Polyaniline Nano Research Articles

Valorization of polyurethane foam waste through the decoration with nano-polyaniline for dye decontamination from polluted water.

Two polyurethane polyaniline nanocomposites have been synthesized using two in situ polymerization routes of dried and wet bases to valorize the polyurethane waste. The physical and chemical properties of polyurethane-based nanocomposites were compared using SEM, XRD, FTIR, and Zeta potential. SEM images showed that the average particle size of the dried-based composite was 56 nm, while the wet-based composite had an average size of 75 nm. The separation efficiency for methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) dyes was evaluated against free polyurethane foam waste. It was evident that pure polyurethane (PPU) achieved only 4.79% and 16.71% removal for MB and CR, respectively. These dye decontamination efficiencies were enhanced after nano polyaniline decoration of polyurethane foam either through dried base polymerization (DPUP) or wet base polymerization (WPUP). WPUP composite records 11.23% and 85.99% for MB and CR removal, respectively, improved to 26.69% and 90.07% removal using DPUP composite for the respective dyes. The adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics were investigated. The experimental results revealed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model as the most accurately described kinetics model for both CR and MB adsorption. The Langmuir model provided the best fit for the data, with maximum adsorption capacities of 110.98 mg/g for CR and 26.86 mg/g for MB, with corresponding R-squared values of 0.9974 and 0.9608, respectively. Regeneration and reusability studies of PPU, WPUP, and DPUP showed effective reusability, with DPUP displaying the highest adsorption capacity. These results aid in creating eco-friendly and cost-efficient adsorbents for dye removal in environmental sanitation.

Distinguishable photocatalytic activity of nano polyaniline with quantum dots metal oxide as photocatalysts for photodegradation of Dianix blue dye and different industrial pollutants

Nanopolyaniline (PAN) polymers have recently been under active investigation as promising photocatalysts. In this work, a simple modified sol–gel method is used to make nano PAN polymers, and a chemical polymerization method is used to make nano polyaniline titanium dioxide quantum dots (PAN-TiQD) polymers as an active photocatalyst during the photodegradation of Dianix blue dye as an organic pollutant under xenon light. The traditional colloidal sol–gel method and the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method were used to make TiQD, which was then mixed with nanoPAN to make PAN-5 % TiQD (W/W) nanocomposites. Characterizations like XRD, FTIR, UV and visible diffuse reflectance spectra, TGA, surface area, EDX, and TEM were used to characterize the nanoPAN and PAN-TiQD that were made. Also, the photocatalytic activity of all synthesized polymers was investigated by the photodegradation process of Dianix blue dye as an organic hazardous pollutant in aqueous medium using a xenon photoreactor with an initial power of 75 W/Cm2. The effects of irradiation time and photocatalyst type on the photodegradation process efficiency of Dianix blue dye were examined. After 3 h of photodegradation processes, the photodegradation efficiency of PAN-TiQD reached 69 % compared to 36 % of nanoPAN due to the fact that it contains 5 % TiQD as a highly active catalyst, which reached 91 %. As an added value for this study, a significant contribution is the examination of eight hazardous industrial wastewater samples, which were assessed under direct sunlight and were in accordance with the KSA environmental permissible limit of 1000 ppm.Finally, the recycling processes in the presence of all synthesized catalysts were investigated and evaluated six times. The photodegradation rate of the recycling processes of Dianix blue dye was highly decreased in the presence of nano PAN than PAN-TiQD, while it had a low decreasing percentage in the case of TiQD. The recycling process using sunlight for industrial pollution samples was investigated at one of the KSA textile plants by using six synthetic catalysts and assessing COD and TOC values.

