Nanoporous Structure Research Articles

Self-doped N, P, O heteroatoms carbon nano-hollow-fiber derived aromatic bio-organic for advanced gravi-volumetric supercapacitors

Abstract The combination of heteroatoms self-doping and nano-hierarchical-pore structure is essential in improving the physicochemical performance of gravi-volumetric scale supercapacitors based on biomass-derived carbon. Herein, this study used aromatic bio-organic waste from nutmeg leaves (Myristica fragrans Houtt) as raw materials due to their abundant dopant and high-potential unique nano-pore structure. A series of novel treatments were carried out using KOH immersion approach and bi-atmospheric (in N2 and CO2) pyrolysis to ensure the presence of rich heteroatoms and a defined pore structure. The results showed that KOH ratio in bi-atmospheric pyrolysis played an important role in the production of self-dopant N, O, and P. In addition, significant morphological changes were observed after the production process. The optimized material prepared at a ratio of 500 mmol g−1 showed rich heteroatoms dopant with values of 19.53%, 15.81%, and 3.01% for N, P, and O, respectively. The surface transformation of the products showed a unique structure of nano-hollow-fiber with a size of 8–12 nm size and a well-matched micro-mesopores ratio (4:1). In the 2E-symmetric system, the working electrode exhibited a high gravimetric capacitance of 235 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and 210 F g−1 at 10 A g−1 (in H2SO4 electrolyte). The resulting energy output was relatively high at 32.64 Wh kg−1 with increased power density (218 W kg−1), coulombic efficiency (92.67%), and capacitance retention (89.78%). The findings also showed that the products obtained had a volumetric capacitance of 256.30 F cm−3 and volumetric energy of 35.00 Wh l−1. Based on these results, the selection of natural materials as well as the application of KOH immersion approach and bi-atmospheric pyrolysis produced natural self-doped N, O, P carbon nano-hollow-fiber for boosting the gravi-volumetric behavior of supercapacitors.

Electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis on bimetallic AuPd porous structures

In industry, production of ammonia mainly relies on the intensive Haber-Bosch process, but it consumes high energy with low efficiency and generates a large number of green-house gases. Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR), as an alternative method for fixing N2 under ambient conditions, provides a feasible strategy for sustainable development of N2 cycle storage and utilization of renewable energy. However, traditional nanocatalysts exhibit extremely poor ENRR performance due to low activity of the solid structure and intense hydrogen evolution reactions of single component. Herein, we design and prepare porous gold–palladium nanoalloys (pAuPdNs), which effectively enhance ENRR by the excellent catalytic activity of Au and the significant N2 fixation ability of Pd, as well as the nanoporous structure and synergistic effect between alloy components. The electrochemical results show the NH3 yield of the catalyst is as high as 43.6 μg·h−1·cm−2, and Faradaic efficiency reaches 43.8%, which are superior to the performances of most reported water-based ENRR electrocatalysts. Besides, the selectivity of 95% and stability also exhibit enhancement than numerous reported researches. As compared with solid alloy and porous Au or Pd structures, the superiority of pAuPdNs states the influence of alloying and porous structure. Hence pAuPdNs are proved to be the efficient, stable, and promising electrocatalysts for N2 reduction reaction at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure.

Nanoporous Heterojunction Photocatalysts with Engineered Interfacial Sites for Efficient Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation.

Photocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (PNRR) offers a promising strategy for sustainable production of ammonia (NH3). However, the reported photocatalysts suffer from low efficiency with great room to improve regarding the charge carrier utilization and active site engineering. Herein, a porous and chemically bonded heterojunction photocatalyst is developed for efficient PNRR to NH3 production via hybridization of two semiconducting metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), MIL-125-NH2 (MIL=Material Institute Lavoisier) and Co-HHTP (HHTP=2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytripehenylene). Experimental and theoretical results demonstrate the formation of Ti-O-Co chemical bonds at the interface, which not only serve as atomic pathway for S-scheme charge transfer, but also provide electron-deficient Co centers for improving N2 chemisorption/activation capability and restricting competitive hydrogen evolution. Moreover, the nanoporous structure allows the transportation of reactants to the interfacial active sites at heterojunction, enabling the efficient utilization of charge carriers. Consequently, the rationally designed MOF-based heterojunction exhibits remarkable PNRR performance with an NH3 production rate of 2.1 mmol g-1 h-1, an apparent quantum yield (AQY) value of 16.2% at 365 nm and a solar-to-chemical conversion (SCC) efficiency of 0.28%, superior to most reported PNRR photocatalysts. Our work provides new insights into the design principles of high-performance photocatalysts.

