Nanomaterials For Tissue Engineering Research Articles

Chiral nanomaterials in tissue engineering.

Addressing significant medical challenges arising from tissue damage and organ failure, the field of tissue engineering has evolved to provide revolutionary approaches for regenerating functional tissues and organs. This involves employing various techniques, including the development and application of novel nanomaterials. Among them, chiral nanomaterials comprising non-superimposable nanostructures with their mirror images have recently emerged as innovative biomaterial candidates to guide tissue regeneration due to their unique characteristics. Chiral nanomaterials including chiral fibre supramolecular hydrogels, polymer-based chiral materials, self-assembling peptides, chiral-patterned surfaces, and the recently developed intrinsically chiroptical nanoparticles have demonstrated remarkable ability to regulate biological processes through routes such as enantioselective catalysis and enhanced antibacterial activity. Despite several recent reviews on chiral nanomaterials, limited attention has been given to the specific potential of these materials in facilitating tissue regeneration processes. Thus, this timely review aims to fill this gap by exploring the fundamental characteristics of chiral nanomaterials, including their chiroptical activities and analytical techniques. Also, the recent advancements in incorporating these materials in tissue engineering applications are highlighted. The review concludes by critically discussing the outlook of utilizing chiral nanomaterials in guiding future strategies for tissue engineering design.

Research Progress on Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering in Oral Diseases.

Due to their superior antibacterial properties, biocompatibility and high conductivity, nanomaterials have shown a broad prospect in the biomedical field and have been widely used in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Also due to their small particle sizes and biodegradability, nanomaterials can provide solutions for tissue engineering, especially for oral tissue rehabilitation and regeneration. At present, research on nanomaterials in the field of dentistry focuses on the biological effects of various types of nanomaterials on different oral diseases and tissue engineering applications. In the current review, we have summarized the biological effects of nanoparticles on oral diseases, their potential action mechanisms and influencing factors. We have focused on the opportunities and challenges to various nanomaterial therapy strategies, with specific emphasis on overcoming the challenges through the development of biocompatible and smart nanomaterials. This review will provide references for potential clinical applications of novel nanomaterials in the field of oral medicine for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases.

Scaling down for better periodontal health: The role of nanotechnology

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach in the treatment of periodontal diseases, which affect a large proportion of the population worldwide. By studying nanotechnology, we can gain a better understanding of how these materials can be used in daily practice. Nanotechnology involves the development of materials, devices, and systems that exhibit unique physical, chemical, and biological properties at the nanoscale level. This technology has the potential to revolutionize the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of oral diseases, including periodontal disease, which affects a significant portion of the global population. The use of nanotechnology in dentistry, also known as Nano dentistry, provides promising solutions for the treatment of various dental disorders, including periodontal disease. This article summarizes the current research trends in periodontal nanotechnology, including nanoscale drug delivery systems and nanomaterials for tissue engineering and regeneration. Nanoparticles offer significant advantages over conventional drug delivery systems due to their controlled release and improved bioavailability, making them a promising approach for periodontitis treatment. Furthermore, nanomaterials act as three-dimensional scaffolds, providing a favourable environment for tissue regeneration by promoting cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. The potential of nanotechnology in tissue engineering is vast, and its application in bone defect repair and implant success rates has shown great potential. However, safety issues and biological risks must be addressed before routine implementation of nano dentistry in periodontal treatment. Overall, this article provides insights into the potential of nanotechnology in periodontics and its translation into a more specific approach of nano periodontology in periodontology.

Activated carbon nanofiber nanoparticles incorporated electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds to promote fibroblast behaviors for application to skin tissue engineering

