Size Of Nanocapsules Research Articles

Microemulsion containing Kaffir lime oil using photo-crosslinkable bio-based copolymer

The research aimed to prepare a microemulsion of Kaffir lime oil (KLO) using photocrosslinkable bio-based copolymers as polymer shells. First, cinnamyl alcohol was used as a biomonomer, which was functionalized with methacrylic anhydride via an esterification reaction to contain a double bond named cinnamyl methacrylate. Then, it was copolymerized with methacrylic acid by solution iodine transfer polymerization, resulting in polymethacrylic acid-block-polycinnamyl methacrylate-block-poly methacrylic acid (PMAA-b-PCMA-b-PMAA) with a molecular weight of 2700 g/mol and a chain length of PMAA-b-PCMA-b-PMAA equals 7: 6: 7 units. After that, PMAA-b-PCMA-b-PMAA (BioSurf) was used as the polymer shell to encapsulate KLO in a microemulsion system cooperative with Tween 80 (surfactant; Surf) and ethanol (co-surfactant; CoSurf). The ratio of kaffir lime oil: Surf-CoSurf was varied from 1: 9 to 9: 1 (wt) where Surfmix was BioSurf: Surf: Co-Surf ratio of 1: 1: 1 (wt) dispersed in water at 400 rpm for 5 min. The optimal contents of oil, Surfmix, and water were 6 %, 24 %, and 70 %, respectively, with the nanocapsule size at about 68 nm. After UV curing at 254 nm for 120 min, the dimerization of cinnamyl groups in PCMA was confirmed by UV spectroscopy, where the absorbance peaks of cinnamyl groups at 283 and 294 nm significantly decreased. The encapsulated KLO was slowly permeating skin which was only 10 % after 1 h, with the anti-inflammatory percentage of inhibited nitric oxide production in macrophage cells at 19.24 ± 1.63. Moreover, nanocapsules did not show toxicity to human skin cells at concentrations less than or equal to 1 v/v%. Moreover, the microemulsion is thermodynamically stable at 4 °C, 30 °C, and 45 °C. The encapsulation of KLO in microemulsion might be an alternative candidate for cosmetic products and related applications.

Peptide-Coated Polycaprolactone-Benzalkonium Chloride Nanocapsules for Targeted Drug Delivery to the Pancreatic β-Cell.

Targeting current therapies to treat or prevent the loss of pancreatic islet β-cells in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) may provide improved efficacy and reduce off-target effects. Current efforts to target the β-cell are limited by a lack of β-cell-specific targets and the inability to test multiple targeting moieties with the same delivery vehicle. Here, we fabricate a tailorable polycaprolactone nanocapsule (NC) in which multiple different targeting peptides can be interchangeably attached for β-cell-specific delivery. Incorporation of a cationic surfactant in the NC shell allows for the attachment of Exendin-4 and an antibody for ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 (ENTPD3) for β-cell-specific targeting. The average NC size ranges from 250 to 300 nm with a polydispersity index under 0.2. The NCs are nontoxic, stable in media culture, and can be lyophilized and reconstituted. NCs coated with a targeting peptide were taken up by human cadaveric islet β-cells and human stem cell-derived β-like cells (sBC) in vitro with a high level of specificity. Furthermore, NCs successfully delivered both hydrophobic and hydrophilic cargo to human β-cells. Additionally, Exendin-4-coated NCs were stable and targeted the mouse pancreatic islet β-cell in vivo. Overall, our tailorable NCs have the potential to improve cell-targeted drug delivery and can be utilized as a screening platform to test the efficacy of cell-targeting peptides.

Peptide Coated Polycaprolactone-Benzalkonium Chloride Nanocapsules for Targeted Drug Delivery to the Pancreatic β-Cell.