Hybrid Nano Supports of Nano Polyaniline, Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Nano Clay as Matrices for The Immobilization of β-Glucosidase, Fructosyltransferase and Carboxymethyl Cellulase

Hybrid Nano Supports of Nano Polyaniline, Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Nano Clay as Matrices for The Immobilization of β-Glucosidase, Fructosyltransferase and Carboxymethyl Cellulase

Investigation of Electrophoretic Deposition of PANI Nano fibers as a Manufacturing Technology for corrosion protection

In this study, the process of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of polyaniline (PANI) film was described kinetically via utilizing three models; Hamaker, Zhang, and Baldisseri for both quantitative and statistically employing the response surface method (RSM). Zeta potential and particle analyzer were used to determine the electrostatic force existing between particles of the suspension. Nevertheless, to demonstrate the parameters of EPD and its effects on the properties of the films deposited at a time interval of (180–600 s), in-depth research on the fundamentals of the kinetics of PANI-EPD is necessary. Erstwhile, researchers reported a cathodic reduction of the PANI during EPD simultaneously, entangling the process and control of kinetics. Consequently, in this work, low voltages were accustomed to avert an important PANI, reducing during the process of EPD, established via SEM, XRD, and FT-IR. Therefore, the kinetics of PANI-EPD was initiated as a function of voltage and time of deposition, followed by deposited films characterization microscopically. The results of the experiments indicated that it follows a linear deposition growth law, which agrees with the predictions of Hamaker's law. In comparison, the profilometry and optical absorbance provide an estimate of PANI deposition rate, density, and extinction coefficient. Baldisseri model was also shown to reproduce the data of the experiment among other kinetics of semi-empirical equations. Transition in the mechanism of deposition from linear mode to parabolic was also observed. This study shall help in comprehending the process of thermal degradation in-depth and also be a useful tool in anticipating thermal stability, which can also assist in bypassing unintended thermal degradation of polymeric products in various industries.

Fabrication, Characterization, and Gas Sensing Properties of CaMnO3 Doped Polyaniline Nano Composite Thin Films

Porous CaMnO3 doped polyaniline nano composite thin films were synthesized by the doping CaMnO3 by weight percentage (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) in aqueous solution of polyanline using chemical polymerization technique. The produced films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), d.c electrical conductivity, and dielectric constant measurements. The optical properties of all investigated films were studied, where the optical absorption of the prepared films decreases with increasing the amount of CaMnO3 in both VIS (500–700 nm) and UV (200–400 nm) regions. The increase in conductivity with increase in concentration of CaMnO3 has been observed in CaMnO3 doped polyaniline composites. The H2S gas was used to study the gas sensing behavior of investigated films.

Three-Dimensional Nano Polyaniline Modification Graphite Fiber as High-Capacity Electrode Material for Uranium (VI) Electrosorption

To improve the adsorption performance of graphite felt, aniline was directly polymerized on the surface of graphite felt by electrochemical method. The material test results showed that the electropolymerized polyaniline presented a three-dimensional nanofiber structure and the specific surface area of the electrode increased from 24.23 to 42.17 m2 g−1 after modification. The electrochemistry test results showed that the electrode had a large specific capacitance 144.6 F g−1 in 1 M NaCl at a sweep speed of 5 mV s−1. When pH = 4 and E = −0.9 V (vs SCE), the adsorption capacity of the electrode can reach 187.8 mg g−1. 94.6% adsorbed uranium can be eluted by 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. After 7 cycles, the performance loss was only 25%, which indicated that the electrode had a good regeneration performance. The uranyl ions combined with the amino and imino groups of polyaniline on the electrode surface, and were partially reduced to U (V), which greatly improved the adsorption capacity of electrode. All the results show that the electrode had exceptional potential applications in the extraction of U(VI) from aqueous solution, and it provides a feasible method for U(VI) environmental pollution cleanup in uranium mining and fuel processing.

Synthesis and characterization studies of polyaniline nano fibres

Synthesis and characterization studies of polyaniline nano fibres

Removal of E102 dye from aqueous solution by adsorption on the surface of polyaniline walnut husks nanocomposite.

Abstract Development of a new, cheap, efficient, and ecofriendly adsorbents become important demand for the treatment of waste water, so nano polyaniline walnut husks is considered a good choice. A sample of nanocomposite was prepared from polyaniline . The prepared sample was characterized using various characterization techniques such as FT-IR, SEM and XRD analysis. The SEM analysis of sample shows nanostructures with pore ranging (2-100nm(. The adsorptive properties of this sample were examined by eliminating E102 dye from aqueous solution. Amount Experimental methods were perform at room temperature (25⁰C) to study the different variables which affect the adsorption process like: nanocomposite amount, initial concentration of dye, and contact time. The experimental results at equilibrium were determined using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms and show best fitted with langmuir model which reveal that the adsorption of E102 dye by the nanocomposite is monolayer adsorption. Kinetics aspects was also investigated by evaluating parameters from pseudo- first and pseudo-second order reaction equations on adsorption rate which show good fitting with both kinetics equations, but pseudo-second order equation was the best to describe the kinetics parameters.