The most widely used one-dimensional (1D) carbonaceous nanomaterials in tissue engineering are carbon nanotubes, either single or multiwalled. Other forms of 1D nanomaterials, such as carbon nanowires and carbon nanofibers, have been less explored for biomedical applications. Herein, we synthesized 1D-activated carbon nanofiber nanoparticles (ACNF NPs) from the polyacrylonitrile electrospun nanofibers by continuous processes like stabilization, alkali treatment, calcination, and grinding. Two different sets of ACNF NPs-containing electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber mats, viz. surface-modified NP-deposited mats (ACNF@PCL) and NP-incorporated mats (ACNF-PCL), were prepared to examine their potential as skin tissue engineering scaffolds. Raman spectra demonstrated that ACNF NPs exhibited graphitization degree with an ID/IG ratio of 1.05. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that ACNF NPs are sized 280 ± 100 nm by diameter and 565–3322 nm by length. The NPs concentrated above 30 μg/mL were found to exhibit toxicity with < 70% viability of NIH3T3 fibroblasts on 48 h. The ACNF-PCL nanofiber mats displayed better cell proliferation profile showing significant changes compared to PCL and ACNF@PCL mats on days 1, 3, and 5. Hence, we concluded that ACNF-PCL mats with less concentration of ACNF NPs have more potential to support cellular growth, ensuring its possible impact on skin tissue regeneration.Graphical Abstract

An Insight of Nanomaterials in Tissue Engineering from Fabrication to Applications.

Tissue engineering is a research domain that deals with the growth of various kinds of tissues with the help of synthetic composites. With the culmination of nanotechnology and bioengineering, tissue engineering has emerged as an exciting domain. Recent literature describes its various applications in biomedical and biological sciences, such as facilitating the growth of tissue and organs, gene delivery, biosensor-based detection, etc. It deals with the development of biomimetics to repair, restore, maintain and amplify or strengthen several biological functions at the level of tissue and organs. Herein, the synthesis of nanocomposites based on polymers, along with their classification as conductive hydrogels and bioscaffolds, is comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, their implementation in numerous tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications is also described. The limitations of tissue engineering are also discussed here. The present review highlights and summarizes the latest progress in the tissue engineering domain directed at functionalized nanomaterials.

Inorganic Nanomaterials in Tissue Engineering

In recent decades, the demand for replacement of damaged or broken tissues has increased; this poses the attention on problems related to low donor availability. For this reason, researchers focused their attention on the field of tissue engineering, which allows the development of scaffolds able to mimic the tissues’ extracellular matrix. However, tissue replacement and regeneration are complex since scaffolds need to guarantee an adequate hierarchical structured morphology as well as adequate mechanical, chemical, and physical properties to stand the stresses and enhance the new tissue formation. For this purpose, the use of inorganic materials as fillers for the scaffolds has gained great interest in tissue engineering applications, due to their wide range of physicochemical properties as well as their capability to induce biological responses. However, some issues still need to be faced to improve their efficacy. This review focuses on the description of the most effective inorganic nanomaterials (clays, nano-based nanomaterials, metal oxides, metallic nanoparticles) used in tissue engineering and their properties. Particular attention has been devoted to their combination with scaffolds in a wide range of applications. In particular, skin, orthopaedic, and neural tissue engineering have been considered.

2D structured graphene nanosheets decorated by monodispersed superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles for differentiation of mouse cells

In the present study, the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) decorated by monodispersed superparamagnetic Fe3O4 (RGO-IO) nanocomposite was prepared and confirmed with various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The elemental spectral mapping depicts the composition of carbon, oxygen and iron in confirmed the successful formulation and homogenous distribution. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of nanocomposite confirms the existence of elements such as C, O and Fe. The Raman spectroscopy analysis showed the characteristic peak for RGO i.e. D-band and G-band and A1 g phonon and Eg phonon peaks for IO is indicating the formation of RGO-IO. Moreover, the HR-TEM microscopic analysis evidently revealed the 2D structured RGO nanosheets are well decorated by a large quantity of IO nanoparticles. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of nanocomposite showed less toxicity and increased the cellular growth of mouse C2C12 and 3T3-L1 cells at higher concentration. The treatment of nanocomposite increases the ROS generation due to the excellent electrochemical performance and induces the formation of myotubes and mature adipocytes. The nanocomposite upregulates the expression of molecular marker proteins responsible for the myogenesis and adipogenesis was confirmed. Together, the synthesized RGO-IO nanocomposites provide surplus support for the use of nanomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Biological and biocompatible characteristics of fullerenols nanomaterials for tissue engineering.