Multiple Heteroatom Doped Nanoporous Biocarbon for Supercapacitor and Zinc-ion Capacitor.

The use of nanoporous carbon for energy storage has seen a significant rise due to its exciting properties such as high surface area, hierarchical porosity and exceptional electrochemical properties. These unique advantages of exceptional surface and electrochemical properties of these porous carbon nanostructures can be coupled with the individual doping of heteroatoms such as S, N, O, and B for achieving high energy storage capacity and stability. Herein, we integrated the synthesis of carbon nitride (CN) and borocarbonitride (BCN) with solid state activation for introducing multiple heteroatoms (B, N, O, and S) onto the nanoporous carbon frameworks. The produced materials exhibit abundance of micro and mesoporosity, a high surface area of 2909 m2 g-1, and a pore volume of 0.87 cm3 g-1. Also, it offers an exceptional capacitance of 233.5 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 with 3 M KOH as electrolyte. Further, the optimised material was explored as cathode in zinc ion capacitor which delivers an energy and power density of 50.4 Wh kg-1 and 400 W kg-1 respectively in addition to high cyclability. Studies on the formation of the intermediate phases during charging/discharging of the cell through ex situ characterization result in some useful insights into the stability of ZIC.

Conducting Polymer-Based Gel Materials: Synthesis, Morphology, Thermal Properties, and Applications in Supercapacitors.

Despite the numerous ongoing research studies in the area of conducting polymer-based electrode materials for supercapacitors, the implementation has been inadequate for commercialization. Further understanding is required for the design and synthesis of suitable materials like conducting polymer-based gels as electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. Among the polymers, conductive polymer gels (CPGs) have generated great curiosity for their use as supercapacitors, owing to their attractive qualities like integrated 3D porous nanostructures, softness features, very good conductivity, greater pseudo capacitance, and environmental friendliness. In this review, we describe the current progress on the synthesis of CPGs for supercapacitor applications along with their morphological behaviors and thermal properties. We clearly explain the synthesis approaches and related phenomena, including electrochemical approaches for supercapacitors, especially their potential applications as supercapacitors based on these materials. Focus is also given to the recent advances of CPG-based electrodes for supercapacitors, and the electrochemical performances of CP-based promising composites with CNT, graphene oxides, and metal oxides is discussed. This review may provide an extensive reference for forthcoming insights into CPG-based supercapacitors for large-scale applications.

A “like-zwitterionic” forward osmosis membranes with electrostatic deposition of aluminosilicate nanotubes for resisting positively and negatively charged protein and oil contaminant

Membrane fouling has always been a huge obstacle to the development of membrane separation technology, including forward osmosis (FO) technology. In this work, polyamide (PA) thin-film composite (TFC) membranes were simply immersed in aluminosilicate nanotubes (ANTs) dispersions to obtain thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) FO membranes. With the help of the opposite surface charge of ANTs and PA layer, and the representative “peak-valley” structure of PA TFC membrane, ANTs are stably bound to the surface of TFC membrane by electrostatic adsorption and physical confinement. The TFN membrane has greatly enhanced hydration ability due to the rich hydrophilic hydroxyl groups of ANTs, “like-zwitterionic” surface composition and rough nanostructure morphology, resulting in good underwater superoleophobicity. Combined with the water transport channel formed by its nanoporous structure, the surface anti-protein adhesion and anti-oil–water emulsion adhesion can be achieved without affecting the water flux. It is worth noting that the surface potential of TFN membrane is close to neutral due to charge neutralization. This avoids the electrostatic interaction between the membrane surface and the contaminant, and further achieves a universal anti-fouling ability that is not affected by protein or emulsion charge, and the irreversible adsorption is close to zero. In addition, the rigid ANTs coating exhibits excellent stability and reusability under long-term use, and the water flux after cleaning can be restored to nearly 99.9%. In general, this method of using ANTs deposition to improve the antifouling performance of PA based TFC membrane is simple, efficient, stable, and easy scalable. This method is not only limited to FO membrane, but also can be extended to PA based reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes, which has great practical application potential.

