Nanomaterial-based Biosensors Research Articles

Diving into Sweat: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Wearable Sweat Sensing.

Sweat analysis has advanced from diagnosing cystic fibrosis and testing for illicit drugs to noninvasive monitoring of health biomarkers. This article introduces the rapid development of wearable and flexible sweat sensors, highlighting key milestones and various sensing strategies for real-time monitoring of analytes. We discuss challenges such as developing high-performance nanomaterial-based biosensors, ensuring continuous sweat production and sampling, achieving high sweat/blood correlation, and biocompatibility. The potential of machine learning to enhance these sensors for personalized healthcare is presented, enabling real-time tracking and prediction of physiological changes and disease onset. Leveraging advancements in flexible electronics, nanomaterials, biosensing, and data analytics, wearable sweat biosensors promise to revolutionize disease management, prevention, and prediction, promoting healthier lifestyles and transforming medical practices globally.

(Invited) Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Biosensors

The rising research interest in personalized medicine promises to revolutionize traditional medical practices. This presents a tremendous opportunity for developing wearable devices toward predictive analytics and treatment. In this talk, I will introduce our efforts in developing wearable biosensors for non-invasive molecular analysis. Such wearables can autonomously access body fluids (e.g., human sweat) across the activities and continuously measure a broad spectrum of analytes including metabolites, nutrients, hormones, proteins, and drugs. I will highlight our recent works in the design of wearable and wireless devices for the real-time electrochemical detection of picomolar-level proteins (i.e., inflammatory biomarker C-reactive) and hormones (i.e., estradiol) in sweat. Laser engraving, inkjet printing, and direct-ink-writing 3D printing are used to manufacture high-performance nanomaterials-based biosensors at large scale and low cost. The clinical value of our wearable systems is evaluated through various human trials toward precision nutrition, stress/mental health assessment, chronic disease management, and drug personalization. I will also discuss our research progress on energy harvesting from the human body and the environment to realize battery-free wireless wearable sensing. These wearable technologies could open the door to a wide range of personalized monitoring, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications.

Applications of nanostructured materials for severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 diagnostic

There is a growing concern that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) infections will continue to rise, and there is now no safe and effective vaccination available to prevent a pandemic. This has increased the need for rapid, sensitive, and highly selective diagnostic techniques for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) detection to levels never seen before. Researchers are now looking at other biosensing techniques that may be able to detect the COVID-19 infection and stop its spread. According to high sensitivity, and selectivity that could provide real-time results at a reasonable cost, nanomaterial show great promise for quick coronavirus detection. In order to better comprehend the rapid course of the infection and administer more effective treatments, these diagnostic methods can be used for widespread COVID-19 identification. This article summarises the current state of research into nanomaterial-based biosensors for quick SARS‑CoV‑2 diagnosis as well as the prospects for future advancement in this field. This research will be very useful during the COVID-19 epidemic in terms of establishing rules for designing nanostructure materials to deal with the outbreak. In order to predict the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we investigate the advantages of using nano-structure material and its biosensing applications.

Recent progress in Nanomaterial based biosensors for the detection of cancer biomarkers in human fluids

Cancer is a global health challenge, and early detection is crucial for effective treatment to improve patient outcomes. In recent years, nanomaterial-based biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for the detection of cancer biomarkers in human fluids. This article highlights the recent progress in biosensor technology for the detection of cancer biomarkers, focusing on advancements in sensitivity, selectivity, multiplexed detection, liquid biopsies, point-of-care testing, wearable biosensors, and integration with artificial intelligence (AI). Recent advancements have significantly improved the sensitivity and selectivity of biosensors, allowing for the detection of low concentrations of cancer biomarkers in complex biological samples. Novel sensing technologies, such as nanomaterial-based sensors and aptamer-based sensors, have played a crucial role in enhancing biosensor performance. Multiplexed biosensors have the ability to simultaneously detect multiple cancer biomarkers, providing comprehensive diagnostic information. This capability is particularly valuable for accurate cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Liquid biopsies, which involve the detection of cancer biomarkers in circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA, or exosomes present in body fluids, have gained considerable attention. Biosensors have played a pivotal role in the development of liquid biopsy technologies, offering non-invasive and real-time monitoring of cancer progression, treatment response, and the emergence of drug resistance. The integration of biosensors with AI algorithms has shown great potential. AI can analyze and interpret biosensor data, identifying patterns, correlations, and biomarker signatures that may be difficult to detect with traditional methods.