Fullerenes, as hydrophobic molecules, are limited in biomedical function due to their very low solubility. But taking C₆₀(OH)ₓ as an example, the properties of fullerenols were analyzed. It was found that fullerenols had good stability, water solubility, good biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity by adding a hydroxyl group to carbon atoms. In the biomedical field, it has been found that fullerene C₆₀ can be used as a powerful free radical scavenger, with antioxidant activity, with antibacterial and inhibitory effects on cancer cells. Fullerenols inherit the good properties of fullerenes, and are better used in cancer treatment, including loading drug therapy and directly as an anticancer drug. In addition, fullerenols are also used in the repair of myocardial injury, the treatment of myocardial infarction and neuroprotection. With the development of tissue engineering technology, the preparation of nerve scaffolds which can improve ischemia, hypoxia and oxidative stress after nerve injury has become a research hotspot. The electron absorption and reduction characteristics of fullerenols in biomedical research bring new ideas for the treatment of oxidative stress in the repair of peripheral nerve defects. It seems that the research on fullerenols loaded neural scaffold has great prospects.

Applications of nanomaterials in tissue engineering.

Recent advancement in nanotechnology has brought prominent benefits in tissue engineering, which has been used to repair or reconstruct damaged tissues or organs and design smart drug delivery systems. With numerous applications of nanomaterials in tissue engineering, it is vital to choose appropriate nanomaterials for different tissue engineering applications because of the tissue heterogeneity. Indeed, the use of nanomaterials in tissue engineering is directly determined by the choice. In this review, we mainly introduced the use of nanomaterials in tissue engineering. First, the basic characteristics, preparation and characterization methods of the types of nanomaterials are introduced briefly, followed by a detailed description of the application and research progress of nanomaterials in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Finally, the existing challenges and prospects for future applications of nanomaterials in tissue engineering are discussed.

Mechanotransduction, nanotechnology, and nanomedicine.

Mechanotransduction, a conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals, is essential for human development and physiology. It is observable at all levels ranging from the whole body, organs, tissues, organelles down to molecules. Dysregulation results in various diseases such as muscular dystrophies, hypertension-induced vascular and cardiac hypertrophy, altered bone repair and cell deaths. Since mechanotransduction occurs at nanoscale, nanosciences and applied nanotechnology are powerful for studying molecular mechanisms and pathways of mechanotransduction. Atomic force microscopy, magnetic and optical tweezers are commonly used for force measurement and manipulation at the single molecular level. Force is also used to control cells, topographically and mechanically by specific types of nano materials for tissue engineering. Mechanotransduction research will become increasingly important as a sub-discipline under nanomedicine. Here we review nanotechnology approaches using force measurements and manipulations at the molecular and cellular levels during mechanotransduction, which has been increasingly play important role in the advancement of nanomedicine.

2D nanomaterials for tissue engineering application

Recently, tissue engineering has developed into a powerful tool for repairing and reconstructing damaged tissues and organs. Tissue engineering scaffolds play a vital role in tissue engineering, as they not only provide structural support for targeted cells but also serve as templates that guide tissue regeneration and control the tissue structure. Over the past few years, owing to unique physicochemical properties and excellent biocompatibility, various types of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have been developed as candidates for the construction of tissue engineering scaffolds, enabling remarkable achievements in bone repair, wound healing, neural regeneration, and cardiac tissue engineering. These efforts have significantly advanced the development of tissue engineering. In this review, we summarize the latest advancements in the application of 2D nanomaterials in tissue engineering. First, each typical 2D nanomaterial is introduced briefly, followed by a detailed description of its applications in tissue engineering. Finally, the existing challenges and prospects for the future of the application of 2D nanomaterials in tissue engineering are discussed.

Electroconductive Nanobiomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine.

Regenerative medicine aims to engineer tissue constructs that can recapitulate the functional and structural properties of native organs. Most novel regenerative therapies are based on the recreation of a three-dimensional environment that can provide essential guidance for cell organization, survival, and function, which leads to adequate tissue growth. The primary motivation in the use of conductive nanomaterials in tissue engineering has been to develop biomimetic scaffolds to recapitulate the electrical properties of the natural extracellular matrix, something often overlooked in numerous tissue engineering materials to date. In this review article, we focus on the use of electroconductive nanobiomaterials for different biomedical applications, particularly, very recent advancements for cardiovascular, neural, bone, and muscle tissue regeneration. Moreover, this review highlights how electroconductive nanobiomaterials can facilitate cell to cell crosstalk (i.e., for cell growth, migration, proliferation, and differentiation) in different tissues. Thoughts on what the field needs for future growth are also provided.