Targeting of current therapies to treat or prevent loss of pancreatic islet β-cells in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) may provide improved efficacy and reduce off target effects. Current efforts to target the β-cell are limited by a lack of β-cell specific targets and the inability to test multiple targeting moieties with the same delivery vehicle. Here we fabricate a novel tailorable polycaprolactone nanocapsule (NC) where multiple different targeting peptides can be interchangeably attached for β-cell specific delivery. Incorporation of a cationic surfactant in the NC shell allows for the attachment of Exendin-4 and an antibody for ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 (ENTPD3) for β-cell specific targeting. The average NC size ranges from 250-300nm with a polydispersity index under 0.2. The NCs are non-toxic, stable in media culture, and can be lyophilized and reconstituted. NCs coated with targeting peptide were taken up by human cadaveric islet β-cells and human stem cell-derived β-like cells (sBC) in vitro with a high level of specificity. Furthermore, NCs successfully delivered both hydrophobic and hydrophilic cargo to human β-cells. Finally, Exendin-4 coated NCs were stable and targeted the mouse pancreatic islet β-cell in vivo . Our unique NC design allows for the interchangeable coating of targeting peptides for future screening of targets with improved cell specificity. The ability to target and deliver thera-peutics to human pancreatic β-cells opens avenues for improved therapies and treatments to help the delay onset, prevent, or reverse T1D.

Formulation and Evaluation of Miconazole Nanocapsules

Using the emulsion solvent diffusion technique, the current study's goal was to create and analyze miconazole nanocapsules. Ethyl cellulose as well as HPMC nanocapsules were used to fill the miconazole, which has been produced using the emulsion solvent diffusion method. The FTIR data showed that the miconazole nanocapsules filled with ethyl cellulose nanocapsules were stable and that there was no drug-polymer interaction. To determine whether there is no incompatibility in the formulation, compatibility investigations like FTIR & DSC were utilized. The morphological particle size of miconazole nanocapsules is assessed using SEM. This complete formulation codes for the nanocapsules were F1 to F8. The optimum formulation F6's in vitro dissolution rate was found to be 75.22 percent. A variety of mathematical models, including the zero order, first order, Higuchi matrix, and Korsmeyer peppas model, were fitted to the data on drug dissolution in vitro. The model that the miconazole nanocapsules use has R2 values of 0.937, 0.399, 0.899, and 0.785 and m values of 1593, 0.061, 11409, and 2.560. The Nanocapsules released the medication over 45 minutes. The ethyl cellulose and HPMC nanocapsules that contain miconazole were created under ideal circumstances and exhibit good release properties.

Synthesis, characterization and application of a magnetic nanoencapsulated PCM in enhancing the natural convection in a cube cavity

Encapsulation of phase change materials (PCMs) is an intelligently effective way to overcome the challenges of PCMs usage in heat storage and transfer applications. At the first stage of the current study, a novel magnetic nanoencapsulated PCM (M−NEnPCM) consisting of n-Octadecane (n-C18) coated with a poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) shell was synthesized through the miniemulsion ultrasonic-assistant polymerization technique. The magnetic property was introduced to the nanocapsules by adding surface-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles into the core during the formation step. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) results showed an average nanocapsule size of 78 nm. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) along with transmission electron microscope (TEM) images confirmed the spherical shape with a core/shell structure of the M−NEnPCM. According to the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), M−NEnPCM had melting and crystallization latent heats of 116.47 and 124.71 J/g, respectively. Moreover, based on vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) results, the superparamagnetic property of M−NEnPCM is proved. At the second stage, the performance of water suspensions containing different amounts of the as-prepared nanocapsules in enhancing the natural convection in a cube cavity was investigated under various heat fluxes and magnetic field flux densities. The results illustrated that the use of nanocapsules leads to enhance the natural convection up to 2 times higher than that of pure water; while there are optimum levels of M−NEnPCM concentration and magnetic field flux density at which the heat transfer coefficient is maximized.

Effect of starch-based nanoparticles on the viability and stability of probiotics under adverse conditions

ABSTRACT Starch nanoparticles resist digestion in the upper intestine but not in the colon. They are proven to exert prebiotic effects on the human body. Starch-based nanoparticles have generated a great interest in the food and agriculture sector due to their biocompatibility, wide array of natural sources and ease of modification. In the current study, two starch sources (rice and water chestnut) were used to synthesize nanoparticles for the encapsulation of probiotic bacteria. Obtained nanoparticles were characterized for their morphological, molecular, and structural attributes using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and zeta sizer. Furthermore, free and nano-encapsulated probiotics were subject to simulated gastrointestinal digestion conditions. The average size of rice and water chestnut starch-based nano-capsules ranged from 309 to 427 nm. The encapsulation efficiency was recorded for rice and water chestnut starch as 89% and 95%, respectively. SEM micrographs exhibited entrapment of probiotics in wall materials. The surface of the capsules showed tiny, smooth surface polygonal granules. XRD images showed loss of crystallinity structure following encapsulation. Higher probiotic viability was recorded under simulated gastrointestinal conditions for nano-encapsulated probiotics compared to free probiotics. Conclusively, water chestnut and rice-based starch nanoparticles showed overall the best results regarding the viability of probiotics under stressed conditions.

