Nanocomposite Photocatalyst Research Articles

Dual catalytic system: Cu2O@Bi2WO6 2D nano-chips nanocomposite for CO2 photoreduction with amine promotion towards sustainable energy and chemicals

The pursuit of sustainable energy and chemical synthesis propels the development of advanced catalytic systems in photocatalytic CO2 conversion and pharmaceutical chemicals production. The present study demonstrated the decorated Cu2O nanoparticles on a Bi2WO6 surface with effective contact that improved the optical properties of the nanocomposite photocatalyst. The nanocomposite was synthesized via hydrothermal method and achieved ∼7 nm nanoparticle size of Cu2O with a high surface area, refers many active sites at the photocatalyst surface. The photocatalyst efficiently reduced CO2 into CO (2315 μmol-g−1) and CH4 (965 μmol-g−1) under visible light irradiation; simultaneously, the coupling of amines produced chemicals necessary for the pharmaceuticals. In addition, the amine behaves like a sacrificial electron donor in the process; thus, it makes the photocatalytic system prominent in energy conversion.

High performance Co3O4/Sn-ZnO nanocomposite photocatalyst for removal of methylene blue dye

Methylene blue is a toxic, carcinogenic, and non-biodegradable synthetic dye discharged from factories and industries that causes severe harm to human health and environmental pollution. Therefore, in this work, Co3O4/Sn-ZnO nanocomposite was synthesized using a simple sol–gel method for efficient photocatalytic removal of methylene blue dye in an aqueous basic medium. The structural, optical, photoluminescence, morphological, and compositional properties were studied. The XRD result revealed that the crystal size increases as the full width at half maxima (FWHM) decreases when Co3O4 are coupled with Sn-ZnO. From UV-visible diffusive reflectance and photoluminescence spectroscopies, a narrowing of the band gap and a reduction of the charge carrier’s recombination rate were observed, respectively. The photocatalytic efficiency and degradation rate constant of 95.1% and 0.03251 min−1 were recorded for methylene blue dye upon the use of optimized catalyst dosage of 60 mg Co3O4/Sn-ZnO nanocomposite catalyst under an irradiation time of 100 min at room temperature for optimized pH value of 9 in an aqueous basic medium.

Highly effective CNT-based magnetic pn-junction nanocomposite photocatalyst/solar-energy material for hazmat conversion to hydrogen fuel

Hazmat conversion to hydrogen using low-cost effective eco-friendly solar energy active materials is a sustainable strategy for environmental remediation and provision of future green fuel. In this paper, a novel magnetic pn-junction nanocomposite was rationally designed and synthesized through a facile hydrothermal route using affordable chemicals in the absence and presence of CNT (carbon nanotube). The easy recyclable/re-collectable CNT-based magnetic materials with the scaling up capability synthesized here were applied as effective nanoenergy materials for photocatalytic conversion of H2S feed to hydrogen fuel. The maximum hydrogen production was attained for the pn-junction nanocomposite photocatalyst at the molar ratio 1:2 of p to n (rate:5652μmolH2g.h) and boosted 60% by adding CNT. Transient photocurrent, impedance, fluorescence and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) investigations revealed that the charge recombination is reduced in the presence of CNT and hence the photogenerated e−/h+ pairs can more effectively be utilized in the hazmat-to-fuel conversion process. The junction formation was approved at an atomistic scale through HRTEM observation. Furthermore, the magnetic property of the synthesized nanocomposite photocatalyst was improved in the presence of CNT and discussed in detail from physicochemical standpoint using VSM (vibrating sample magnetometric) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic) evidence.

