Lipid Nanocarriers Research Articles

Overcoming brain barriers through surface-functionalized liposomes for glioblastoma therapy; current status, challenges and future perspective.

Glioblastoma (GB) originating from astrocytes is considered a grade IV astrocytoma tumor with severe consequences. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) offers a major obstacle in drug delivery to the brain to overcome GB. The current treatment options possess limited efficacy and maximal systemic toxic effects in GB therapy. Emerging techniques such as targeted drug delivery offer significant advantages, including enhanced drug delivery to the tumor site by overcoming the BBB. This review article focuses on the status of surface-modified lipid nanocarriers with functional ligands to efficiently traverse the BBB and improve brain targeting for successful GB treatment. The difficulties with surface-functionalized liposomes and potential future directions for opening up novel treatment options for GB are highlighted.

QbD-driven RP-HPLC method for novel chemo-herbal combination, in-silico, force degradation studies, and characterization of dual drug-loaded polymeric and lipidic nanocarriers

BackgroundIn cancer therapies, chemo-herbal combinations are receiving increased attention. A multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor, lenvatinib (LTB) is beneficial in treating thyroid, lung, endometrial, and liver cancers. An isoflavone called biochanin A (BCA) is well known for its diverse biological properties that have been studied to potentiate the anti-cancer potential and lower the normal cell toxicities of other therapeutics. LTB and BCA can be combined for cancer treatment and may increase their therapeutic potential at lower doses. In brief, the quality by design (QbD)-driven RP-HPLC method was developed, validated, and utilized for applications employing the study of forced degradants and the successful development of LTB and BCA co-loaded nanocarriers.ResultsThe RP-HPLC method employed Box–Behnken design with peak resolution 6.70 ± 0.006, tailing factor 1.06 ± 0.05 for BCA and 1.17 ± 0.021 for LTB, and theoretical plates number > 2000. RP-HPLC applications utilized the investigation of a total of 41.17% and 70.58% degradants for LTB and BCA in contrast to in-silico predicted studies using Zeneth software. The poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) were formed with particle size 185.3 ± 12.3 nm, zeta potential − 13.3 ± 0.35 mV, and percentage entrapment efficiency (%EE) for the LTB and BCA 53.64 ± 4.81% and 61.29 ± 4.67%, respectively. However, the developed Cubosomes (CBs) exhibited 182.4 ± 16.3 nm aerodynamic particle size, − 10.8 ± 0.39 mV zeta potential, and % EE for LTB and BCA 55.62 ± 7.73% and 72.88 ± 5.52%, respectively. The percentage drug loading (%DL) of LTB and BCA from PLGA NPs was found to be 3.7 ± 0.46% and 4.63 ± 0.48%, whereas CBs exhibited higher % DL for BCA (5.42 ± 1.10%) and LTB (4.43 ± 0.77%).ConclusionThe RP-HPLC method was developed and validated according to ICH and USP guidelines. In-vitro and in-silico forced degradation studies are evident to quantify the type of degradant and its exact mechanism of degradation. In-silico toxicity assessment for LTB, BCA, and their degradants explains the necessity of conducting degradation studies during drug development. Finally, the applications of the developed RP-HPLC method explain the usefulness of analytical methods in the development of chemo-herbal drug nanocarriers (polymeric and lipidic).Graphical abstract

Effect of the Protein Corona Formation on Antibody Functionalized Liquid Lipid Nanocarriers

The main aim of this study is to report basic knowledge on how a protein corona (PC) could affect or modify the way in which multifunctionalized nanoparticles interact with cells. With this purpose, we have firstly optimized the development of a target-specific nanocarrier by coupling a specific fluorescent antibody on the surface of functionalized lipid liquid nanocapsules (LLNCs). Thus, an anti-HER2-FITC antibody (αHER2) has been used, HER2 being a surface receptor that is overexpressed in several tumor cells. Subsequently, the in vitro formation of a PC has been developed using fetal bovine serum supplemented with human fibrinogen. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Laser Doppler Electrophoresis (LDE), and Gel Chromatography techniques have been used to assure a complete physico-chemical characterization of the nano-complexes with (LLNCs-αHER2-PC) and without (LLNCs-αHER2) the surrounding PC. In addition, cellular assays were performed to study the cellular uptake and the specific cellular-nanocarrier interactions using the SKBR3 (high expression of HER2) breast cancer cell line and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) (healthy cell line without expression of HER2 receptors as control), showing that the SKBR3 cell line had a higher transport rate (50-fold) than HDFa at 60 min with LLNCs-αHER2. Moreover, the SKBR3 cell line incubated with LLNCs-αHER2-PC suffered a significant reduction (40%) in the uptake. These results suggest that the formation of a PC onto LLNCs does not prevent specific cell targeting, although it does have an important influence on cell uptake.