Nanostructured Materials for Artificial Tissue Replacements.

This paper review current trends in applications of nanomaterials in tissue engineering. Nanomaterials applicable in this area can be divided into two groups: organic and inorganic. Organic nanomaterials are especially used for the preparation of highly porous scaffolds for cell cultivation and are represented by polymeric nanofibers. Inorganic nanomaterials are implemented as they stand or dispersed in matrices promoting their functional properties while preserving high level of biocompatibility. They are used in various forms (e.g., nano- particles, -tubes and -fibers)—and when forming the composites with organic matrices—are able to enhance many resulting properties (biologic, mechanical, electrical and/or antibacterial). For this reason, this contribution points especially to such type of composite nanomaterials. Basic information on classification, properties and application potential of single nanostructures, as well as complex scaffolds suitable for 3D tissues reconstruction is provided. Examples of practical usage of these structures are demonstrated on cartilage, bone, neural, cardiac and skin tissue regeneration and replacements. Nanomaterials open up new ways of treatments in almost all areas of current tissue regeneration, especially in tissue support or cell proliferation and growth. They significantly promote tissue rebuilding by direct replacement of damaged tissues.

The Use of Nanomaterials in Tissue Engineering for Cartilage Regeneration; Current Approaches and Future Perspectives.

The repair and regeneration of articular cartilage represent important challenges for orthopedic investigators and surgeons worldwide due to its avascular, aneural structure, cellular arrangement, and dense extracellular structure. Although abundant efforts have been paid to provide tissue-engineered grafts, the use of therapeutically cell-based options for repairing cartilage remains unsolved in the clinic. Merging a clinical perspective with recent progress in nanotechnology can be helpful for developing efficient cartilage replacements. Nanomaterials, < 100 nm structural elements, can control different properties of materials by collecting them at nanometric sizes. The integration of nanomaterials holds promise in developing scaffolds that better simulate the extracellular matrix (ECM) environment of cartilage to enhance the interaction of scaffold with the cells and improve the functionality of the engineered-tissue construct. This technology not only can be used for the healing of focal defects but can also be used for extensive osteoarthritic degenerative alterations in the joint. In this review paper, we will emphasize the recent investigations of articular cartilage repair/regeneration via biomaterials. Also, the application of novel technologies and materials is discussed.

Bio-application of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Tissue Engineering.

Inorganic nanomaterials or nanoparticles (INPs) have drawn high attention for their usage in the biomedical field. In addition to the facile synthetic and modifiable property of INPs, INPs have various unique properties that originate from the components of the INPs, such as metal ions that are essential for the human body. Apart from their roles as components of the human body, inorganic materials have unique properties, such as magnetic, antibacterial, and piezoelectric, so that INPs have been widely used as either carriers or inducers. However, most of the bio-applicable INPs, especially those consisting of metal, can cause cytotoxicity. Therefore, INPs require modification to alleviate the harmful effect toward the cells by controlling the release of metal ions from INPs. Even though many attempts have been made to modify INPs, many things, including the side effects of INPs, still remain as obstacles in the bio-application, which need to be elucidated. In this chapter, we introduce novel INPs in terms of their synthetic method and bio-application in tissue engineering.

Functionalization-dependent effects of cellulose nanofibrils on tolerogenic mechanisms of human dendritic cells

BackgroundCellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are attractive nanomaterials for various biomedical applications due to their excellent biocompatibility and biomimetic properties. However, their immunoregulatory properties are insufficiently investigated, especially in relation to their functionalization, which could cause problems during their clinical application.MethodsUsing a model of human dendritic cells (DC), which have a central role in the regulation of immune response, we investigated how differentially functionalized CNF, ie, native (n) CNF, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl radical-oxidized (c) CNF, and 3-aminopropylphosphoric acid-functionalized (APAc) CNF, affect DC properties, their viability, morphology, differentiation and maturation potential, and the capacity to regulate T cell-mediated immune response.ResultsNontoxic doses of APAcCNF displayed the strongest inhibitory effects on DC differentiation, maturation, and T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 polarization capacity, followed by cCNF and nCNF, respectively. These results correlated with a specific pattern of regulatory cytokines production by APAcCNF-DC and their increased capacity to induce suppressive CD8+CD25+IL-10+ regulatory T cells in immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)-3- and ILT-4- dependent manner. In contrast, nCNF-DC induced predominantly suppressive CD4+CD25hiFoxP3hi regulatory T cells in indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1-dependent manner. Different tolerogenic properties of CNF correlated with their size and APA functionalization, as well as with different expression of CD209 and actin bundles at the place of contact with CNF.ConclusionThe capacity to induce different types of DC-mediated tolerogenic immune responses by functionalized CNF opens new perspectives for their application as well-tolerated nanomaterials in tissue engineering and novel platforms for the therapy of inflammatory T cell-mediated pathologies.