Investigation on zinc oxide nanoparticle incorporated polyaniline nano composites for solar cell applications

Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized through wet chemical method. Polyaniline was synthesized by oxidative polymerization of aniline using potassium perdisulphate as oxidizing agent. Polyaniline -Zinc oxide nanocomposites were prepared by five different percentages of zinc oxide nanoparticles mixed with synthesized polyaniline. The prepared metal oxide, polymer and Nano composites were characterized by UV–Vis, FT-IR, AFM and electrochemical studies. The FT-IR spectral studies indicated the presence of metal oxide and polymer in Nano composites. From the FT-IR spectra of Nano composites, the peak around 464 cm−1 indicated the bonding between Zn and O, the peak around 1573 cm−1 and 1503 cm−1 due to stretching vibrations of the quinonoid and benzenoid rings of polyaniline respectively. The surface morphology was characterized by AFM. The UV–Vis spectrum of polyaniline was observed five absorption bands around 230 nm, 258 nm, 299 nm, 457 nm and 632 nm. Among these five bands, the absorption band around 299 nm is assigned to the π–π* transition of the phenyl ring and another band at 632 nm is assigned to the polaron n–π* transition. The UV–vis spectral absorption intensity of Nano composites was increased as increasing of zinc oxide incorporation in polyaniline. Cyclic Voltammetric studies exhibit good sensitivity response at pH 1.0. Chronoamperometric and Chronocoulometric studies were also carried out for polymer–metal oxide nanocomposites. The present study especially aims to investigate PAni-ZnO Nano composites in order to obtain a new noble material which can be utilized for solar cell applications.

Fabrication and characterization of surface modified HMX@PANI core-shell composites with enhanced thermal properties and desensitization via in situ polymerization

To reduce the sensitivities and improve the thermal properties of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), a compact polyaniline (PANI) coating composites were fabricated via in situ polymerization on the surfaces of HMX modified with (3-Aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTES) in this study. In-depth characterizations of the core–shell composites including FESEM, AFM, XPS, Raman spectra, XRD, HPLC, DSC and sensitivities test confirmed the successful PANI coating and the effective explosion performance optimization. The results indicated that the nano PANI were compactly coated on the surfaces of HMX crystals with low contents, and the APTES modification was vital to the coating of PANI which could increase -NH2 groups on the surfaces of HMX and form in situ points for polymerization. The chemical structures and polymorphs of the energetic crystal didn’t change during coating, and the PANI shell can stabilize the polymorphs and enhance the thermal decomposition of HMX. Furthermore, the sensitivities of core-shell composites reduced significantly by comparing with pure explosive, attributing to the buffering and isolation effect, and good conductivity of PANI shell.

Spectral and thermal studies on polyaniline–titanium dioxide nanocomposites by inverted emulsion techniques

Inverted emulsion polymerization technique using benzoyl peroxide, as an initiator, was used to prepare conducting polyaniline (PANI)/nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) composites. Polyaniline ratio was varied between 10 and 90% based on the yield percentage. The prepared nanocomposites were analyzed further by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and four probe conductivity. The FTIR spectrum of pure PANI and its composites with nano-TiO2 shows the vibrational bands due to benzenoid, quinoid ring stretching etc. Conductivity of pure polyaniline was observed to be 1.6 S cm−1 and upon the addition of nano-TiO2 the conductivity decreases. X-ray diffraction of PANI–nano TiO2 composites reveals that the crystalline nature of TiO2 is retained. TGA thermogram of nanocomposites monitored the thermal stability of pure PANI which improved by the addition of TiO2 in different ratios. SEM image reveal that nano-TiO2 particles are uniformly distributed in the PANI matrix.