Quality by design (QbD) commended exploration of bosutinib loaded lipid nanocarriers for food effect attenuation and bioavailability enhancement in breast cancer

Bosutinib (BOS), a BCS class IV drug suffers from poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability along with significant food effect. Lipid nanocarriers (LNC) have the potential to circumvent bioavailability related issues associated with hydrophobic moieties. In this endeavor, we explore the potential of novel lipid nanocarriers to circumvent the bioavailability pitfalls, while minimizing food effect and pharmacokinetic variability. Quality by design and multi-variate analysis was adopted for the optimization of various process parameters during nanoparticle fabrication. The optimized particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were found to be 131.7 nm, 0.105 and −9.29 mV respectively. Ex vivo studies revealed improved intestinal permeation of LNC. Enhancements in cytotoxicity, ROS generation and apoptosis were observed against MCF-7 cells that could be attributed to elevated intracellular drug accumulation using LNC. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed a 2.6-fold increase in the bioavailability of BOS during fasted state and a 1.36-fold increase during fed state when BOS was administered via LNC, indicating superior oral bioavailability. Cmax fast/fed was found to be 0.94 while, AUC fast/fed was 0.9258 which was close to 1, indicating attenuation of the food effect by BOS LNC. Therefore, LNCs can serve as promising delivery carriers for attenuation of food effect during breast cancer therapy.

Formulation of chitosan based lipid polymer hybrid nanocarrier system for oral delivery of tamoxifen citrate: Toxicological and hemocompatibility evaluation

The objective of the current work was to develop chitosan based lipid nanocarriers for the oral controlled release of tamoxifen citrate (TC). The ionic gelation method was used to develop various formulations with altered ratios of polymer, lipid, and emulsifier. The developed lipid hybrid nanoparticles (LHNPs) were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, SEM, DSC, FTIR, PXRD, in vitro release studies, stability studies, kinetic modeling, toxicity studies, and hemocompatibility assay. Particle size and entrapment efficiency of the developed formulations varied between 138.2 ± 4.2 nm to 281.8 ± 63.1 nm and 70.94 ± 0.29 % to 82.23 ± 0.02 %, respectively. The polydispersity index and zeta potential ranged from 0.199 ± 0.03 to 0.555 ± 0.01 and 17.9 ± 0.62 to 32.3 ± 0.36, respectively. Nano-sized, spherical in shape surfaces of developed particles were depicted by SEM. While removal of TC melting endotherm revealed by DSC analysis, suggested good thermal stability of LHNPs. FTIR verified that the components of the formulation do not interact chemically. PXRD depicted that the developed formulation has been successfully amorphized. In vitro release study revealed drug release, an initial burst drug release followed by the controlled release up to 72 h. Kinetic modeling exposed that all developed formulations showed a non-Fickian diffusion profile and were best fitted into Higuchi's square root and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. Toxicity investigations on female albino rabbits provided evidence for the compatibility and non-toxicity of developed particles with biological systems. Hemocompatibility assay showed that the developed system is compatible with blood and nontoxic. These investigations demonstrate the potential of developed LHNPs as a vehicle, aimed at controlled oral delivery of TC for better therapeutic applications in breast cancer.

Recent Advances in Lipid Nano-Carrier Systems for the Management of Inflammatory Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

Background: In the past two decades, extensive research has focused on lipid nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery to treat various diseases. Among these, inflammatory conditions pose a formidable challenge in modern healthcare, encompassing a diverse spectrum from autoimmune disorders to chronic inflammation. Effective therapeutic interventions necessitate the development of targeted and efficient delivery systems to address the complexities associated with drug administration. Purpose: This review highlights different approaches of lipid-based nanocarriers to target various inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It focuses on the advancements made in Lipid Nano-Carriers (LNC) with a special emphasis on their inherent safety, lower stability costs, and enhanced encapsulation efficiency. Methods: Recent literature has been surveyed from PUBMED, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, etc., like search engines, for summarising detailed ongoing developments in the field of lipid nanocarriers for inflammatory diseases, which could prove to be a novel carrier for efficient drug delivery with special emphasis on surface modifications, formulations, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy. Conclusion: This review emphasizes recent researches in the field of lipid-based nano formulations for managing inflammatory disease, as well as extensive discussion on their limitations and future prospective.