Recent development on nanomaterial-based biosensors for identifying thyroid tumor biomarkers.

The incidence of thyroid tumors has been increasing yearly over the past decade, making it the fourth highest tumor in women. This places various biological burdens on those affected. Currently, thyroid tumors are primarily diagnosed using percutaneous fine needle aspiration and ultrasound. However, these methods are complex, expensive, and less accurate, and they may fail to detect some thyroid nodules. As an alternative, researchers are focusing on blood-based biomarkers in addition to the traditional diagnostic methods, assisted predominantly by nanomaterials. Early identification of thyroid cancer is crucial as it is highly treatable. Various sensing systems have been developed using nanomaterial-mediated approaches to enhance the detection system. Nanomaterials are effectively applied in biosensors for surface functionalization and are conjugated with biomolecules to improve the interaction with the target analyte. This review discusses nanomaterial-assisted thyroid tumor detection, with a special focus on nanomaterial-based biosensors.

Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for the Detection of COVID-19

Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for the Detection of COVID-19

Advances in Bioreceptor Layer Engineering in Nanomaterial-based Sensing of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and its Metabolites.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen that infects wounds and burns and causes severe infections in immunocompromised humans. The high virulence, the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains, and the easy transmissibility of P.aeruginosa necessitate its fast detection and control. The gold standard for detecting P.aeruginosa, the plate culture method, though reliable, takes several days to complete. Therefore, developing accurate, rapid, and easy-to-use diagnostic tools for P.aeruginosa is highly desirable. Nanomaterial-based biosensors are at the forefront of detecting P.aeruginosa and its secondary metabolites. This review summarises the biorecognition elements, biomarkers, immobilisation strategies, and current state-of-the-art biosensors for P.aeruginosa. The review highlights the underlying principles of bioreceptor layer engineering and the design of optical, electrochemical, mass-based, and thermal biosensors based on nanomaterials. The advantages and disadvantages of these biosensors and their future point-of-care applications are also discussed. This review outlines significant advancements in biosensors and sensors for detecting P.aeruginosa and its metabolites. Research efforts have identified biorecognition elements specific and selective towards P.aeruginosa. The stability, ease of preparation, cost-effectiveness, and integration of these biorecognition elements onto transducers are pivotal for their application in biosensors and sensors. At the same time, when developing sensors for clinically significant analytes such as P.aeruginosa, virulence factors need to be addressed, such as the sensor's sensitivity, reliability, and response time in samples obtained from patients. The point-of-care applicability of the developed sensor may be an added advantage since it enables onsite determination. In this context, optical methods developed for P.aeruginosa offer promising potential.

Bacillus subtilis DNA fluorescent sensors based on hybrid MoS2 nanosheets.

Although sensor technology has advanced with better materials, biomarkers, and fabrication and detection methods, creating a rapid, accurate, and affordable bacterial detection platform is still a major challenge. In this study, we present a combination of hybrid-MoS2 nanosheets and an amine-customized probe to develop a fast, sensitive biosensor for Bacillus subtilis DNA detection. Based on fluorescence measurements, the biosensor exhibits a detection range of 23.6-130 aM, achieves a detection limit of 18.7 aM, and was stable over four weeks. In addition, the high selectivity over Escherichia coli and Vibrio proteolyticus DNAs of the proposed Bacillus subtilis sensors is demonstrated by the fluorescence quenching effect at 558 nm. This research not only presents a powerful tool for B. subtilis DNA detection but also significantly contributes to the advancement of hybrid 2D nanomaterial-based biosensors, offering substantial promise for diverse applications in biomedical research and environmental monitoring.