A first principles study of the oxygen reduction reaction mechanism on porous Ag and Ag-TM nanostructure

Porous Ag has good electron conductivity and is one of the typical oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) catalysts. In order to investigate the mechanism of porous Ag for ORR, the relaxed structure and detailed partial density of states are determined using density-functional theory. Among multiple possible active sites, the overpotential of porous Ag is 0.50 V, which is better than that of Ag (111) at 0.62 V. After doping Pt and Pd, the overpotentials are 0.47 V and 0.49 V, respectively. Furthermore, the introduction of a transition metal has led to changes in the charge distribution on the catalyst surface, which has resulted in improved catalytic performance. By investigating the synergistic effects between doped transition metals and ORR intermediates, this can facilitate the development of catalysts with higher activity and better stability.

Facile synthesis and electrochemical performance of bacterial cellulose/reduced graphene oxide/NiCo-layered double hydroxide composite film for self-standing supercapacitor electrode

This study employs a cost-efficient method to create a pliable BC/rGO-NiCo-LDH electrode film on a bacterial cellulose base. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analyses verified the incorporation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and nickel–cobalt layered double hydroxide (NiCo-LDH) into the bacterial cellulose structure. The BC/rGO-NiCo-LDH composite material exhibited high-temperature stability and achieved a specific capacitance of 311 F g−1 at a scan rate of 0.1 mV/s, surpassing that of earlier cellulose electrodes. The electrode film showed exceptional mechanical capabilities, displaying flexibility and load resistance without any structural damage. The film’s flexibility and lightweight properties were improved due to the low density of 0.656 g cm−3, which is a result of the nanoporous structure and intrinsic low density of rGO and cellulose. A retention ratio of 0.40 for storage modulus at a glass transition temperature of around 90°C demonstrated positive mechanical performance. This cost-effective and uncomplicated synthesis approach produced a BC/rGO-NiCo-LDH electrode with potential. The material possessed favourable mechanical and electrochemical characteristics, making it suitable for wearable electronics.

Influence of inherent mineral matrix on the geochemical reactions and pore structure evolution from shale oxidative dissolution

Oxidant stimulation presents a promising avenue for enhancing fluid mobility in shale reservoirs with ultra-low permeability and porosity. However, the effect of diverse minerals, major components of shale, on geochemical reactions and associated microstructures still warrants further exploration. In this study, we employed acid demineralization followed by oxidant stimulation to explore the impact of carbonate and silicate minerals on shale oxidative dissolution, considering both geochemical reactions and pore structures. Combined with artificial neural network (ANN) modeling, the dominance of shale composition on pore structures variation was further elucidated. Results demonstrated effective removal of carbonate and silicates minerals following treatment with HCl and HF acids. Interestingly, while silicate minerals exhibited greater mass loss in response to all oxidant stimulations, carbonate minerals only contributed to mass loss induced by Na2S2O8. Integration of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, water chemistry and total organic content analysis revealed mineral- and oxidant-dependent geochemical reactions within the stimulation process. These included preferential dissolution of K-feldspar, dedolomitization accompanied by different precipitates, and transformation from quartz to albite, among other conventional reactions. The alteration in mineral and organic matter composition also induced variation in shale nanopores structures, resulting in increased specific surface area, nanopore volume, and average pore diameter induced by acid treatment, while the effects of oxidants varied. To better understand the relationship between shale composition and micropore structure, an ANN model was established to quantify this underlying connection, emphasizing the significant role of carbonate, chlorite, pyrite, and organic matter in shale oxidative dissolution. Our study provides further evidence for the influence of minerals on shale oxidative dissolution, offering insights for the engineering application of oxidant stimulation in shale gas extraction.