Antibacterial photodynamic inactivation with elicited Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees plant extract derived carbonaceous nanoparticle

BackgroundConversion of phytoproducts into nanoparticles for antimicrobial intervention is common but employing elicitation to the plant to achieve dual and more potent chemical and photodynamic effects is seldom researched or achieved. PurposeAntimicrobial photodynamic inactivation using nanotized plant extracts of Andrographis paniculata in the form of a carbonaceous nanoparticle is established here through the fabrication of a Carbon Dot (CD). Study designLeaves extracts of Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) elicited plants are transformed to CD to induce unique photophysical properties without any surface modification and passivation to achieve the enhanced antimicrobial activity. MethodsCD with diameter ∼ 20 nm synthesized through hydrothermal pyrolysis of elicited A. paniculata leaf extracts. The nanoscale dimensions and photophysical characteristics of the CD were confirmed by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis), Fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterizations. Antibacterial activity in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated to determine the combined effect of the dark activity and visible light-induced photosensitization. ResultsSecondary metabolites are elicited by microbial inoculation to form nanotized phytoproducts in the present study, which does not rely on any polymeric or lipidic nanocarriers. In vitro, studies showed that the antibacterial effects of CDs against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) under the irradiation of visible light depend on the bioactive components, their concentrations, and duration of light irradiation. The CD itself sustainably acts as a photo-antibiotic as well as produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). ConclusionThis study showed that PGPR elicited leaf extracts of A. paniculata-derived CDs used as antibiotic therapy, due to its effectiveness in eliminating synthetic drug-resistant microbes through reactive oxygen species (ROS) via photodynamic inactivation. In comparison to the unelicited phyto substrate, it served as a more effective option for “Natural-Antibiotic-Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy” (APDT) applications.

Delineating effect of headgroup and preparation method on transfection versus toxicity of DNA-loaded lipid nanocarriers.

Aim: To perform a parallel comparison of key parameters affecting the safety and efficiency of lipid-based nanovectors (i.e., complexing headgroups, composition and preparation method). Materials & methods: Various cationic and ionizable headgroups were screened for formulating lipoplexes with GFP-plasmid DNA. Ethanol injection and microfluidics were used to prepare nanoparticles with GFP-plasmid DNA complexed on the surface or within the interior of lipid bilayers. Results: Lipoplexes composed of sphingomyelin 102 exhibited the highest transfection efficiency given their higher cellular uptake in BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells. Lipid nanoparticlesdemonstrated acceptable transfection efficiency and high spheroid penetration while protecting plasmid DNA under simulated physiological conditions. Conclusion: Selecting the right complexing lipid and preparation method is critical for developing lipid nanocarriers to treat intractable diseases.

Combinatorial Chemosensitive Nanomedicine Approach for the Treatment of Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer and ranks second among cancer that leads to death. From becoming the foremost reason for global concern, this multifactorial disease is being treated by conventional chemotherapies that are associated with severe side effects, with chemoresistance being the ruling reason. Exemestane, an aromatase inhibitor that has been approved by the US FDA for the treatment of breast cancer in post-menopausal women, acts by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, in turn, inhibiting the production of estrogen. However, the clinical application of exemestane remains limited due to its poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. Furthermore, the treatment regimen of exemestane often leads to thinning of bone mineral density. Thymoquinone, a natural compound derived from the oil of the seeds of Nigella sativa Linn, possesses the dual property of being a chemosensitizer and chemotherapeutic agent. In addition, it has been found to exhibit potent bone protection properties, as evidenced by several studies. To mitigate the limitations associated with exemestane and to deliver to the cancerous cells overcoming chemoresistance, the present hypothesis has been put forth, wherein a natural chemosensitizer and chemotherapeutic agent thymoquinone will be incorporated into a lipid nanocarrier along with exemestane for combinatorial delivery to cancer cells. Additionally, thymoquinone being bone protecting will help in ousting the untoward effect of exemestane at the same time delivering it to the required malignant cells, safeguarding the healthy cells, reducing the offsite toxicity, and providing potent synergistic action.