Enhancing aquaculture management: Utilizing cu-doped ZnO/graphene nanocomposite for effective reduction of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant Bacteria in shrimp culturing ponds

Shrimp culturing ponds, and enclosed breeding environments, contribute to the dissemination of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) in aquatic ecosystems. This study focuses on the synthesis of a ternary nanocomposite photocatalyst, comprising Cu-doped ZnO and reduced graphene oxide (GP), using a one-step microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The photocatalyst was employed to effectively eliminate antibiotics and inactive ARBs from aquaculture water. The structure, morphologies, and optical properties of the synthesized composites were investigated. Tetracycline (TET) and florfenicol (FLO) were the most frequently detected antibiotics in shrimp pond water, followed by sulfamethoxazole and tiamulin. Photo-degradation efficiency of TET and FLO using composite significantly improved under both UV and simulated solar irradiation. After 60 and 180 min of irradiation, the removal percentages for TET were 87.5% and 80.3%, while for FLO they were 89.5% and 92.1% respectively. The Cu-ZnO/GP composite demonstrates potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (E. faecalis V583) and Gram-negative (E. coli K12 MG1655) antibiotic-resistant strains under light exposure. Its photocatalytic properties augment reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, thereby enhancing bacterial inhibition. After 24 h of light exposure, E. coli growth was inhibited by 78%, while E. faecium growth was suppressed by 92%. The composite achieved the highest inactivation levels for E. coli (Ln-3.8) and E. faecalis (Ln-2.8) after 15 min of light exposure. The efficacy of Cu-ZnO/GP composite treatments in bacterial inactivation was notable in both ultrapure water (UPW) and real wastewater (RWW) matrices, achieving significant inactivation levels after a 1-h treatment. These findings underscore the potential of Cu-ZnO/GP composites to improve aquaculture management practices, thereby mitigating antibiotic proliferation in aquaculture waters and the surrounding environment.

Preparation and characterization of ZnO/CuO nanocomposites thin films for highly efficient visible-light photocatalysis of acriflavine dye

Chemical bath deposition (CBD) was used to grow ZnO nanorods on glass substrates. Grown ZnO nanorods are dipped in a copper nitrate trihydrate [Cu(NO3)2.3 H2O] solution at 90 °C for 30 min before being annealed at 400 °C for 1 h to convert Cu2+ ions to CuO nanoparticles, forming a ZnO/CuO thin films nanocomposite. Images obtained from a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) indicated that the ZnO structure consisted of nanorods coated in CuO nanoparticles. The optical absorption of both ZnO NRs and ZnO/CuO nanocomposites thin films was strongly edged, with an energy gap of 3.26 and 3.21 eV, respectively. The photodegradation rate of the manufactured ZnO NRs and ZnO/CuO nanocomposites thin films against Acriflavin dye was investigated at room temperature under varying pH conditions and period exposure to visible light. The rate of photodegradation of the dye was increased by increasing the time it was exposed to light and/or the pH of the solution. The photodegradation rates for AFN dye under visible light irradiation ranged from 36% to 100% as the pH value was increased from 4 to 10, and from 78% to 66% at a pH value of 12 and reduced to 78% at a pH value of 12 after 330 min of irradiation. Furthermore, the trapping experiments of reactive species for Acriflavin dye degradation by ZnO/CuO nanocomposites photocatalysts were also carried out

Reduced Graphene Oxide–SnSe Nanocomposite Photocatalyst with High Apparent Quantum Yield for the Photodegradation of Norfloxacin

Reduced Graphene Oxide–SnSe Nanocomposite Photocatalyst with High Apparent Quantum Yield for the Photodegradation of Norfloxacin

In-situ hydrothermal synthesis of MoS2 /TiO2 nanocomposites for enhanced and stable photocatalytic performance: Methylene blue degradation pathway and mechanism

BackgroundIn recent years, nanocomposite photocatalytic has become more and more attractive and important since it has a great potential to contribute to such wastewater treatment and environmental problems. Pollutant dyes such as methylene blue (MB) have utilizations in manufacturing, paper, medicine and textiles. In addition, creating a Z-scheme nanocomposite illustrates a fitting approach for improving the photocatalytic performance of photocatalysts. Mott-Schottky curves demonstrate that MoS2 and TiO2 are combined to form Z-scheme nanocomposite. MethodsNovel MoS2/TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalysts were well synthesized by a simple hydrothermal process. The photodegradation intermediate products of MB dye are also identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and the possible degradation pathway is proposed. Ultimately, the potential photocatalytic pathway mechanism of nanocomposites was verified according to the LC-MS analysis and trapping experiments. Significant findingsThe construction of a Z-scheme nanocomposite is a crucial factor in improving the photocatalytic activity of heterojunction photocatalysts. MoS2/TiO2 nanocomposites had photocatalytic activity within 120 min irradiation to visible light and achieved 98.5 % of MB. A stable heterostructure has been effort designed using MoS2/TiO2 with improved electron and hole migration. The photodegradation performance for MoS2/TiO2 is 3.8 folds that the bare photocatalysts. This nano-heterojunction significantly suppresses the recombination rate of photoexcited charge carriers and enhances the operation of solar energy. The Z-scheme nano-heterojunctions offer a potential strategy for promoting the utilization of photocatalysts in waste environmental purification and clean water.