88-OR: Targeted Drug Delivery to Human ß-Cells Using Novel Nanocapsule Delivery Vehicle for T1D Treatment

In type 1 diabetes (T1D), autoreactive immune cells destroy insulin secreting β-cells in pancreatic islets. Islet transplantation shows promise in restoring glucose homeostasis without exogenous insulin; however, long-term graft survival remains a critical barrier to the success of this treatment. Therapies aimed to protect or proliferate endogenous β-cells have off target affects and require targeted delivery to improve efficacy. We have developed a nanocapsule (NC) delivery system to specifically target and deliver cargo to human β-cells. We hypothesize NCs will selectively be taken up by human β-cells and deliver therapeutic cargo. NCs were synthesized with a water in oil emulsion evaporation technique. NCs were coated via ionic interactions with ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 (ENTPD3) antibody, a human β-cell specific marker or Exendin-4 conjugated to hyaluronic acid (HA-Ex4). NC size, size distribution, charge, stability, and drug release profiles were determined. NCs loaded with pentamidine (PTM) or Cy5 were cultured for 24-168h with human iPSC-derived β-cells (sBC) or injected into the tail vein of NOD-SCID mice. Confocal microscopy confirmed delivery of cargo to β-cells and pancreatic islets, viability, and cytotoxicity. NCs were 271 ± 7nm in size with excellent size homogeneity (polydispersity index 0.06 ± 0.03, n=3). NCs displayed a sustained release of cargo for >45 days (n=5). In vitro, we observed no cytotoxicity of NCs up to 168h (n=3) and a significant increase in β-cell death with PTM loaded ENTPD3 coated NCs compared to controls at 24 (p<0.001, n=4) and 72h (p<0.01, n=4). sBCs treated with PTM loaded ENTPD3 coated NCs had more insulin+ dead cells (88 ± 4%) than controls (p<0.01, n=4). ENTPD3 or HA-Ex4 NCs were internalized into sBCs in vitro and pancreatic islets in vivo respectively. Our data shows long term stability and in vivo targeting of NCs to β-cells and supports use of our NCs for targeted delivery of therapeutics to human β-cells to treat T1D. Disclosure J.Collins: None. K.Holcomb: None. A.Ocampo: None. A.Shilleh: None. H.A.Russ: Advisory Panel; Sigilon Therapeutics, Inc., Consultant; Prellis, Minutia, Eli Lilly and Company. N.L.Farnsworth: None. Funding JDRF (1-INO-2022-1231-S-B); National Institutes of Health (P30-DK116073)

Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B dye by nanostructured powder systems containing nanoencapsulated curcumin or ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate liposomal.

Due to inadequate treatment and incorrect management, wastewater with dyes has a great toxic potential as an environmental liability, representing a major concern. In this context, this work aims to investigate the potential application of nanostructured powdery systems (nanocapsules and liposomes) in the photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye, under UV and visible irradiation. Curcumin nanocapsules and liposomes containing ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate were prepared, characterized, and dried using the spray drying technique. The drying processes of the nanocapsule and the liposome showed yields of 88% and 62%, respectively, and, after aqueous resuspension of the dry powders, it was possible to recover the nanocapsule size (140nm) and liposome size (160nm). The dry powders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N2 physisorption at 77K, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS-UV). Under UV irradiation, 64.8% and 58.48% of RhB were removed with nanocapsules and liposomes, respectively. While under visible radiation, nanocapsules and liposomes were able to degrade 59.54% and 48.79% of RhB, respectively. Under the same conditions, commercial TiO2 showed degradation of 50.02% (UV) and 42.14% (visible). After 5 cycles of reuse, there was a decrease of about 5% for dry powders under UV irradiation and 7.5% under visible irradiation. Therefore, the nanostructured systems developed have potential application in heterogeneous photocatalysis for the degradation of organic pollutants, such as RhB, as they demonstrated superior photocatalytic performance to commercial catalysts (nanoencapsulated curcumin > ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate liposomal > TiO2).

