Nano Fly Ash Research Articles

Influence of reinforcement on weld bead characteristics of friction stir processed Al5083/NFA composite

Aluminum 5083 alloy has been reinforced with nano fly ash (NFA) through the friction stir processing (FSP) route to fabricate the Al5083/NFA composite. Grooves are machined with different dimensions on the Al5083 alloy plates to incorporate nano fly ash and fabricate composites carried by one pass FSP. Composites with 1, 2 and 3% wt. of NFA as reinforcement material are fabricated and the weld joints of the composites are obtained by friction stir welding (FSW). Tool rotational speeds of 1200 rpm, 1400 rpm, and 50 mm/min traverse speed are considered as FSW process parameters. The increased addition of NFA influences the mechanical properties of weld joints, and increased tensile strength and hardness were observed. It was concluded that NFA particles were most effective for improving the mechanical properties of the AMC weld beads.

Interpretation of the wear characteristics of AISI 4140 under nano-fly ash based engine lubricant

In this present study the results for the tribo-testing of AISI 4140 steel specimens under fly ash nanoparticles based lubricating oils were interpreted. The results and graphical representation of coefficient of friction (COF) response for all the trails conducted under different sliding distance, sliding speed, load and concentration percentage of fly ash nanoparticles are presented this paper. The variation of COF with respect to sliding distance (SD) in each case was studied and discussed. Interpretation of the wear mechanism for the alloy steel with nano fly ash based lubricant was performed, using spectroscopy of the worn out sample pins of the AISI 4140 steel. The spectrum showed the formation of tribofilm due to the presence of oxygen in abundance, confirmed by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) at all spectrums. Formation of tribofilm is the cause of the reduction in the wear in fly ash nanoparticles based lubricants. EDS results at the worn tip of the AISI 4140 sample has been discussed.

Variation of Consistency Limits and Compaction Characteristics of Clayey Soil with Nanomaterials

The arrangement of the soil for every ground structure is so important and must be efficient to sustain the whole structure. The variables and properties that have influenced their behavior must be well known. The building constructed on soft soils may fail due to their low strength, and an excessive settlement of the soil under a constant load could occur, therefore, the improvement for such soils must be carried out before construction to eliminate or decrease the maintenance cost or failure in buildings. Nowadays, one of the new technologies using to improve problematic soil is nanomaterials. In this study, experimental tests were conducted to: Investigate the effect of using conventional materials and nanomaterials on the physical properties (consistency limits and compaction characteristics) of soft soil. The soft soils were gathered from one site and process with four material types (fly-ash, silica fume, nano fly-ash, nano-silica fume). Additives were supplement in a tiny amount (≤5%) by the dry weight of the soil. The results showed a significant improvement in maximum dry density and plasticity index and the improvement depends on the type of nanomaterials. The maximum dry density has increased as the content of nanomaterials has increased until this value of maximum dry density reduces the strength of the soil to the optimum percentage. Thus, even at a low dose, the addition of soft particles such as nano materials may improve soil characteristics.

Self-Compaction concrete behaviour containing nano fly ash used in rigid pavement

As cement production causes 7% to 8% of global carbon dioxide emissions, many efforts have been made to reduce the consumption of cement. Using pozzolan (usually fly ash) as additional material with cement is one of these methods. In this paper, the impact of adding Nano fly ash as a partial substitution of cement weight was studied in self-compacting concrete for rigid pavement. Three replacement ratios were used which are (5,10 and 15) % of cement weight. The results showed that the greater substitution ratio gave better workability with higher d slump flow value and better passing ability of concrete. Also, the use of Nano fly ash improved the mechanical properties of the self-compacting concrete by increasing the compressive and splitting tensile strength. The best increase in the strength at the replacement ratio (10%) of cement weight. The slump flow for concrete mixes is between (658 to 732) mm and the compressive strength was improved with the increase of Nano fly ash replacement (10%) by about (20%) compared with conventional concrete. The rigid pavement strength able to provide a surface of good riding quality.