Fabrication of Z-scheme heterojunctions of CDs@WO3/g-C3N4 nanocomposite photocatalyst with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic degradation of malachite green

Fabrication of Z-scheme heterojunctions of CDs@WO3/g-C3N4 nanocomposite photocatalyst with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic degradation of malachite green

Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide-Zeolite Photocatalyst Nanocomposite for Heavy Metals Degradation

Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide-Zeolite Photocatalyst Nanocomposite for Heavy Metals Degradation

Synergistic potential in spinel ferrite MFe2O4 (M = Co, Ni) nanoparticles-mediated graphene oxide: Structural aspects, photocatalytic, and kinetic studies

The existence of artificial dyes in water is a significant environmental concern, as it can lead to poor water quality. Photodegradation is becoming an increasingly popular method for treating water contaminated with dyes. In this study, the photodegradation of Reactive Red 66 and Reactive Red 120 dyes, as well as textile wastewater, was investigated under UV and visible light irradiation. To enhance the photoresponse of the MFe2O4 (M = Co, Ni) nanoparticles, modifications were made by incorporating graphene oxide. The MFe2O4 nanoparticles and MFe2O4/GO nanocomposite photocatalysts were subjected to several characterization techniques, including FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, DRS, zeta potential, VSM, TGA, DSC, BET, SEM, and EDAX analysis. Experiments were conducted to optimize several key parameters involved in the photodegradation process, including pH, photocatalyst dosage, initial dye concentration, and irradiation time. The removal efficiency of Reactive Red 66 and Reactive Red 120 dyes using CoFe2O4 nanoparticles was found to be 86.97 and 82.63%, respectively. Also, the removal percentage of these dyes using CoFe2O4/GO nanocomposite photocatalyst was 95.57 and 90.9% for Reactive Red 66 and Reactive Red 120, respectively. Experiments found that NiFe2O4 nanoparticles removed 90.92% of Reactive Red 66 dye and 84.7% of Reactive Red 120 dye. The NiFe2O4/GO nanocomposite photocatalyst showed even higher removal efficiencies, degrading 97.96% of Reactive Red 66 and 93.44% of Reactive Red 120. After three days of exposure to visible light irradiation, the removal percentage of Reactive Red 66 using MFe2O4 and MFe2O4/GO nanocomposite was investigated.

Tailored spherical-sea urchin-like MnO2-AC/PTA nanocomposites for superior photocatalytic degradation of BPA and Orange II dye, along with bacteria Inactivation: Mechanistic insights

In this study, we present a pioneering approach introducing a novel spherical-sea urchin-like MnO2-KAFC/PTA (Manganese dioxide/KOH activated foam derived carbon/Phosphotugstic acid) nanocomposite photocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and bacteria inactivation. It is well-established that the reactivity in photocatalytic applications heavily relies on the shape and crystallographic orientation of the photocatalysts. Thus, we synthesized controllable MnO2-KAFC/PTA NCs with spherical-sea urchin-like morphologies using the in-situ precipitation method. Subsequently, the synthesized KAFC, MnO2 NPs, and spherical-sea urchin-like MnO2-KAFC/PTA NCs were systematically characterized in detail. Following characterization, they were employed as photocatalysts for photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA) and Orange II dye pollutants, as well as for the inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The spherical-sea urchin-like MnO2-KAFC/PTA NCs photocatalyst demonstrated outstanding photocatalytic degradation efficiency, achieving rates of 99.8% and 99.9% for BPA and Orange II dye, respectively, under sunlight irradiation. Notable, the spherical-sea urchin-like MnO2-KAFC/PTA NCs exhibited excellent degradation efficiency (99.8 and 99.9%) compared to MnO2 NPs (40 and 51%), and KAFC (26 and 21%), respectively. Furthermore, the optimized spherical-sea urchin-like MnO2-KAFC/PTA NCs photocatalysts were subjected to bactericidal testing against E.coli and S. aureus pathogens. The results revealed that the optimal antibacterial efficacy against E.coli and S. aureus microbes was zone inhibition up to 18 mm and 20 mm, respectively. Overall, the present study underscores the efficacy of spherical-sea urchin-like MnO2-KAFC/PTA NCs as potent antibacterial and degrading agents.