Modulation of Oil/Polymer Nanocapsule Size via Phase Diagram-Guided Microfluidic Coprecipitation

Flow-based nanoprecipitation of different solutes via rapid mixing of two miscible liquids is a scalable strategy for manufacturing nanoparticles with various shapes and morphologies. Controlling the size of nanoparticles in flow-based nanoprecipitation, however, is often left to empirical variations in the flow rate ratios or the total flow rate of the two streams. In this work, we investigate the coprecipitations of oil and polymer to form nanocapsules via the Ouzo effect using glass capillary microfluidics across a range of mixing conditions. In the range of flow rates studied, the two streams mix convectively in micro-vortices formed at the junction of the two stream inlets. Using computational fluid dynamics simulations and glass capillary microfluidic nanoprecipitation, we establish a relationship between the precipitation conditions occurring experimentally in situ and the location on the ternary Ouzo phase diagram where precipitation is taking place. We find that a key variable in the resulting average diameter of the fabricated capsules is the degree of supersaturation experienced by both the oil and the polymer in the vortex zone of the device, showing a strong correlation between the two values. The control over the nanocapsule size by varying the extent of supersaturation of both precipitants is demonstrated by using two oils having distinct phase diagrams. This work provides a systematic approach to controlling the size of nanoparticles fabricated via continuous nanoprecipitation by linking the in situ flow conditions to ternary phase diagram behavior, enabling accurate control over nanocapsule size.

Chitosan-based nanocapsules by emulsification containing PUFA concentrates from tuna oil.

Chitosan nanocapsules containing polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrates from tuna oil, with EPA + DHA contents around 57% (w/w), were developed by emulsification process, using different chitosan concentration (1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, w/v) and stirring speed (10,000, 15,000, 20,000 rpm). The effects of these parameters on particle size and zeta potential were evaluated. The physical and oxidative stabilities were used to measure the product quality during storage. Chitosan concentration, stirring speed and its interaction significantly affected (p < 0.05) the particle size. In addition, chitosan concentration significantly affected (p < 0.05) the zeta potential of nanocapsules emulsion. Based on the results of physical and oxidative stabilities, the nanocapsules were stable for 30 days under refrigeration temperature (7 °C), and with 1.5-2% chitosan resulted in improved protection against oil oxidation. The nanocapsules produced with 2% chitosan and 10,000 rpm showed the lowest variations of polydispersity index and nanocapsules size after 30 days of storage (221.8 ± 3.0 nm). These conditions can be considered the most suitable to produce nanocapsules of PUFA concentrates from tuna oil using chitosan as wall material. These nanocapsules showed physical characteristics and oxidative stability, which could enable their application in the food industry, representing an important source of EPA and DHA fatty acids.

Simple and complex coacervation methods for the nanoencapsulation of Rosa damascena mill L. anthocyanin in zein/potato starch: A new approach to enhance antioxidant and thermal properties.

The structure and antioxidant properties of zein and potato starches as well as the stability of anthocyanins strongly depend on the pH. However, due to the stability of anthocyanins in at acidic medium, their encapsulation has been limited to low pHs. In the present work, an encapsulation of anthocyanins extracted from Rosa damascena mill L. (as a model) into zein, starch, and their binary mixtures by simple and complex coacervation methods over a wide range of pH (especially higher pHs), and different encapsulating agent doses and different initial volumes of anthocyanin were studied in order to obtain new conditions for the preservation of anthocyanins and to improve the antioxidant activities of zein and potato starches. High levels of antioxidant activity and encapsulation efficiency for zein/starch/anthocyanin nanocapsules and maximum antioxidant activity for zein/starch nanocapsules (without anthocyanin) were obtained at pHs 8 and 2, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and thermal gravimetric analysis techniques were used to analyze simple and complex coacervates biopolymer interactions, morphology, and thermal stability. The size of zein nanocapsules (283-366nm) decreased in the range of 50-175nm after the encapsulation of anthocyanin (pH 8), which makes them suitable for drug delivery processes. The prepared nanocapsules showed a high scavenging ability.