Date Palm Extract (Phoenix dactylifera) Encapsulated into Palm Oil Nanolipid Carrier for Prospective Antibacterial Influence

It is worthwhile to note that using natural products today has shown to be an effective strategy for attaining the therapeutic goal with the highest impact and the fewest drawbacks. In Saudi Arabia, date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is considered the principal fruit owing to its abundance and incredible nutritional benefits in fighting various diseases. The main objective of the study is to exploit the natural products as well as the nanotechnology approach to obtain great benefits in managing disorders. The present investigation focused on using the powder form of date palm extract (DPE) of Khalas cultivar and incorporates it into a nanolipid formulation such as a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) prepared with palm oil. Using the quality by design (QbD) methodology, the most optimized formula was chosen based on the number of assigned parameters. For more appropriate topical application, the optimized DP-NLC was combined with a pre-formulated hydrogel base forming the DP-NLC-hydrogel. The developed DP-NLC-hydrogel was evaluated for various physical properties including pH, viscosity, spreadability, and extrudability. Additionally, the in vitro release of the formulation as well as its stability upon storage under two different conditions of room temperature and refrigerator were investigated. Eventually, different bacterial strains were utilized to test the antibacterial efficacy of the developed formulation. The optimized DP-NLC showed proper particle size (266.9 nm) and in vitro release 77.9%. The prepared DP-NLC-hydrogel showed acceptable physical properties for topical formulation, mainly, pH 6.05, viscosity 9410 cP, spreadability 57.6 mm, extrudability 84.5 (g/cm2), and in vitro release 42.4%. Following three months storage under two distinct conditions, the formula exhibited good stability. Finally, the antibacterial activity of the developed DP-NLC-hydrogel was evaluated and proved to be efficient against various bacterial strains.

Curcumin-infused nanostructured lipid carriers: a promising strategy for enhancing skin regeneration and combating microbial infection

BackgroundCurcumin is a biomolecule that can be extracted from the Curcuma longa that has been shown to have the potential to aid skin wound healing. It has been studied for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may help to reduce swelling and promote tissue repair. However, curcumin has low solubility in water, which can limit its absorption and bioavailability. Encapsulating it in lipid nanoparticles may help to increase its absorption, leading to improved bioavailability.MethodsCurcumin-loaded nanostructure lipid nanocarriers (CURC-NLCs) were prepared and characterized. Also, the phenolic, flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were investigated. Furthermore, in vivo rabbit animal model was used to test its regenerative capacity and wound-healing efficiency.ResultsThe CURC-NLCs significantly increased the content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds compared to curcumin, resulting in a dramatic increase in antioxidant activity. CURC-NLCs also showed a potent inhibitory effect on Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungi, two times higher than curcumin. CURC-NLCs showed a higher potential to fasten the wound healing of full-thickness skin injuries as it resulted in 1.15- and 1.9-fold higher wound closure at the first week of injury compared to curcumin and control, respectively (p < 0.0001).ConclusionThese results suggest that CURC-NLCs have an excellent potential to promote skin regeneration, which could be attributed to its antioxidant and broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect.

Exploring the potential of transethosomes in therapeutic delivery: A comprehensive review

AbstractThe growing need for innovative drug delivery systems has led to extensive research to address the limitations associated with conventional dosage forms. Lipid nanoparticles have become prominent as frontline nanocarriers for the delivery of drugs and vaccine formulations. However, the pursuit of new materials and modifications to improve lipid nanocarrier properties remains ongoing. In this context, transethosomes have gained attention as a promising solution, offering distinct advantages over traditional formulations. Transethosomes minimize plasma fluctuations, first‐pass metabolism, organ toxicity, and poor bioavailability. This comprehensive review provides an in‐depth exploration of transethosomes, starting with an overview of the impact of formulation components on their properties and effective targeting. This article delves into the production techniques and evaluation properties employed to ensure efficient drug delivery. A significant contribution of this review lies in the analysis of various routes of administration for transethosomes, including transdermal, transvaginal, pulmonary, and ocular delivery, showcasing the versatility of transethosome‐loaded with drugs and their potential to target specific tissues to achieve controlled release. Furthermore, the potential of functionalization and photodynamic therapy approaches to enhance drug delivery efficacy are explored. Overall, this review emphasizes the significant potentiality of transethosomes as a promising drug delivery system addressing the challenges associated with conventional drug delivery approaches.

