivery: A Recent Update on Patents and Therapeutic Applications

Abstract: Solubility is a critical factor for the therapeutic action of drugs and does not depend on the administration of routes. Various conventional methods are used to enhance the solubility of the drug, which show limited applicability. Nanotechnology is used to improve the solubility and bioavailability of drugs that belong to BCS classes II and IV. Nanosuspension is the dispersion of pure drug nanoparticles in aqueous with a minimum amount of surfactant, stabilizing the formula-tion. Various techniques, such as the bottom-up approach, dissocubes, nanopure, nanoedge, nano-jet process, supercritical fluid, dry co-grinding, milling media, and nanoprecipitation, have been used to formulate nanosuspension. Nanosuspension can be administered orally, inhalation, trans-dermal, ocular, injectable, topical, and pulmonary. To resolve the problem of solubility and stabil-ity, nanosuspension has received much attention because of its technical simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ease of significant scale-up. Nanosuspension can control particle size surface charge properties and release the drug at specific sites at an optimal rate. Recently, more than 100 patents have been published on nanosuspension. This review article covers the different prepara-tion methods, formulation composition, marketed products, characterization, and recent patents on nanosuspension. The various benefits and evaluation of the parameters of nanosuspension are discussed briefly. This patent-based review will enhance the knowledge of control drug delivery and related patents on nanosuspension.

Advance and opportunities in nanoparticle drug delivery for central nervous system disorders: A review of current advances

Nanoparticles drug delivery systems have emerged as a cutting-edge approach in treating central nervous system disorders. This review discusses the advancements and opportunities in utilizing nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to the brain, focusing on their potential to enhance efficacy, reduce side effects, and improve patient outcomes. Lipid-based nanocarriers like liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and micelles are widely used in neurological conditions. The growing demand for innovative drug delivery methods for treating neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer’s are largely due to potential therapy failures in the blood brain barrier and P-glycoproteins which cause progressive loss of brain function. Nanotechnology advancements can help overcome these limitations by improving the delivery of active medicine campaigns and creating nanomaterials that improve active drug delivery.

Imiquimod-Loaded Nanosystem for Treatment Human Papillomavirus-Induced Lesions.

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. The treatment options are strongly related to increased infertility in women. Imiquimod (IQ) is an imidazoquinoline, which has proven antiviral effects against persistent HPV infection by activating immune cells via Toll-like receptors 7/8 when formulated in carriers, like nanogels, for topical use. An effective alternative to conventional therapies is the nanoparticle drug delivery system. We studied lipidic nanoparticles with IQ (Lipo IQ) and functionalized them with a DNA aptamer, AT11 (Lipo IQ AT11), to improve the selectivity for cervical cancer cells combined with the efficacy of essential oils. The formulations showed that the physicochemical properties are adequate for vaginal drug delivery and have antimicrobial activity at higher concentrations (with MIC50 starting from 0.625%). The final formulations exhibited cytotoxicity in cancer cells, enhanced by essential oils without affecting healthy cells, resulting in less than 10% cell viability in HeLa cells and over 60% in NHDF cells. Essential oils potentiate Lipo IQ's effectiveness, while AT11 increases the selectivity for cervical cancer cells. As suggested by the results of the permeation assay, the formulations were internalized by the cancer cells. Overall, the obtained results suggested that the synergistic effect of the essential oils and the nanosystem potentiate the cytotoxic effect of Lipo IQ and that Lipo IQ AT11 promotes selectivity towards cancer cells.