Свойства наноструктурированного витамина С и перспективы его использования в составе функциональных продуктов питания

The study was conducted to study the properties of nanostructured vitamin C in var-ious carbohydrate shells (xanthan gum, sodium alginate, carrageenan, konjac gum, gellan gum) and the possibility of its use as a functional ingredient. The study of the self-organization of nanostructured vitamin C showed that the formation of nanocap-sules occurs spontaneously due to non-covalent interactions. This indicates that they are characterized by self-assembly. Since fractal compositions are found in an aque-ous solution of nanocapsules at a sufficiently low concentration, they have self-organization. The presence of a fractal indicates the possibility of obtaining a com-pletely different polymer with an almost unchanged composition of the macromole-cule. This "new polymer" will have different molecular characteristics and a different suprasegmental structure. Therefore, nanostructured vitamin C has supramolecular properties. It is shown that the shape and size of vitamin C nanocapsules significantly depend on the nature of the shell. The polydispersity coefficient in xanthan gum is 3.40, which suggests that the vitamin C nanocapsules in this case approach the ellip-soid shape, and in konjac gum, gelan gum, and carrageenan, this coefficient has a value of 1.26, 1.39, and 1.48, respectively, which indicates an approximation of the geometry of these nanocapsules in a spherical shape. At the same time, the average size of nanocapsules also significantly depends on the nature of the shell: the largest average size (358 nm) is characteristic of xanthan gum, and the smallest average size (93 nm) of particles is observed in konjac gum. At the same time, the smallest size of D10 (74 nm) is characteristic of carrageenan. The introduction of nanostructured vit-amin C in the formulation of marmalade and wheat bread allows you to get ready-made products with functional properties.

Cationic Chitosan/Pectin Polyelectrolyte Nanocapsules of Moxifloxacin as Novel Topical Management System for Bacterial Keratitis

Purpose Moxifloxacin (MOX) is a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone and a broad spectrum antibiotic used in the management of bacterial keratitis (BK). This investigation aimed to formulate MOX-loaded chitosan/pectin cationic polyelectrolyte nanocapsules (CPNCs) for the effective topical treatment of BK. Methods Physicochemical properties like nanocapsule size, charge, drug entrapment efficiency (EE), viscosity, pH, and in-vitro release profile of CPNCs were evaluated. The in-vitro antibacterial activity of CPNCs and marketed formulations (MFs) was studied against Staphylococcus aureus. Ex-vivo corneal permeation studies of CPNCs were evaluated with the help of a modified diffusion apparatus, which was used with goat cornea. The pharmacodynamic study was performed with optimized CPNCs on a BK-induced rabbit eye model and compared with MF. Results The optimized nanocapsules appeared as positive charge (+19.91 ± 0.66) with a nano size (242.0 ± 0.30 nm) as calculated by the dynamic light scattering method. The in-vitro release profile of CPNCs exhibited sustained release properties. The ex-vivo permeation pattern also supported the improved drug permeation through the cornea from CPNCs as compared with MF. Draize irritation studies confirmed that the prepared formulation is compatible with the corneal tissue. The in-vivo study concluded that the antibacterial activity of CPNCs was improved when evaluated with MF. Conclusion The obtained results showed that CPNCs were the better choice for the management of BK therapy due to its capability to improve the corneal adhesion of CPNCs through direct interaction with the mucous membrane of the corneal tissue.

The use of plant melanin as a food colorant in confectionery glaze

The paper presents the properties of nanostructured vitamin E (self-organization) and its use in functional foods, as well as determines the size of nanocapsules using the NTA method. The article also presents the basic requirements for confectionery glaze, shows consumer preferences when choosing glazed confectionery products, and explores the possibility of using melanin as an alternative to cocoa powder, including for replacing alkalized cocoa powder in confectionery glaze recipes.