Lipid Nanocarriers as an Alternative for the Delivery of Bioactive Compounds Beneficial to Health

Abstract: Bioactive compounds derived from food or plants have become a natural source with the potential for producing functional, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical foods due to their biological functions and beneficial health effects. However, to perform such physiological processes, these compounds need to be absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Among the existing technologies, nanoencapsulation increases physical stability, protection, and the contact surface, facilitating the solubility and bioavailability of such compounds. In this type of encapsulation, lipid nanocarriers are promising carriers due to their lipid structure and containing hydrophilic surfactant, capable of facilitating the intestinal absorption of active compounds. However, in food or drugs, one of the significant challenges for applying bioactive compounds on a nanoscale is the lack of in vivo studies that establish safety limits for cytotoxicity. This review covered recent studies on the encapsulation of natural bioactive compounds in different types of lipid nanocarriers. In addition to methods for obtaining and characterizing nanocarriers, bioactivities with beneficial potential for human health, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective, are mentioned. The manuscript deals with the bioaccessibility of active compounds, new perspectives, and challenges for applying lipid nanocarriers.

Efflux Pump and Biofilm Inhibitory Activity of Nanoparticles in Acinetobacter Baumannii: a Systematic Review.

Acinetobacter baumannii produce biofilm and efflux pumps. This systematic review study aimed to provide new strategies to inhibit the efflux pumps and biofilm in A. baumannii using nanoparticles. In this research, analyses from 2000 to February 24, 2022, were performed by the Statement of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA). Keywords include Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) AND (biofilm) AND (anti-biofilm activity) AND (nanoparticles) AND (solid lipid NPS) AND (lipid nanocarriers), and in other searches include Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumanni) AND (efflux pumps) AND (nanoparticles) AND (solid lipid NPS) AND (lipid nanocarriers). Searches were conducted in English databases, including Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, and Cochrane. At first, 136 studies were extracted, but after removing duplicates, 116 cases remained for further analysis. After evaluating the title and abstract of each study, 95 unrelated studies were excluded. The remaining 25 studies were reviewed based on full texts. Considering the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 19 studies were selected. In this study, metal nanoparticles were the most used nanoparticles for anti-biofilm and efflux pump purposes, and among these nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) contributed the most. The present study shows that nanoparticles have potential and significant effects in inhibiting biofilm and efflux pumps in A. baumannii isolates, which researchers can consider in light of the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance.

QbD-driven development of phospholipid-embedded lipidic nanocarriers of raloxifene: extensive in vitro and in vivo evaluation studies.

Raloxifene (RLX) is popularly indicated in treatment of osteoporosis and prevention of breast cancer. Owing to its poor aqueous solubility, high pre-systemic metabolism, intestinal glucuronidation, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux, however, it demonstrates low (< 2%) and inconsistent oral bioavailability. The current work, Quality by Design (QbD)-driven development of phospholipid-embedded nanostructured lipidic carriers (NLCs) of RLX, accordingly, was undertaken to potentiate its lymphatic uptake, augment oral bioavailability, and possibly reduce drug dosage. Factor screening and failure mode effect analysis (FMEA) studies were performed to delineate high-risk factors using solid lipid (glyceryl monostearate), liquid lipid (vitamin E), and surfactant (Tween 80). Response surface optimization studies were performed employing the Box-Behnken design. Mathematical and graphical methods were adopted to embark upon the selection of optimized NLCs with various critical quality attributes (CQAs) of mean particle size as 186nm, zeta potential of - 23.6mV, entrapment efficiency of 80.09%, and cumulative drug release at 12h of 83.87%. The DSC and FTIR studies, conducted on optimized NLCs, indicated successful entrapment of drug into the lipid matrix. In vitro drug release studies demonstrated Fickian diffusion mechanism. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats construed significant improvement in AUC0-72h (4.48-folds) and in Cmax (5.11-folds), unequivocally indicating markedly superior (p < 0.001) oral bioavailability of RLX-NLCs vis-à-vis marketed tablet formulation. Subsequently, level "A" in vitro/in vivo correlation (IVIVC) was also successfully attempted between the percentages of in vitro drug dissolved and of in vivo drug absorbed at the matching time points. In vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake studies also corroborated higher efficacy and successful localization of coumarin-6-loaded NLCs into MG-63 cells through microfluidic channels.

Green Formulation of Spironolactone Loaded Chitosan-Coated Nano Lipid Carrier for Treatment of Acne Vulgaris: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial.

