0D, 1D, and 2D magnetic nanostructures: Classification and their applications in modern biosensors

Abstract

Magnetic nanomaterials have emerged as versatile platforms that offer unique advantages in various biomedical applications. With the incorporation of magnetic nanomaterials, which include zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), and two-dimensional (2D) variants, the field of biosensors is rapidly expanding. This review examines the properties, role, and functionalization of 0D, 1D, and 2D magnetic nanomaterials and highlights their distinct advantages in improving the selectivity, limit of detection (LOD), and specificity in biosensing applications. This article also emphasizes magnetic properties and magnetism-based approaches utilized in the arena of magnetic nanomaterials-based biosensors. In addition, the review covers the recent advances and developments in the integration of magnetic nanomaterials (0D, 1D, and 2D) with various electrochemical, optical, and magnetic-based biosensing techniques for the detection of various biomolecules, pathogens, and diagnosis of numerous diseases.