Effects of the nanoherbicide made up of atrazine-chitosan on the primary events of photosynthesis

In this research, chitosan and alginate nanocapsules (NCs) have been synthesized and designed to act as carriers (controlled release systems) of atrazine molecules. Atrazine is an herbicide associated with relatively high chronic toxicity, which can also be accumulated as a recalcitrant substance in surface and groundwater. This effect is enhanced by the presence of adjuvants that are part of the commercial formulation. Therefore, the proposal to transport the herbicide in a nontoxic biocompatible nano-encapsulated system is particularly relevant. The nano-capsulated systems with and without the incorporated herbicide (NH, nanoherbicide and empty NCs, respectively) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy images showing an average nanocapsule size of 350 nm and a particle concentration of 4.5 × 1013/ml. The chemical composition of the NCs and NH systems was studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The OJIP transient chlorophyll fluorescence was used to evaluate the effects of the NH, commercial atrazine (At) and empty NCs on maize plants as non-target and on chicory as target plants. For the chicory plants treated with the NH and At, a decrease in the activity of the oxygen-generating complex (Fv/F0) and in the maximum quantum yield of PSII (φP0 = TR0/ABS) was observed. In addition, serious alterations in the electronic transport flux (ET0/RC), in the quantum yield for electron transport (φE0 = ET0/ABS) and in the efficiency or probability that an electron moves between plastoquinones QA and QB (ET0/TR0) were obtained for this these plants. The quantum yield of the transport stream electrons to PSI electron acceptors (φR0 = RE0/ABS) and the efficiency with which an exciton will be transferred from PSII to PSI acceptors (ψRE = RE0/TR0) also fell in the plants sprayed with the NH or commercial atrazine with respect to the control plants and those treated with the empty NCs. The photosynthetic parameters obtained for corn plants, treated with both NH and commercial atrazine, showed an inhibition of electron transport in the photosynthetic process at 24 h. These effects were reversed after seven days of treatment, due to the ability of corn plants to detoxify atrazine. Foliar damage was observed in chicory plants treated with atrazine and with NH but not concerning corn plants. Chicory or corn plants treated with the proposed carrier (NCs) showed no foliar effects, which implies that the carrier is harmless to the health of the plants.

Introducing potato starch-ecofriendly silver nanoparticles as a novel binary system for nanoencapsulation of riboflavin

Riboflavin (Rf), an externally supplied nutrient, is highly photosensitive, and should be protected from sunlight once used in food and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The applications of encapsulated Rf have recently developed due to their therapeutic properties. In this study, the use of green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized by Rosa damascena mill L. extract to control the encapsulation efficiency of Rf in potato starch was demonstrated for the first time. Starch/Rf, Starch/AgNPs/Rf and Starch/AgNPs nanocapsules were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared, field emission scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and brunauer-Emmett-Teller techniques. The obtained results showed that the presence of AgNPs reduces Rf nanocapsules size (from 340 to 327 nm), increases the encapsulation efficiency (21.14 ± 0.62 to 92.52 ± 1.32 %) and improves the thermal stability, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Moreover, UV–vis spectroscopy demonstrated the stronger association of AgNPs/Rf and AgNPs/Rf/Starch nanocapsules with BSA under physiological conditions.

Intelligent and thermo-responsive Au-pluronic® F127 nanocapsules for Raman-enhancing detection of biomolecules

Thermo-responsive Raman-enhanced nanocapsules were successfully fabricated by Pluronic® F127 (F127) decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of biomolecules. F127 nanocapsules changes from hydrophilicity (swelling) to hydrophobicity (de-swelling) when the temperature increases from 15 °C to 37 °C, owing to the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of F127 is about 26.5 °C. The size of nanocapsules would be enormous shrinking from 160 nm to 20 nm, resulting in a significant decrease in the distance between AuNPs to enhance hot spot effect, which increases the sensitivity of SERS detection. Based on the thermo-sensitive behavior, the ratio of AuNPs and F127 would be manipulated to find the optimal SERS enhancement effect. SERS nanocapsules can rapidly detect biomolecules (adenine and R6G) with limit of detection (LOD) lower than 10−6 M. In addition, the relatively difficult to detect clinical samples, carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone fragments (C-PTH), can also be measured by the thermo-responsive SERS nanocapsules developed in this work. It is expected the biomolecules can be adsorbed at low temperature (15 °C), as well as collected and concentrated at high temperature (37 °C) for SERS detection, to increase the sensitivity and stability of SERS detection.