Advanced Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Biomarker Detection: Progress and Future Challenges in Cardiovascular Disease Diagnostics.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent a significant challenge in global health, demanding advancements in diagnostic modalities. This review delineates the progressive and restrictive facets of nanomaterial-based biosensors in the context of detecting N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), an indispensable biomarker for CVD prognosis. It scrutinizes the escalation in diagnostic sensitivity and specificity attributable to the incorporation of novel nanomaterials such as graphene derivatives, quantum dots, and metallic nanoparticles, and how these enhancements contribute to reducing detection thresholds and augmenting diagnostic fidelity in heart failure (HF). Despite these technological strides, the review articulates pivotal challenges impeding the clinical translation of these biosensors, including the attainment of clinical-grade sensitivity, the substantial costs associated with synthesizing and functionalizing nanomaterials, and their pragmatic deployment across varied healthcare settings. The necessity for intensified research into the synthesis and functionalization of nanomaterials, strategies to economize production, and amelioration of biosensor durability and ease of use is accentuated. Regulatory hurdles in clinical integration are also contemplated. In summation, the review accentuates the transformative potential of nanomaterial-based biosensors in HF diagnostics and emphasizes critical avenues of research requisite to surmount current impediments and harness the full spectrum of these avant-garde diagnostic instruments.

Nanomaterials in electrochemical nanobiosensors of miRNAs.

Nanomaterial-based biosensors have received significant attention owing to their unique properties, especially enhanced sensitivity. Recent advancements in biomedical diagnosis have highlighted the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) as sensitive prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for various diseases. Current diagnostics methods, however, need further improvements with regards to their sensitivity, mainly due to the low concentration levels of miRNAs in the body. The low limit of detection of nanomaterial-based biosensors has turned them into powerful tools for detecting and quantifying these biomarkers. Herein, we assemble an overview of recent developments in the application of different nanomaterials and nanostructures as miRNA electrochemical biosensing platforms, along with their pros and cons. The techniques are categorized based on the nanomaterial used.

Unlocking the potential of 2D nanomaterial-based biosensors in biomarker-based detection of Helicobacter pylori

Recent advancements in nanotechnology and biomedicine have promoted the utilization of nanomaterials for various medical applications, particularly in the detection of Helicobacter pylori infections.

Highly sensitive label-free biomolecular detection using Au-WS2 nanohybrid based SERS substrates.

Recent advancements in nanotechnology have led to the development of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based rapid and low-cost technologies for ultra-sensitive label-free detection and identification of molecular analytes. Herein, we utilized the synergistic plasmonic and chemical enhancement effects of Au-WS2 nanohybrids to attain the high-intensity Raman signals of targeted analytes. To develop these nanohybrids, a series of monodispersed Au nanoparticles (NPs) of varying diameters from 20 to 80 nm was chemically synthesized and successively blended with liquid-phase exfoliated WS2 nano-flakes of average lateral size 90 nm. They provided a maximum enhancement factor (EF) of ∼1.80 × 109 corresponding to the characteristic peaks at 1364 cm-1 and 1512 cm-1 for R6G analyte molecules. Theoretical studies based on the finite-difference time-domain simulations on Au-WS2 nanohybrid systems revealed a huge field-intensity enhancement with an EF of more than 1000 at the plasmonic hotspots, which was induced by the strong coupling of individual plasmon oscillations of the adjacent Au NPs upon light interactions. These electromagnetic effects along with the chemical enhancement effects of WS2 nanoflakes were found to be mainly responsible for such huge enhancement in Raman signals. Furthermore, these hybrids were successfully employed for achieving highly sensitive detection of the E. coli ATCC 35218 bacterial strain with a concentration of 104 CFU mL-1 in phosphate-buffered saline media, indicating their real capabilities for practical scenarios. The findings of the present study will indeed provide vital information in the development of innovative nanomaterial-based biosensors, that will offer new possibilities for addressing critical public health concerns.