Adsorptive decontamination of paper mill effluent by nano fly ash: response surface methodology, adsorption isotherm and reusability studies.

In the present study, adsorption of colour and other pollutants from agro-based paper mill effluent onto fabricated coal fly ash nanoparticles (CFA-N) have been investigated. Response surface methodology was applied to evaluate the operational conditions for maximum ouster of colour from effluent by nano structured CFA-N. Maximum reduction in colour (92.45%) and other pollutants were obtained at optimum conditions: 60 min interaction time, 60 g/L adsorbent dosage and 80 rpm agitation rate. The regression coefficient values (adjusted R2 = 0.7169; predicted R2 = 0.7539) established harmony between predicted and the experimental data. The adsorption equilibrium results matched perfectly with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms with maximum adsorption capacity of 250 platinum-cobalt/g. Additionally, the efficacy of CFA-N was also assessed in a continuous column mode. Furthermore, the feasibility of treated effluent for irrigation purpose was checked by growing the plant Solanum lycopersicum. Overall, the findings demonstrated the outstanding role of inexpensive and abundantly available CFA-N in treatment of paper mill effluent to the required compliance levels.

Influence of nano fly ash on wear behavior of friction stir weld joints of Al6063/nano fly ash composites

The manufacturing industries attracted aluminium metal matrix composites (AMCs) to utilize in the modern spectrum of applications. Inexpensive particulate reinforced composites are exhibiting superior qualities at reduced costs. Fly ash is an industrial waste that can be adopted as reinforcement, particularly for aluminium matrix materials. Friction stir welding (FSW) is best suitable to weld aluminum-based materials. In this work, the Al6063/nano fly ash composites with 0, 1, 2, and 3% wt. of nano fly ash were fabricated through ultrasonic-assisted stir casting. Consequently, FSW joints were obtained for the fabricated composites by considering rotational tool speed and transverse tool speed as welding parameters. Wear analysis carried on weld beads of composites through the pin on disc equipment. The nano fly ash addition in the composites results in increased wear resistance in the FSW joints. Higher wear resistance was achieved with increased reinforcement inclusion. Increased tool feed rate also enhances the wear resistance of FSW joints. It can be concluded that the nano fly ash particles are the most influential in improving the mechanical properties of the AMC weld beads, and FSW is the better option to weld aluminum composites.

Sustainable utilization of industrial wastes for the cleaner production of ferrocement structures: A comprehensive review

Creative development of ferrocement technology in the construction industry has enhanced dynamically due to its faster construction, lighter weight, higher strength, durability and economical advantages than the reinforced concrete structures. The use of smaller diameter closely spaced mesh layers which is uniformly distributed throughout the cross section improved the moment of resistance, deflection and ductility of the ferrocement members. To achieve the environmental friendliness and sustainability in the durable ferrocement technology, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive implication reviewed from the previous research works carried out to explore the application of industrial waste materials in the ferrocement construction. Influence of various industrial waste materials on the behaviour of both mortar and meshing reinforcement were discussed separately. The optimum level replacement, effect on the structural behaviour and the suitability in the various environmental conditions were inferred. For instance, Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) could be utilized as a binder at the maximum of 50% by weight, where as the use of metakaolin in ferrocement construction is optimum at 15% by weight as further addition caused the undesirable effect on the mechanical properties due to the delay in hydration process and inefficient filler effect. Grain size modified nano industrial wastes like nano silica and nano fly ash resulted in improved mechanical and micro structural behaviour of ferrocement products due to its nano filling effect. The use of nano fly ash was found to be successful as nano binder to the maximum of 10% which is not possible in case of other costlier nano materials like nano silica, alumina, titanium oxide, etc. The major issues of corrosion and chemical attack in ferrocement mesh were easily solved by the implementation of high molar geopolymer mortar which also resulted in cleaner and greener production of ferrocement products.