Enhancing Benzylamine Electro-oxidation and Hydrogen Evolution through in-situ Electrochemical Activation of CoC2O4 Nanoarray.

The sluggish anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) seriously restricts the overall efficiency of water splitting. Here, we present an environmentally friendly and efficient aniline oxidation (BOR) to replace the sluggish OER, accomplishing the co-production of H2 and high value-added benzonitrile (BN) at low voltages. Cobalt oxalates grown on cobalt foam (CoC2O4·2H2O/CF) are adopted as the pre-catalysts, which further evolve into working electrocatalysts active for BOR and HER after appropriate electrochemical activation. Thereinto, cyclic voltammetry activation at positive potentials is performed to reconstruct cobalt oxalate via extensive oxidation, resulting in enriched Co(III) species and nanoporous structures beneficial for BOR, while chronoamperometry at negative potentials is introduced for the cathodic activation toward efficient HER with obvious improvement. The two activated electrodes can be combined into a two-electrode system, which achieves a high current density of 75 mA cm-2 at the voltage of 1.95 V, with the high Faraday efficiencies of both BOR (90.0%) and HER (90.0%) and the satisfactory yield of BN (76.8%).

Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membranes: Waterproofing and Acoustic Performance for Air and Acoustic Vents in Electronics.

Advancements in electronic devices demand materials capable of exceptional performance in various challenging environments. This study presents polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nonwoven membranes with controlled porosity, created using an air-guided electrospinning method, followed by a calendaring process. These membranes exhibit a combination of water-repellent properties and sound transmission capabilities, making them ideal candidates for use in air and acoustic vents in electronic systems. A key feature of our membrane is the three-dimensional nanostructured pores, ranging from 0.20 to 0.76 μm, with a mean pore size of 0.51 μm, achieved through the formation of randomly arranged long nanofibers. By employing both experimental and theoretical methods, we achieved impressive performance metrics: air permeability of 0.86 cm3/cm2/s, water contact angles up to 139.3°, and breakthrough pressure as low as 0.27 MPa. Our PVDF nonwoven membranes maintain an optimal balance of stiffness, density, and air permeability, leading to exceptionally low sound transmission loss values ranging between -10 and -40 dBV/Pa, all while preserving their structural integrity. These findings contribute to the development of next-generation waterproof and acoustically permeable membranes, offering enhanced performance capabilities in demanding operational scenarios. This work advances the field of nanomaterials, environmental engineering, and acoustic technologies, with the potential to influence the design of future electronic devices.

Fabrication of self-N-doped porous biochar by synergistic pyrolysis activation for efficient tetracycline and CO2 adsorption

The development of green and economical adsorption materials with high pollutant adsorption performance is of great significance to meet environmental challenges. Herein, self N-doped porous carbon materials with excellent tetracycline and CO2 adsorption properties are successfully prepared by synergistic pyrolysis activation of corn stalk and Chlorella mixture. The addition of N-riched Chlorella significantly affects the nanopore and surface chemical structure of biochar, forming rich micro-mesopores, changing the intrinsic N doping form and surface oxygen-containing functional groups. An ultra-high tetracycline adsorption capacity of 1159.7 mg/g can be achieved by using the prepared KBC-3:1 as an adsorbent. A series of kinetic isothermal adsorption models, thermodynamic calculations, as well as comparative characterization analysis show that multiple adsorption mechanisms coexist. The pore filling of micro-mesopores (1.5–3 nm), π-π interactions of CC bonds, H bonding interactions of CO and the strong electrophilicity of pyrrolic N contribute to the excellent tetracycline adsorption performance of KBC-3:1. Furthermore, the material shows great resistance to cationic (K+, Mg2+, Cu2+) interference and excellent cycling performance. In addition, KBC-3:1 also exhibits excellent adsorption capacity for CO2, and the adsorption capacity of 5.21 mmol/g can be achieved at 273 K and 1 bar, which could be attributed to the synergistic activation effect leading to KBC-3:1 having the most abundant pyrrolic and pyridinic N species as well as the rich microporous structure. This work can provide guidance for the development of green and economical high performance carbon materials based on the intrinsic characteristics of biomass.