Removal of ciprofloxacin-humic acid pollutant residue in wastewater through a hybrid treatment system consisting of pre-treatment with ozonation-AC/TiO2/CeO2 adsorption and degradation using PVDF/Ni-CeO2@SiO2 photocatalytic membrane

Photocatalytic membranes (PMs) provide an excellent removal efficiency for emerging pollutants (EPs) through simultaneous photocatalytic degradation and molecular separation. However, the fabrication of PMs from conventional photocatalytic nanoparticle suffers from low membrane performance, especially due to chemical incompatibility and maldistribution of the photocatalytic nanoparticles, and low photocatalytic caused by rapid recombination of e-/h+ pair. Prior to the preparation of PVDF/Ni-CeO2@SiO2 membrane (NCSM), nanocomposite photocatalyst of Ni-CeO2@SiO2 was firstly prepared according to the sol-gel method. The CeO2 photocatalyst was doped by Ni atom to improve its optical properties and followed by impregnation into SiO2 support to amplify the photocatalyst distribution. Then, the NCSM was further coated using polydopamine (PDA) to enhance permeate water flux. The NCSM exhibited significant structural porosity enhancement to ease water molecule penetration. The PDA coated NCSM demonstrated 1.2 times higher photocatalytic activity than the uncoated one. Indeed, the membrane has considerably high permeate flux up to ∼70.9 L.m−2.h−1 with ciprofloxacin and humic acid removal up to 99.9% and 98%, respectively. In addition, the NCSM also showed excellent antifouling properties that develop remarkable stability of 98% flux recovery after 3 cycles. Therefore, this study promotes a great potential of PMs for highly effective antibiotic eradication in wastewater.

Fenton-mediated solar-driven photocatalysis of industrial dye effluent with polyaniline impregnated with activated TiO2-Nps

Various integrated technologies have been investigated for the remediation of heavily polluted industrial dye effluent. Also, more than 70 % of these dyes are known to be solely azo dyes used in the textile industry with 5–30 % presence in the effluent as loose dye molecules which are recalcitrant to treatment. These challenges led to the investigation of energy-efficient processes (solar) and the fabrication of high-performance nano-photocatalysts for proficient photocatalysis of dye effluent while mediating the process with Fenton reagents. The study fabricated nanopolymeric catalyst composites (P-AKT) via novel in situ coupling and impregnation of the polyaniline (PANI) with surface-activated TiO2 NPs. This fabrication is aimed at developing a high-performance catalyst with rapid and proficient photocatalytic activities to photons from sunlight irradiation. The photocatalytic process was mediated using a novel Fenton reagent to enhance the generation of radical species for dye degradation. Various instrumental characterization methods were used to study the structural, molecular, elemental, functional and optoelectronic properties of the fabricated nanocomposite photocatalysts. The result reveals functional groups aiding dye-catalyst bonding and morphological interaction reveal a surface-activated tetragonal crystalline mixture of anatase and rutile from TiO2−Nps embedded in the macromolecular chain of PANI. It also reveals the optimal conditions of 20 mg dosage, 10 mg/L initial concentration with substantial effectiveness at pH of 5 and 7. However, the most efficient photocatalyst recorded was P-AKT-2 % and P-AKT-3 % having 95 % and 94 % efficiencies at 90 min of solar irradiation. The photocatalyst equally demonstrated its capacity for effluent treatability up to 4 cycles of use.