Comparative study on chemical and morphology properties of nano fly ash in concrete

Nano concrete is the new technology used in the material to produce highly dense and high performance concrete to withstand maximum load using nano sized materials in the concrete. Making of ultra fine fly ash and nano fly ash has been done with the help of ball milling process. The size of the nano particles are confirmed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis and the characterization with the help of XRD test. By eight hours of continuous ball milling process, gives the nano fly ash of size 10 to 200 nm. The X–ray diffraction (XRD) test result also showed the chemical constituents present in the nano fly ash and ultra fine fly ash. Similarly the SEM analysis provides the morphology of the core specimen and the size of molecules.

Effect of partial replacement of cement with nano fly ash on permeable concrete: A strength study

Abstract In the recent times, the permeable concrete has grasped an attention of the civil engineering research community to address the drainage issues in the transportation sectors. Even though the surface nature appears to be rough and non-uniform, but it can effectively drain out the water through its interconnecting pore like structure in a large volume. The constituents of this concrete were as like conventional concrete but the difference is in the quantity of fine aggregate. It has been only little quantity and even some times there is no fine aggregate part also. In this paper, the work is planned to estimate the properties of compression and tension strength of permeable concrete which is prepared with cement and nano fly ash. In this work, the cement (C) to coarse aggregate (C.A) mix ratios were adopted was 1:4, 1:6 and 1:8 with respect to various water - binder ratios 0.32, 0.33 and 0.34. For each of these mixes, the cement was replaced from 0% to 50% with nano fly ash materials. The above mentioned strength tests were performed at 7th and 28th days of age of curing and it has compared with the permeable concrete with conventional cement. From the test results, it was found that 1:6 mix, 0.34 water - binder ratio, 40% replacement fraction of cement through nano fly ash was found be optimum among the other mixing compositions.

Polyaniline-fly ash nanocomposites synthesized via emulsion polymerization: Physicochemical, thermal and dielectric properties

The polyaniline (PANI)/nano-fly ash composites were synthesized by Inverted emulsion polymerization technique. The FTIR spectrum of PANI/nano-fly ash composite (50/50) shows the vibrational bands due to N–Hstretching (2165 cm−1), quinoid (1517 cm−1) and benzenoid ring stretching (1354 cm−1), etc. The UV–Visible absorption shows an absorption peak at 267 and 374 nm for PANI/nano-fly ash composite. Raman spectrum of composite shows peaks at 1635, 1339, 1179, 829, 569, 414 and 200 cm−1. The conductivity of pure polyaniline was decreased as a result of the addition of nano fly ash. X-ray diffraction of the composite shows two crystalline peaks at 20.9° and 26.2° (2Θ). The stability of pure PANI is enhanced by the incorporation of nano -fly ash. The coating of polyaniline on nano-fly ash has been confirmed by FESEM pictures. The AC conductivity was explained using the hopping model. The dielectric constant decreases as the frequency increases, it was explained by using Maxwell–Wagner polarization theory.

Optimization of tribological behavior of AISI 4140 under nano fly ash particulates in engine lubricating oil

This study was conducted to find the significant design parameters that can result in low wear and friction characteristics of AISI 4140, under dispersed nano fly ash particles in engine lubricating oil (SAE 10W-30). Design of experiment was constructed using Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array approach. Tribological testing was performed using pin on disc setup according to ASTM G99-17 standard. S/N ratio with “smaller the better” was used to minimize the coefficient of friction. Experimentation to determine the effect of load (N), sliding speed (m/s), sliding distance (m) and % wt. of nano fly ash additive in engine oil was conducted using Taguchi Design Analysis & ANOVA. The analysis results depicted that the parameter % wt. of nano fly ash has highest influence on the wear characteristics. Load and sliding distance are also significant parameters affecting the friction. The predicted value of (COF) coefficient of friction at optimum levels was calculated using Taguchi optimization technique. The confirmation tests were conducted and the average value of coefficient of friction (0.0259) fell within a 95% confidence interval.