Twisted Polyaniline Nanobelts @ rGO for Room Temperature NO2 Sensing

Abstract The emergence of detecting harmful gases is a major worldwide challenge due to concerns of selectivity, sensitivity, ease of operation and low cost. In this paper twisted Polyaniline nano belts (TPNB) was prepared using soft template in-situ polymerization route and TPNB@rGO was obtained by physical solution mixing. The morphology and structural analysis were investigated. The unique TPNB nanostructure forming a composite with rGO (TPNB@rGO) exhibiting a p-type heterojunction, witnesses enhanced NO2 sensing behaviour ultimate fast response 12 s and recovery time 14 s, high sensitivity, good reproducibility and unique TPNB nanostructure at room temperature (RT). The current study resulting in a novel hetero structure proves to be a superior RT flexible gas sensor.

Synthesis and Characteristics of Polyaniline (PANI) Filled by Graphene (PANI/GR) nano-Films

In this research polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by using chemical oxidative polymerization method. The structural properties of polyaniline nano films pure and filled by graphene (GR) at different weight percentage of graphene like (1%, 3% and 5%) were investigated. The nano films prepared by using spin coating technique and deposited on glass substrate at room temperature. The structural and surface morphology of the nano films are evaluated by FT-IR, XRD and AFM. The results showed that FT-IR spectra of pure PANI is similar to tha spectra of PANI/GR composites, While the results of XRD singular that the PANI has amorphous nature, As well as the results of AFM for all nano films of pure PANI and filled by graphene(PANI/GR) composites showed that Roughness average (Ra), Root mean square (Rms) value and average grain size (G.S) increase with increasing addition of GR ratio.

Linear /nonlinear optical susceptibility spectroscopic constants of polyaniline@graphene oxide nanocomposite thin films

Graphene based conducting polymer composites are emerging contenders for newer optoelectronics devices like solar cells and linear / nonlinear optical devices. Beside these advanced applications, characterization approaches to analyze their liner/nonlinear optical constants, surface chemical state and structural analysis in thin film states are much needed. Herein, we reported a facile approach for the fabrication of graphene oxide (GO) and polyaniline (PANI) nano composites (PANI/GO) thin films using spin coating. Thereafter, the liner/nonlinear optical constants including first and third order nonlinear optical susceptibility were calculated using UV–vis (UV–vis) near infra-red absorption spectroscopic technique which will be an alternative to Z-scan approach and is poorly explored till now for such composites. Moreover, the increase or decrease in elemental bonding or interactions between CC, CO, COC, CN and percentage occurrence of COH, OCO, –NH2, –N+H=, and –N+H2– functionalities in PANI/GO composites were concisely explored using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Addition to proving the amorphous nature of PANI/GO composites in their X-ray diffraction studies, an increase in intensity of GO peak was explored due to an increase in elemental interactions among the GO and PANI. The reduction in band gap (3.27 to 2.66 eV) and diameter of Sp2 carbon (19.62 to 15.96 nm) of PANI/GO thin films was observed with an increase in the GO concentration. The first order nonlinear optical susceptibility (X (1)) is influenced by π-π* and n- π* interaction. The third order nonlinear optical susceptibility (X (3)) was found in the range of 10−10 to 10-7 esu which can be further, optimized by changing the ratio of GO and PANI.

Spectroscopic signature of branched polyaniline nanotubules decorated with nanospheres as an adsorbent for chromium

Branched Polyaniline tubules decorated with nano polyaniline structures (PANI) were obtained by self-assembly during slow polymerization in strongly acidic conditions at 5 °C. The surface area of PANI was found to be 37.6716 m²/g with a pore size of 149.6430 Å corresponding to a maximum pore volume of 0.08255 cm³/g. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated a three step weight loss attributed to loss of water, chloride and degradation of PANI. The potential of PANI in the acid doped form was investigated for Cr6+ ion removal. The effects of operating parameters including pH, contact time and Cr6+ concentration were examined by batch adsorption experiments. Optimum adsorption occurred at pH 5 with Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity Qmax of 182 mg/g. The adsorption process was diffusion controlled and was governed by pseudo second-order kinetics. The adsorption data were well fitted with Freundlich, Halsey and Elovich isotherm models indicating interactive and multilayer nature of the adsorption process. The applicability of PANI for removal of chromium from plating effluent was demonstrated.