(Invited) Skin-Interfaced Wearable Biosensors

The rising research interest in personalized medicine promises to revolutionize traditional medical practices. This presents a tremendous opportunity for developing wearable devices toward predictive analytics and treatment. In this talk, I will introduce our efforts in developing wearable biosensors for non-invasive molecular analysis. Such wearables can autonomously access sweat across activities and continuously measure a broad spectrum of analytes including metabolites, nutrients, hormones, and drugs. Laser-engraving and inkjet printing are used to manufacture these nanomaterials-based biosensors at large scale and low cost. The clinical value of our wearable systems is evaluated through human studies toward metabolic & nutritional monitoring, disease diagnosis, mental health assessment, and drug personalization. I will also discuss our research progress on energy harvesting from the body fluids and human motion to realize battery-free wireless wearable sensing. These wearable technologies could open the door to a wide range of personalized monitoring, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications.

A mini review on biosensor advancements-emphasis on quantum dots

The biosensor is an analytical device that targets the macromolecules and small molecules using a biological recognition system and later converts it into a measurable signal using a transducer. These biosensors are broadly used in various domains, enhancing the existing form and making it more specific for several applications. Presently, it is used for quantifying and detecting the biological-based components in the fields of forensics, medicine, food quality, pharmaceutical and environmental tracking, etc. These biosensors are cost-effective and produce safe and assured treatment for patients by examining the contagious disease biomarkers in the early stage without any side effects. This review has discussed the five essential components of biosensors and the upgraded form of these biosensors. Depending on the detection method, biosensors were classified into different types. Amongst various types, electrochemical and optical biosensors have more sensitivity and are widely used, and are briefly discussed here. Nanomaterials play a significant role in modern medical devices due to their excellent selectivity, high surface-to-volume ratio, strong chemical activity, increased specificity, and sensitivity that pave the way for more discoveries. Several nanomaterial-based biosensors are already on the market. This review mainly focuses on the fabrication methods of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles for sensing applications.

Emerging Nanomaterials Biosensors in Breathalyzers for Detection of COVID-19: Future Prospects

In recent times, the global landscape of disease detection and monitoring has been profoundly influenced by the convergence of nanotechnology and biosensing techniques. Biosensors have enormous potential to monitor human health, with flexible or wearable variants, through monitoring of biomarkers in clinical and biological behaviors and applications related to health and disease, with increasing biorecognition, sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy. The emergence of nanomaterial-based biosensors has ushered in a new era of rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools, offering unparalleled capabilities in the realm of disease identification. Even after the declaration of the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for efficient and accessible diagnostic methodologies has grown exponentially. In response, the integration of nanomaterial biosensors into breathalyzer devices has gained considerable attention as a promising avenue for low-cost, non-invasive, and early detection of COVID-19. This review delves into the forefront of scientific advancements, exploring the potential of emerging nanomaterial biosensors within breathalyzers to revolutionize the landscape of COVID-19 detection, providing a comprehensive overview of their principles, applications, and implications.

Rice husk assisted carbon quantum dots synthesis for amoxicillin sensing

Recently, the green method synthesized biosensors have been used for numerous environmental and biomedical applications, especially nanomaterials-based biosensors. Herein, novel, environmentally friendly, and water-soluble carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have been synthesized from the readily available green source (rice husk) without any ionic or covalent modifications via a one-pot synthesis method. The CQDs were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM, XPS, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and their optical properties were determined. The stability of the synthesized CQDs was determined under the effect of pH, time, and temperature and on different excitation wavelengths. The band gap energy was calculated using Tauc’s equation with the energy of 3.2 eV, which indicated that the CQDs are fluorescent, and the linear range and association constant were determined by the Stern- Volmer relation and Bensi- Hildebrand equation, respectively. The photophysical studies indicated the strong fluorescence emission with excitation dependent behaviour and the CQDs relation with amoxicillin. Hence, in this study, the sensor producing remarkable sensitivity of antibiotics with a detection limit in the nM range was proposed.