An experimental investigation on the nano-fly ash preparation and its effects on the performance of self-compacting concrete at normal and elevated temperatures

Previous research regarding the performance of self-compacting concrete (SCC) incorporating nano-fly ash (NFA), especially after exposure to elevated temperatures, is scarce. Therefore, this experimental research was conducted to investigate the influence of NFA particles on the performance of SCC at normal and elevated temperatures. The effects of NFA particles were also compared with the influence of fly ash (FA) particles at the same replacement percentages. The experimental program was managed at two stages. At the first stage, the microparticles of FA were transformed into nanoparticles using electric milling process. The size, shape, and consistency of the FA and NFA particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. In the second stage, experimental tests were performed to examine the influences of FA and NFA particles on the performance and characteristics of SCC. The investigated parameters included fresh density, dry density, T50 slump flow time, slump flow diameter, elastic modulus, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and compressive as well as flexural strength. Furthermore, the residual compressive strength, weight loss, and UPV after exposing the concrete samples to 700 °C were also investigated. The results showed that addition of FA and NFA can cause a reduction in the workability as well as flowability of SCC mixtures. On the other hand, the transformation of FA to NFA significantly enhanced the microstructure of the SCC, which led to the enhancement of its mechanical properties and boosted the resistance of the SCC to high temperatures. The outcomes of this study also illustrated that through transforming the particles of FA from microscale to nanoscale, a sustainable and high-performance SCC can be produced.

Effect of Nanofly Ash as Lubricant Additive on the Tribological Properties of SAE 10W-30 Oil: A Novel Finding

In this study, nanofly ash was used as an additive in SAE 10W-30 lubricant oil to investigate the tribological properties of modified oil on AISI 4140 steel using an indigenously developed pin-on-disk wear testing setup. Cylindrical pins of AISI 4140 were prepared to wear test the specimens: (a) in dry conditions, i.e., without lubricating oil and without nanofly ash, (b) with lubricating oil, and (c) with lubricating oil + 0.5 wt% nanofly ash. Specimens tested under lubricating oil + 0.5 wt% nanofly ash exhibited excellent wear resistance properties of AISI 4140 steel. Preliminary studies revealed that the use of nanofly was beneficial in reducing the coefficient of friction up to 76.5% and wt loss up to 28.9%, when compared with the specimens tested under SAE 10W-30 base oil only.

Impact resistance of concrete with nano materials

Nano science and technology is a new field of emergence in materials science and engineering, which forms the basis for evolution of novel technological materials. Nano materials in concrete improve the mechanical properties of concrete. An attempt has been made to determine the impact strength of concrete in which cement is replaced with nano materials and to compare the impact strength of concrete with nano materials with that of the Normal Cement Concrete (NCC). M20, M30, M40 and M50 grades of concrete were designed as per IS 10262-2009. For each grade of concrete, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of cement was replaced with Nano Cement (NC), Nano Fly Ash (NFA), Nano Silica (NS) and Nano Silica Fume (NSF). The behaviour under impact was studied as per drop weight impact method. The results indicated that the concrete with nano materials exhibited better performance against impact loading when compared with NCC.

Performance of Crumb Rubber and Nano Fly Ash Based Ferro-Geopolymer Panels under Impact Load

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the impact performance of Ferro-cement panels incorporating a significant proportion of geopolymer mortar. This panel could be an effective replacement for prefabricated roof and floor deck construction elements. In this study, the geopolymer mortar includes wastes disposed from industries like ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and flyash as their base material which contributes to reduced CO2 emission. The pore filling and element densifying mechanism is enhanced by the addition of Nano flyash. The fine aggregate is replaced up to 5% with treated tyre crumb rubber which can be utilized as a sustainable construction material. The cast panel was cured at 80oC for 48 hours in the oven. The incorporation of Expanded Metal Mesh into geopolymer mortar results in higher impact load absorption capacity rather than other kind of reinforcing meshes. The GGBFS based Geopolymer results in 17% higher compressive strength than fly ash based geopolymer because of its good bonding nature. The Nano fly ash based geopolymer gives 35 MPa in compressive strength and 902.52 joules in impact energy absorption which is greatest among all panels because of its densifying effect of mortar.