Removal of brilliant blue pollution from the environment using nano polyaniline hazelnut skin composite and evaluation of effective parameters

The entrance of household wastewater to rivers has not only brought about numerous environmental problems, which have resulted in a huge problem in the society, but also led to undesirable mental and psychological effects in the society. The removal of dye from these wastewaters before entrance to rivers is of great importance. In this research, it was discovered that by depositing a layer of polyaniline-based conductive nano polymer on hazelnut skin, a nano composite was produced which helps in removing brilliant blue (BB) dye from aqueous environments. The aim of this study was to deposit a layer of polyaniline nano polymer on the surface of hazelnut skin and produce polyaniline/hazelnut skin (Pan/Hz) composite through chemical polymerization of aniline in aqueous environments and adsorption of BB dye from aqueous environments. In this stage, polyaniline was synthesized using ammonium persulfate. In order to find the optimal conditions for the removal of the dye, the effect of a number of important parameters such as pH, contact time, initial concentration of the dye, and temperature was examined. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used for adsorption studies. Furthermore, thermodynamic and kinetic studies were also conducted. This dye has the greatest adsorption at pH 2 and by optimizing other mentioned parameters, the best state has been presented for maximum adsorption. Thermodynamic studies indicate that the adsorption has been spontaneous, endothermic, and chemical, following the second order kinetics. The introduced adsorbent is a very effective one for the adsorption of BB and by using a layer of conductive nano polymer on hazelnut skin, it is possible to absorb BB dye from aqueous environments with a very high percentage.

Heterogeneous in situ polymerization of polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers on cotton textiles: Improved electrical conductivity, electrical switching, and tuning properties

Electrically conductive cotton fabric was fabricated by in situ one pot oxidative polymerization of aniline. Using a simple heterogeneous polymerization method, polyaniline (PANI) nano fibers with an average fiber diameter of 40–75 nm were grafted in situ onto cotton fabric. The electrical conductivity of the PANI nanofiber grafted fabric was improved 10 fold compared to fabric grafted with PANI nanoclusters having an average cluster size of 145–315 nm. The surface morphology of the cotton fibers was characterized using SEM and AFM. Electrical conductivity of PANI nanofibers on the cotton textile was further improved from 76 kΏ/cm to 1 kΏ/cm by increasing the HCl concentration from 1 M to 3 M in the polymerization medium. PANI grafted cotton fabrics were analyzed using FTIR, and the data showed the presence of polyaniline functional groups on the treated fabric. Further evidence was present for the chemical interaction of PANI with cellulose. Dopant level and morphology dependent electron transition behavior of PANI nanostructures grafted on cotton fabric was further characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy. The electrical conductivity of the PANI nano fiber grafted cotton fabric can be tuned by immersing the fabric in pH 2 and pH 6 solutions for multiple cycles.

English

Nanopolyaniline (NPA) has been synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline and characterized using Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultra-violet visible techniques. XRD patterns confirm that NPA has crystallite size of 37 nm with monoclinic structure and UV-visible spectra indicate its band gap energy is 1.96 electron volts. Photocatalytic efficiency of as-synthesized NPA was studied using degradation of phenol as a probe. Effects of photocatalyst load, pH and phenol initial concentration on the degradation of phenol were investigated. Using phenol initial concentration (50 mg L-1) and optimum photocatalyst load (200 mgL-1) and pH 10, degradation of phenol at 3 h was 93.5%. Degradation of phenol follows first order kinetics with rate constant (k) 1.62×10-2 min-1. Key words: Degradation, photocatalytic efficiency, polyaniline, phenol, X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets for high-performance liquid as well as solid state supercapacitor cells

Nitrogen doped carbon nanosheets (NCNS), were synthesized by carbonizing polyaniline nano sheets. Findings suggest that NCNS prepared at 400 °C constitute a high performance supercapacitor with solid as well as liquid electrolytes.

Incorporation of polyaniline nanofibres on graphene oxide by interfacial polymerization pathway for supercapacitor

The aim of this work is to improve the supercapacitor performance of polyaniline (PANI). Polyaniline nano fibres are incorporated into graphene oxide (GO) layers by interfacial polymerization pathway, wherein PANI fibres are intercalated into GO layers and also cover the GO. PANI–GO hybrid composite is obtained in semi-crystalline form with good conductivity (1.7 S cm−1). The specific capacitance for PANI–GO (365 F g−1) is found to be higher than PANI (280 F g−1). At the energy density of 15 W h kg−1, the power density of PANI–GO (632 W kg−1) is higher than PANI (283 W kg−1).