Dual-vacancies modulation of 1T/2H heterostructured MoS2-CdS nanoflowers via radiolytic radical chemistry for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution

Precise defect engineering of photocatalysts is highly demanding but remains a challenge. Here, we developed a facile and controllable γ-ray radiation strategy to assemble dual-vacancies confined MoS2-CdS-γ nanocomposite photocatalyst. We showed the solvated electron induced homogeneous growth of defects-rich CdS nanoparticles, while the symbiotic •OH radicals etched flower-like 1T/2H MoS2 substrate surfaces. The optimal MoS2-CdS-γ exhibited a H2 evolution rate of up to 37.80 mmol/h/g under visible light irradiation, which was 36.7 times higher than that of bare CdS-γ, and far superior to those synthesized by hydrothermal method. The microscopic characterizations and theoretical calculations revealed the formation of such unprecedented dual-sulfur-vacancies ensured the tight interfacial contact for fast charge separation. Besides, the existence of 1T-MoS2 phase further improved the conductivity and strengthened the adsorption interaction with H+ intermediate. Therefore, the radiolytic radical chemistry offered a facile, ambient and effective synthetic strategy to improve the catalytic performances of photocatalytic materials.

Formation of OH Radicals on BiVO4–TiO2 Nanocomposite Photocatalytic Film under Visible-Light Irradiation: Roles of Photocatalytic Reduction Channels

In this study, we investigated the effects of H2O2 addition on OH radical formation on the surfaces of visible-light-irradiated BiVO4–TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalysts. Additionally, we examined the possible roles of OH radicals formed by the reduction reaction of H2O2 on the visible-light-irradiated surfaces of photocatalytic BiVO4–TiO2 nanocomposites. The BiVO4–TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalysts were prepared by mixing a BiVO4 photocatalytic film with commercially available semiconductor particulate TiO2 photocatalysts. By removing oxygen gas from the photocatalytic reactor, the effects of oxygen molecules on OH radical formation during the visible-light irradiation of BiVO4–TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalysts were examined. During visible-light irradiation, BiVO4 and BiVO4–TiO2 photocatalysts play different roles in OH radical formation because of two characteristic reduction reaction channels: (a) the direct reduction of H2O2 on photocatalytic surfaces and (b) the indirect reduction reaction of H2O2 by superoxide radical anions (O2−).

Carbon Dot-Titanium Dioxide (CD/TiO2) Nanocomposites: Reusable Photocatalyst for Sustainable H2 Production via Photoreforming of Green Organic Compounds

The present work focuses on TiO2 modification with carbon dots (CDs) using a hydrothermal process, which results in the synthesis of CD/TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalysts characterized by exceptional optoelectronic properties. The structural and physicochemical properties of the obtained nanocomposites, which contained varying amounts of CDs, were precisely assessed. HR-TEM analysis showed that the prepared nanocomposites consisted of rod-shaped TiO2 nanoparticles and CDs well-dispersed on their surface. The optical properties of the nanocomposites were studied using UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. All CD/TiO2 samples presented decreased energy gap values compared with bare TiO2 samples; the band gap was further decreased as the CD concentration rose. Electrochemical measurements revealed that the presence of CDs improved the photocurrent response of the TiO2, presumably due to enhanced charge separation and decreased recombination. The synthesized nanomaterials were used as photocatalysts to produce hydrogen via the photoreforming of ethanol and glycerol green organic compounds, under 1-sun illumination. The photocatalytic experiments confirmed that the optimum loading of CDs corresponded to a percentage of 3% (w/w). Ethanol photoreforming led to a H2 production rate of 1.7 μmol∙min−1, while in the case of the glycerol sacrificial agent, the corresponding rate was determined to be 1.1 μmol∙min−1. The recyclability study revealed that the photocatalyst exhibited consistent stability during its reuse for hydrogen production in the presence of both ethanol and glycerol.