Guayule natural rubber composites: impact of fillers on their cure characteristics, dynamic and mechanical behavior

Guayule natural rubber (GNR) is an alternative resource of Hevea natural rubber (HNR) with 99.9% cis content in its 1,4-polyisoprene chemical backbone. In this study, compounds were formulated independently with four different reinforcing fillers such as carbon black (HAF), precipitated silica (VN3), fume silica (FUM) and nanofly ash (NFA) for the advancement of GNR based products. The cure characteristic, dynamic-mechanical performance and mechanical properties of GNR composite were studied with the reinforcing effect of different fillers on GNR. The cure characteristic results demonstrated that HAF and FUM silica filled compounds had more processing safety than VN3 and NFA filled compounds. Viscoelastic parameters of the vulcanizates were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis to estimate the glass transition characteristics and dynamic behavior. The higher storage modulus of FUM silica vulcanizate was an indication of superior filler reinforcing nature and improved rolling resistance than other filled systems. Additionally, HRTEM analysis also proved the better filler dispersion ability of FUM silica in GNR matrix. The mechanical properties were studied with a variation of each filler loading of 8, 16, and 32 phr in GNR vulcanizates. The tensile strength of each filled system increased with an increase of filler content from 8 to 32 phr. In comparison, FUM silica GNR vulcanizates exhibited better mechanical properties, therefore, it was considered as a better structure-performance composite than those of HAF, VN3 and NFA filled composites.

Optimal Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation of High-Pressure High-Temperature Polymer-Based Drilling Fluid: The Effect of Viscoelasticity on Cutting Transport, Filtration Loss, and Lubricity

Summary Viscoelasticity plays a significant role in improving the performance of the drilling fluid by manipulating its elastic properties. An appropriate value of the first normal stress difference (N1), extensional viscosity (ηe), and relaxation time (θ) enhance the cutting transportability, hole-cleaning ability, filtration loss, and lubrication behavior. However, the performance of the drilling fluid deteriorates during the drilling of high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) wells under acid gas and salt(s) contamination. Therefore, it is a challenging task to synthesize a thermally and rheologically stable drilling fluid, which is acid as well as salt(s) resistant, and maintain its desired properties. Although several water-soluble synthetic polymer-based drilling fluids have been used widely for the drilling of HPHT wells, most of these are limited at less than 200°C. Polyanionic cellulose (PAC) has an excellent heat-resistant stability, salt tolerance, calcium and magnesium resistant, and strong antibacterial activity, and it exhibits exceptional filtration and rheological behavior under HPHT conditions. However, using PAC beyond 200°C is limited because of the presence of the biodegradable cellulose units in it. To use the extraordinary properties of PAC, it is aimed to increase the thermal stability of PAC through appropriate modification. In this study, PAC-grafted copolymers involving acrylamide (a salt-tolerant viscosifying agent), 2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (a thermally stable lubricating and fluid-loss control agent), and sodium 4-styrene sulfonate (a high-temperature deflocculant) is synthesized optimally through maximizing the thermal degradation stability of the grafted copolymer and minimizing the filtration loss as well as the coefficient of friction (CoF) of the drilling fluid simultaneously. Optimally synthesized PAC-grafted copolymers are then used to prepare water-based mud (WBM) involving American Petroleum Institute (API)-grade bentonite and alpha-glycol functionalized nano fly ash, and the tests for steady shear viscosity and viscoelasticity are performed to determine the rheological stability of mud beyond 200°C. The amplitude sweep tests for viscoelasticity are performed to determine the linear viscoelasticity range (LVR), structural stability, gel strength, and dynamic yield point (YP), whereas frequency, time, and temperature sweep tests are performed to obtain the elastic modulus (G′), viscous modulus (G″), and complex viscosity under HPHT conditions to check the stability of the drilling fluids under different holding times. Dynamic and static aging tests of the developed drilling fluids are performed at elevated temperature and pressure, and the aged muds are tested by evaluating the rheology, frictional, and filtration-loss behavior as per the API recommended procedure. The stability of the aged muds is also tested by evaluating the N1, ηe, and θ using a cone and plate rheometer. The performance of the proposed drilling fluids is also tested under acidic, sodium chloride (NaCl), and calcium chloride (CaCl2) environments at HPHT bottomhole conditions. The experimental results under HPHT conditions reveal that the performance of the mud (i.e., thermal stability, cutting transportability, hole-cleaning ability, filtration loss, and lubrication behavior) could be considerably improved by increasing the elastic properties of the drilling fluid by manipulating the molecular weight of the proposed PAC-grafted copolymer. Finally, the environmental effect of the developed muds is evaluated by finding the lethal concentration that kills 50% of the shrimp population (i.e., LC50) and the Hg and Cd contamination, and they are found to be environmentally safe.