Effect of Etching Condition on Nanoporous Structure and Methyl Orange Decomposition of Fe-Si-B Metallic Glass

Effect of Etching Condition on Nanoporous Structure and Methyl Orange Decomposition of Fe-Si-B Metallic Glass

Unsupported Nanoporous Copper Catalyst for the Carboxylation of Terminal Alkynes with Carbon Dioxide

AbstractAn unsupported nanoporous copper catalyst (CuNPore) with highly bicontinuous nanostructure was prepared by a chemical dealloying method. Various characterization methods were used to investigate the structure and composition of CuNPore, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Active species of cuprous oxide were found on the surface of CuNPore catalyst. The nanoporous structure and the presence of Cu(I) enable CuNPore to catalyze the carboxylation reaction of terminal alkynes with CO2 under mild conditions. A wide range of terminal alkynes were tolerated to afford the alkynyl carboxylic acids in good to excellent yields. CuNPore catalyst can be easily recovered and recycled five times without any loss of activity.

Thermostable nanofiltration membranes enabling superior hot wastewater purification

Emerging nanofiltration (NF) separation technology for precision ionic/molecular separation at the nanoscale, which has the advantages of energy conservation, excellent separation and a small footprint, is promising for obtaining sustainable water resources via efficient water treatment and recycling. However, traditional NF membranes are restricted to applications at approximately room temperature because of the sharp deterioration in stability induced by the fragility of the nanopore structure at higher temperatures. Herein, we synthesized an unparalleled nanofiltration (NF) membrane with superior thermal stability up to 90 °C and finely tailored nanopores with 0.3–1.1 nm, via de novo carbon skeleton-mediated polymerization (CSMP). Molecular thermodynamics simulations and experiments demonstrated that C–C skeletons can manipulate the stability of the intrinsic structure and intermolecular gap size, contributing to exceptionally thermostable and well-tailored nanopores. The synthesized membrane exhibited excellent long-term water permeance and high rejection of (sub)nanoscale contaminant molecules at high temperatures, which is far superior to the performance of currently available NF membranes.

Porous nickel–cobalt phosphate with oxygen-rich vacancies in situ grown on dopamine-modified cellulose textiles as self-supporting high mass loadings supercapacitor electrode

Transition-metal phosphates/phosphides showcase significant promise for energy-related applications because of their high theoretical electrochemical characteristics. However, sluggish electro/ion transfer rates and kinetically unfavorable reaction sites hinder their application at high mass loading. Herein, a self-supporting electrode based on transition-metal phosphates was successfully fabricated via a one-step electrodeposition process. The nanosheet structure of transition-metal phosphates, formed by interconnecting nanoparticles, effectively mitigates the impact of stress and achieves a high mass-loading (21 mg cm−2) of the electrode. Additionally, the oxygen vacancy-rich and porous nanostructure of transition-metal phosphates endows the as-prepared electrodes with a significantly increased conductivity and fast ion migration rate for enhancing electrochemical kinetics. Consequently, the as-fabricated transition-metal phosphate electrode displays the highest areal specific capacity of 39.2F cm−2. Furthermore, the asymmetric supercapacitor achieves a maximum energy density of 0.79 mWh cm−2 and a high capacity retention of 93.0 % for 10000 cycles under 60 mA cm−2. This work provides an ideal strategy for fabricating flexible electrodes with high mass loading and synthesizing transition-metal phosphate electrodes rich in oxygen vacancies.

Nanoporous air filtering systems made from renewable sources: benefits and challenges.

There is a crucial need for air purification systems due to increasing air contamination, while conventional air-filtering materials face challenges in eliminating gaseous and particulate pollutants. This review examines the development and characteristics of nanoporous polymeric materials developed from renewable resources, which have rapidly advanced in recent years. These materials offer more sustainable alternatives for nanoporous structures made out of conventional polymers and significantly impact the properties of porous polymers. The review explores nanoporous materials' production from renewable sources, filtering mechanisms, physicochemical makeup, and sensing capabilities. The recent advancements in this field aim to enhance production techniques, lower pressure drop, and improve adsorption efficiency. Currently, supporting approaches include using adsorbent layers and binders to immobilize nanoporous materials. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of nanoporous materials obtained from renewable sources used for air purification are discussed.