Photodegradation of Wastewater Containing Organic Dyes Using Modified G-C3N4-Doped ZrO2 Nanostructures: Towards Safe Water for Human Beings

Historically, the photocatalytic efficacy of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has been constrained by a rapid charge recombination rate and restricted sensitivity to visible light. To overcome these limitations and enhance the performance of g-C3N4, the strategic formation of heterojunctions with semiconductor materials is deemed the optimal approach. The present study employed a facile sonication-assisted pyrolysis method to synthesize a g-C3N4@ZrO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst. This hybrid material was characterized extensively using a comprehensive suite of analytical techniques, including XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR, and UV-Vis DRS. A comparative analysis of photocatalytic applications under identical conditions was conducted for all synthesized materials, wherein they were subjected to UVc light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation of various dye models, such as MB, EY, and a combination of dyes, was assessed using the prepared nanocomposites. The g-C3N4@ZrO2 photocatalysts showcased superior photocatalytic performance, with a particular variant, g-CNZ6, exhibiting remarkable activity. With a bandgap energy of 2.57 eV, g-CNZ6 achieved impressive degradation efficiencies of 96.5% for MB and 95.6% for EY within 40 min. Following previous studies, the superoxide radical anions (O2−. and h+) were largely accountable for the degradation of MB. Therefore, the observed efficacy of the g-C3N4@ZrO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst can be attributed to the increased generation of these reactive species.

Facile synthesis of platinum/polypyrrole-carbon black/SnS2 nanocomposite for efficient photocatalytic removal of gemifloxacin under visible light

Development and designing of effective visible light photocatalysts to overcome the drastrous situation of water pollution requires material with excellent charge transferring skills. In this regard, an efficient ternary nanocomposite photocatalyst comprised of SnS2 nanostructure linked with polypyrrole-doped carbon black (PPC) and platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) was successfully fabricated. Effective ternary photocatalyst was synthesized by hydrothermal technique followed by ultra-sonication and photo-reduction methodologies. The XRD measurements confirmed the hexagonal phase of SnS2, and the proper formation of nanocomposite. TEM examination revealed Pt NPs of 5–15 nm in size, dense cocoon like layered structure of PPC along with irregular pellets of SnS2. Acquired diffuse reflectance data confirmed the visible light band gap of synthesized nanomaterials. The Pt@PPC/SnS2 photocatalyst showed excellent destructive potential under visible light with 92.40 % removal of antibiotic gemifloxacin (GFX) in 30 minutes, almost 347 % more efficient than bare SnS2, and was found to be ultrafast for the removal of methylene blue (MB) with total elimination of dye just in 10 minutes. The photoluminescence and photocurrent transient analysis revealed enhanced light absorption capability and increased photo-induced carrier transfer with effective separation behavior, together with increased effective surface area of the ternary photocatalyst as evidenced by the BET surface area measurement.

Rational construction of carbon-rich g-C3N4 wrapped over CePO4 nanorods: Oxygen vacancy mediated 1D/2D Z-scheme photocatalyst towards removal of congo red dye

The rational construction of Z-scheme photocatalysts is an effective way for separating charge carriers and has gained great interest due to the potential to alleviate energy as well as environmental challenges. Here, oxygen vacancy mediated CePO4/g-C3N4 Z-scheme nanocomposite photocatalyst was developed with different mass concentration of carbon rich g-C3N4 by grinding-calcination method. The study reveals the improved crystal quality, large surface area and intimate line-to-face contact of nanocomposite essential for electronic transition between CePO4 and g-C3N4. The presence of vacancy was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The total removal percentages of CR dye over CePO4/g-C3N4 (38 wt%) nanocomposite were 85% and 99% with reaction rates 3.7 and 2.8 times greater than that of pure g-C3N4 under visible and solar irradiation, respectively, and nanocomposite demonstrated good recycle stability. The superoxide radicals were found to be the main reactive species that participated dominantly in the reaction. From band structure, PL and radical trapping experiments, a Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism was proposed. The causes of improved degradation could be the result of enhanced crystal quality, improved surface area and a delay in charge carrier recombination via the Z-scheme process. This study gives a good foundation for building Z-scheme heterojunctions and sheds light to create highly active photocatalysts.

Efficient photo-oxidation of bisphenol a and tetracycline through sulfur-doped g-C3N4/CD heterojunctions

The synergistic effects of sulfur-doped g-C3N4 and carbon dots in nanocomposite photocatalysts were explored for the degradation of contaminants of emerging concern, particularly phenolic pollutants such as bisphenol A and tetracycline.