Influence of fly ash nano filler on the tensile and flexural properties of novel hybrid epoxy nano-composites

In this research work, the influence of nano-fly ash as filler material on tensile and flexural properties of epoxy/Basalt (B)/Jute (J)/Banana (B)/Carbon (C) laminated was studied. The hybrid composites laminates are fabricated by the vacuum bagging method increase the tensile and flexural Properties the main application of these research work are aerospace, defence, and automobile application increasing demand for unique material produce innovation synthetic and natural fabric reinforced composite are replacing conventional materials as natural fabric is low cost, biodegradable and economical density in the hybrid composites are fabricated with jute, carbon, basalt, and banana reinforced plastics with LY 556 epoxy resin as matrix. The tensile and flexural strength of the LY 556 epoxy resin/hybrid laminates were increased profoundly in the presence of Nano fly ash. The epoxy + BJBC + 4 wt% Nano-Fly ash composites showed better tensile and flexural results when compared with the epoxy + BJBC fiber composites. Nano-scale particles are currently considered to be potential filler material for improving properties of existing composite material due to nanotechnology. The polymer composite has become more attractive. Nanofiller, which are an industrial waste popularly recognize as environmental pollution as many potentials such as silicon oxide and aluminium oxide. As the ecological problems presented by Nano filler, considerable research has been undertaken on the subject worldwide. It was also found that Nano fly ash as filler-added composites shows better results when compared with and without filler-added composites. It is use as a cheap adsorbent for the removal of organic compounds, lightweight aggregate and building construction material. However, very little is reported on its potential as nonmaterial nano fly ash as filler in thermo-set polymer composites.

Design & development of a low cost tribometer for nano particulate lubricants

Pin on disc tribometer is a device to determine coefficient of friction and wear rate of the different materials. There is a need to design a tribometer as per standards for different applications. This study was about designing and developing a low cost tribometer to study the wear of automotive engine materials under lubricants with nano additives. Pin on disc arrangement was designed as per ASTM standard G 99–17. The parameters that can be controlled in the test rig are load, sliding distance, sliding speed, wear track diameter, lubricant temperature, mixing time of nano additives in lubricants, mixing speed to the stirrer. Measurement of frictional force was done using load cell attached to arduino circuit. Pilot testing was done by using 0.5% of nano fly ash having Average Particle Size (APS) < 100 nm, in SAE 10 W–30 lubricant. The sliding distance, sliding speed and load were taken as 1500 m, 1.5 m/s, 15 N respectively. Wear test was conducted for three cases e.i. for dry run, with lubricant and with nano additive lubricating oils. Wear test was conducted for three replications of each category. It was found that use of nano fly ash in SAE 10 W-30 was beneficial in reducing the coefficient of friction up to 76.5% and wt. loss up to 28.9%, as compared with the specimens tested under SAE 10 W-30 base oil only. The use of nano fly ash is also a novelty of this work. No literature is available on finding the tribological properties of steels using “Nano Fly Ash”. Moreover, enhancement in tribological properties using nano fly ash as a lubricant additive revealed that it can be used as a promising candidate to increase the life of automotive components up to some extent.

Tribological Study of Nano Fly Ash as Lubrication Oil Additive for AISI 4140 Steel for Automotive Engine Applications

Tribological Study of Nano Fly Ash as Lubrication Oil Additive for AISI 4140 Steel for Automotive Engine Applications