0D, 1D, and 2D magnetic nanostructures: Classification and their applications in modern biosensors

Magnetic nanomaterials have emerged as versatile platforms that offer unique advantages in various biomedical applications. With the incorporation of magnetic nanomaterials, which include zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), and two-dimensional (2D) variants, the field of biosensors is rapidly expanding. This review examines the properties, role, and functionalization of 0D, 1D, and 2D magnetic nanomaterials and highlights their distinct advantages in improving the selectivity, limit of detection (LOD), and specificity in biosensing applications. This article also emphasizes magnetic properties and magnetism-based approaches utilized in the arena of magnetic nanomaterials-based biosensors. In addition, the review covers the recent advances and developments in the integration of magnetic nanomaterials (0D, 1D, and 2D) with various electrochemical, optical, and magnetic-based biosensing techniques for the detection of various biomolecules, pathogens, and diagnosis of numerous diseases.

Nanomaterial-based biosensor for effective pressure sensing in biological applications

Nanomaterial-based biosensor for effective pressure sensing in biological applications

An update on Nanomaterial-based biosensing systems for discriminative diagnosis of breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the primary causes of death among women worldwide. Precise diagnosis of breast cancer provides opportunities for early treatment, thereby reducing mortality rate and increasing patient lifespan. Biosensors are diagnostic platforms integrated with different materials for biomarker detection, representing an important tool to detect recurrence and monitor drug effectiveness for breast cancer. Improving the sensitivity and selectivity of biosensor is thus mandatory for the development of point-of-care detection system. Both nanostructured metals and semiconductors are attractive materials in the development of biosensors due to higher surface area, solubility, good electrical conductivity, and appealing optical properties. Nanomaterials are generally used for amplifying the signal, and immobilizing biomolecules and electroactive species. Nanomaterial-based biosensors have enhanced capacity in target identification, which enables disease diagnosis at an earlier stage. This review discusses the diagnosis of breast cancer biomarkers and the recent development of diagnostic systems integrated with nanomaterial-assisted biosensor.

Au/NG/SWCNTs/FTO-glass modified electrode based electrochemical biosensor for DNA detection

An easy, quick, and efficient detection of Multidrug Resistance (MDR) of cancer cells at the clinical level is the need of the hour for the effective treatment of leukemia patients. In this study, we reported carbon nanomaterials-based biosensors based on Au nanoparticles (Au-NPs) decorated on Nitrogen-doped Graphene (NG) and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) for effective, efficient, and sensitive detection of affected DNA. Three Au/NG/SWCNT-based Modified Electrode (ME) were made containing 2, 4, and 6 mg SWCNTs. The thiol group attached at the 5′end was immobilized at ME due to a strong bond between the Au-NPs and thiol group. NG/SWCNTs enhanced the performance of the composite due to its better sensitivity and fast electron transport. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), and Differential Potential Voltammetry (DPV) analysis were performed to monitor the performance of the sensor after the hybridization of target DNA onto the capture probe on the modified electrode surface. Different target DNA sequences were used to check the selectivity and sensitivity of the fabricated biosensor. The selectivity performance of prepared DNA sensors was also proved to be good shown by DPV results. The findings of this study provide insights for developing new highly sensitive, selective, and cost-effective portable biosensors for MDR gene detection, which will enable the early diagnosis of cancer more effective at the clinical level. Compared with previous DNA sensors with oligonucleotides directly incorporated on carbon electrodes, this carbon nanotube-based assay with its large surface area and good charge-transport characteristics dramatically increased DNA attachment quantity and complementary DNA detection sensitivity.