Controllable synthesis of TiO2/graphene composites for human voice recognition in strain sensor.

Low-dimensional materials have demonstrated strong potential for use in diverse flexible strain sensors for wearable electronic device applications. However, the limited contact area in the sensing layer, caused by the low specific surface area of typical nanomaterials, hinders the pursuit of high-performance strain-sensor applications. Herein, we report an efficient method for synthesizing TiO2-based nanocomposite materials by directly using industrial raw materials with ultrahigh specific surface areas that can be used for strain sensors. A kinetic study of the self-seeded thermal hydrolysis sulfate process was conducted for the controllable synthesis of pure TiO2 and related TiO2/graphene composites. The hydrolysis readily modified the crystal form and morphology of the prepared TiO2 nanoparticles, and the prepared composite samples possessed a uniform nanoporous structure. Experiments demonstrated that the TiO2/graphene composite can be used in strain sensors with a maximum Gauge factor of 252. In addition, the TiO2/graphene composite-based strain sensor showed high stability by continuously operating over 1,000 loading cycles and aging tests over three months. It also shows that the fabricated strain sensors have the potential for human voice recognition by characterizing letters, words, and musical tones.

Improving interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of ODS-W/Cu joints via anodization treatment and spark plasma sintering

The bonding properties at the interface between the first wall oxide dispersion strengthened tungsten (ODS-W) and the heat sink copper (Cu) are vital for their application in future nuclear fusion reactors. However, the immiscibility and significant differences in the coefficient of thermal expansion between ODS-W and Cu pose considerable challenges for bonding these two materials. This study utilizes anodization and hydrogen reduction processes to form a nanoporous structure on the surface of ODS-W, thereby achieving effective bonding between ODS-W and Cu by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The effects of the anodization parameters on the surface characteristics of ODS-W, and the influence of the bonding temperature on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of the ODS-W/Cu joints were investigated. The results demonstrate that under an anodization condition of 50 V for 40 min, a nanoporous structure with an average pore size of about 90 nm can forms on the surfaces of ODS-W. This significantly increases the surface roughness, thereby enhancing the interfacial bonding of ODS-W with Cu during SPS. As the bonding temperature increases, the interfacial microstructure changes from linear to serrated shape, effectively suppressing crack propagation and forming a stronger mechanical interlock between ODS-W and Cu. This significantly enhances the mechanical properties of the joints. Typically, at a bonding temperature of 1000 °C, the tensile strength of the anodized ODS-W/Cu joints reaches 245.2 MPa, which is 157.9 % higher than that of directly bonded joints. Additionally, the tensile fracture primarily occurs within the Cu substrate, transitioning from brittle to ductile fracture modes.

Fabrication of arrayed V-shape micro-nano hierarchical structures for dew collection

Planer 2D nanopore arrays of porous anodic alumina can be unfolded to designed 3D arrayed micro-nano hierarchical structures by a programmed anisotropic electrochemical anodization, which consists of programed polymer masking and stepped anodization. Arrayed symmetrical and asymmetrical V-shape tiered micro grooves with nanotip-capped nanopore structures are respectively custom tailored to obtain high-efficiency dew collection. It is found that symmetrical V-shape tiered micro grooves with nanotip-capped nanopore structures show collection efficiency (36.176 ± 3.832 mg cm−2 h−1) twice as much as that of pure nanostructured surface, where the environment temperature is ∼18 °C, the relative humidity is ∼86 % and the sample temperature is ∼5 °C. Owning to the larger dew nucleation area, low solid-liquid adhesion and faster dew growth rate, the jumping micro-dews quickly gather and growth to big dews at the bottom of the V-shape tiers as the samples horizontally placed, which can easily fall off as turn the samples to vertical. Due to the simple equipment, low cost and large-area fabrication ability, these arrayed micro-nano hierarchical structures not only have potential to become high efficiency dew collector but also could be a platform for the controlled preparation of 3D complicated micro-nano structures of various materials with advanced functions.