Nanoencapsulation Edible Bird Nest (collocalia sp.) Fragment by Modified Corn Starch and Maltodextrin

Edible Bird Nest Fragments (EBNF) have high levels of bioactive compounds as antioxidants. In the form of hydrolyzate nanocapsules, it will be able to increase the antioxidant activity of protecting the active compounds in the capsules and more stable. The purpose of this study were to determine the antioxidant activity of nanocapsules with the powder as core material compared to protein hydrolyzate and to determine the best encapsulant composition. This study were used two factors, including the material type and ratio coating material. The material were EBNF protein hydrolyzate and EBNF powder. The ratio of the coating materials were modified corn starch and maltodextrin (25%:75%, 50%:50%, 75%:25%). Several parameters were observed including yield, encapsulation efficiency, antioxidant activity, size and distribution of nanocapsules, and morphology of nanocapsules. The best formulation was obtained from the core material of EBNF hydrolyzate with 75% modified corn starch and 25% maltodextrin encapsulation. The best formulation has nano encapsulated characteristics with a yield of 14.07%, encapsulation efficiency of 78.17%, the antioxidant activity of 54.66%, the lowest polydispersity index value (0.69), and spherical morphology, smooth surface with slight depressions (near perfect). Further, these characteristics represent that nanocapsule EBNF hydrolysate is a promising food additive.

Nanoencapsulated formulation of antibacterial metabolites by soil actinomycete, Nocardia sp. TP5 from Tangkuban Perahu Mountain, West Java, Indonesia, with The ionic gelation technique using Na alginate

Formulation of nanoencapsulation of antibacterial metabolites from the fermentation of actinomycete strain designed as TP5 has been carried out. Nanoencapsulated formulations performed with Na alginate polysaccharides obtained from brown seaweed can maintain the antibacterial metabolite activity. This study aims to enhance antibacterial activity in nanoencapsulated formulations of antibacterial metabolites with ionic gelation technique using Na alginate and CaCl2. The nanocapsules were prepared by combining the extracellular secondary metabolite Nocardia sp. TP5 with the encapsulation sourced from Na alginate and CaCl2 by ionic gelation technique. The manufacturing methods include fermentation of Nocardia sp. TP5, nanoencapsulated formulation by varying the concentration and ratio of Na alginate, CaCl2, antibacterial metabolites, as well as analysis of nanocapsules. The analysis and characterization of nanoencapsulation using SEM-EDS and PSA included: surface morphology, particle size, chemical constituents, and zeta potential, as well as antibacterial testing against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that the best-nanoencapsulated formula contains the composition of Na alginate 0.3%, CaCl2 0.06% with a ratio of Na alginate: CaCl2: antibacterial metabolite is 2: 4: 1. The capsule particles formed are evenly distributed over the entire surface with a particle size of 425 nm, zeta potential of -27 mV, and antibacterial activity inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus by 20 and 21 mm, respectively. The variation of the appropriate concentration ratio of Na alginate and CaCl2 greatly affects the uniform nanocapsules size and increases the antibacterial activity.

Nanoencapsulation of hydroxytyrosol in chitosan crosslinked with sodium bisulfate tandem ultrasonication: Techno-characterization, release and antiproliferative properties

This research includes production of chitosan nanocapsules through ionic gelation with sodium bisulfate for nanoencapsulation of hydroxytyrosol (HT) using ultrasonication in tandem. The resulting nanocapsules encapsulating HT were analyzed for particle size, ζ-potential, packaging characteristics, FESEM, ATR-FTIR, XRD, DSC, in vitro release, antioxidant potential and antiproliferative properties. The nanocapsules (size 119.50–365.21 nm) were spherical to irregular shaped with positive ζ-potential (17.50–18.09 mV). The encapsulation efficiency of 5 mg/g HT (HTS1) and 20 mg/g HT (HTS2) was 77.13% and 56.30%, respectively. The nanocapsules were amorphous in nature with 12.34% to 15.48% crystallinity and crystallite size between 20 nm and 27 nm. Formation of nanocapsules resulted in increasing the glass transition temperature. HTS2 delivered 67.12% HT (HTS1 58.89%) at the end of the simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The nanoencapsulated HT showed higher antioxidant and antiproliferative (against A549 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines) properties than the free HT.