Uptake of magnetic nanoparticles for adipose-derived stem cells with multiple passage numbers

With the increasingly promising role of nanomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, the interaction between stem cells and nanoparticles has become a critical focus. The entry of nanoparticles into cells has become a primary issue for effectively regulating the subsequent safety and performance of nanomaterials in vivo . Although the influence of nanomaterials on endocytosis has been extensively studied, reports on the influence of stem cells are rare. Moreover, the effect of nanomaterials on stem cells is also dependent upon the action mode. Unfortunately, the interaction between stem cells and assembled nanoparticles is often neglected. In this paper, we explore for the first time the uptake of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles by adipose-derived stem cells with different passage numbers. The results demonstrate that cellular viability decreases and cell senescence level increases with the extension of the passage number. We found the surface appearance of cellular membranes to become increasingly rough and uneven with increasing passage numbers. The iron content in the dissociative nanoparticles was also significantly reduced with increases in the passage number. However, we observed multiple-passaged stem cells cultured on assembled nanoparticles to have similarly low iron content levels. The mechanism may lie in the magnetic effect of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles resulting from the field-directed assembly. The results of this work will facilitate the understanding and translation of nanomaterials in the clinical application of stem cells.

Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering In Dentistry.

The tissue engineering (TE) of dental oral tissue is facing significant changes in clinical treatments in dentistry. TE is based on a stem cell, signaling molecule, and scaffold triad that must be known and calibrated with attention to specific sectors in dentistry. This review article shows a summary of micro- and nanomorphological characteristics of dental tissues, of stem cells available in the oral region, of signaling molecules usable in TE, and of scaffolds available to guide partial or total reconstruction of hard, soft, periodontal, and bone tissues. Some scaffoldless techniques used in TE are also presented. Then actual and future roles of nanotechnologies about TE in dentistry are presented.

Nano-Engineered Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration: What Has Been Achieved So Far?

Nanomaterials have attracted the interest of tissue engineers for the last two decades. Their unique properties make them promising for de-novo fabrication of bio-inspired hybrid/composite materials with improved regenerative properties, including the capacity for electric conductivity and the provision of antimicrobial properties, for example. However, to this day, the use of such materials in medical applications is rather limited and most of the studies have only reached the archetypical proof-of-concept stage. Herein, we present a review on the use of nanomaterials in tissue engineering for regenerative therapies of heart, skin, eye, skeletal muscle, and nervous system. The advantages and limitations of nano-engineering materials are presented in this review alongside with the future challenges and milestones nanotechnology must overcome to make an impact in biomedical applications.

Biological aspects of application of nanomaterials in tissue engineering

Millions of patients worldwide need surgery to repair or replace tissue that has been damaged through trauma or disease. To solve the problem of lost tissue, a major emphasis of tissue engineering (TE) is on tissue regeneration. Stem cells and highly porous biomaterials used as cell carriers (scaffolds) have an essential role in the production of new tissue by TE. Cellular component is important for the generation and establishment of the extracellular matrix, while a scaffold is necessary to determine the shape of the newly formed tissue and facilitate migration of cells into the desired location, as well as their growth and differentiation. This review describes the types, characteristics and classification of stem cells. Furthermore, it includes functional features of cell carriers - biocompatibility, biodegradability and mechanical properties of biomaterials used in developing state-of-the-art scaffolds for TE applications, as well as suitability for different tissues. Moreover, it explains the importance of nanotechnology and defines the challenges and the purpose of future research in this rapidly advancing field.