Spironolactone (SPN), which is classified as an anti-androgen, has demonstrated efficacy in treating acne. This study aimed to utilize ultrasonication to create a chitosan-coated nano lipid carrier (NLC) for enhancing the delivery of SPN to the skin and treating acne. Various hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values were investigated to optimize the SPN-NLCs. Photon correlation spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to characterize the solid state of SPN in nanoparticle form. Additionally, the optimized formulation was used in a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Reducing the HLB of the surfactant mixtures resulted in a reduction in the size of SPNNLCs. The formula with the smallest particle diameter (238.4±0.74 nm) and the lowest HLB value (9.65) exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 79.88±1.807%. Coating the optimized SPN-NLC with chitosan increased the diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and EE. In vitro skin absorption studies demonstrated sustained release profiles for chitosan-coated SPN-NLC. In the double-blind trial, a gel containing chitosan-coated SPN-NLC effectively treated mild to moderate acne vulgaris, leading to improved healing and reduced lesion count after 8 weeks of therapy compared to the placebo. It successfully addressed both non-inflammatory and inflammatory lesions without adverse effects on the skin. The findings indicate that chitosan-coated SPN-NLCs have the potential as nanoparticles for targeted SPN delivery to the skin, offering novel options for the treatment of acne vulgaris.

Biobased nanoemulsions for targeted drug delivery to treat dementia and aging

Early changes in cerebrovascular hemodynamics and endothelial function can contribute to altered cognitive function and systemic vascular stiffness later in life. Accordingly, vascular pathology accompanies the mechanisms underlying aging. The development of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, which leads to a lack of blood flow to the brain, is a common trait despite the various and complex pathogenic mechanisms causing these vascular alterations. Drugs or other bioactive compounds can be incorporated into a "high density lipoprotein-like" ("HDL-like") lipid nanocarrier to create a multifunctional "combination therapeutic" that can target cell-surface scavenger receptors, primarily class B type I (i.e., SR-BI). The enhanced endocytosis of the nanocarrier's drug contents into various target cells, made possible by this proposed (biomimetic-nanocarrier) therapeutic vehicle, increases the likelihood that this multitasking "combination therapeutic" will be more effective at various stages of dementia.

Resveratrol-Laden Nano-Systems in the Cancer Environment: Views and Reviews.

The genesis of cancer is a precisely organized process in which normal cells undergo genetic alterations that cause the cells to multiply abnormally, colonize, and metastasize to other organs such as the liver, lungs, colon, and brain. Potential drugs that could modify these carcinogenic pathways are the ones that will be used in clinical trials as anti-cancer drugs. Resveratrol (RES) is a polyphenolic natural antitoxin that has been utilized for the treatment of several diseases, owing to its ability to scavenge free radicals, control the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes, and have effects on inflammation, cancer, aging, diabetes, and cardioprotection. Although RES has a variety of pharmacological uses and shows promising applications in natural medicine, its unpredictable pharmacokinetics compromise its therapeutic efficacy and prevent its use in clinical settings. RES has been encapsulated into various nanocarriers, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, lipidic nanocarriers, and inorganic nanoparticles, to address these issues. These nanocarriers can modulate drug release, increase bioavailability, and reach therapeutically relevant plasma concentrations. Studies on resveratrol-rich nano-formulations in various cancer types are compiled in the current article. Studies relating to enhanced drug stability, increased therapeutic potential in terms of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and reduced toxicity to cells and tissues are the main topics of this research. To keep the readers informed about the current state of resveratrol nano-formulations from an industrial perspective, some recent and significant patent literature has also been provided. Here, the prospects for nano-formulations are briefly discussed, along with machine learning and pharmacometrics methods for resolving resveratrol's pharmacokinetic concerns.

New Strategies in the Treatment of Plasmodium berghei Based on Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review.

Drug resistance is a current issue affecting parasites caused by Plasmodium</i>. Therefore, researchers have expanded their studies on nanoparticles to find new and effective drugs that can treat drug-resistant strains. The present study systematically investigates the effect of different nanoparticles, including metal, polymer, and lipid nanoparticles, on Plasmodium berghei</i>. In this study, English-language online literature was obtained from the databases Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, and Cochrane to conduct a systematic review. In the search, we used the keywords: (Plasmodium Berghei) AND (Malaria) AND (Parasitemia) AND (antimalarial activity) AND (nanoparticles) AND (Solid lipid NPS) AND (Nano lipid carriers) AND (Artemether) AND (Chloroquine) AND (intraperitoneal) AND (in vivo</i>). Initially, a total of 160 studies were retrieved from the search. After removing duplicates, 80 studies remained. After reviewing the title and abstract of each study, 45 unrelated studies were eliminated. The remaining 35 studies were thoroughly reviewed using the full texts. The final result was 21 studies that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Using these findings, we can conclude that various nanoparticles possess antiparasitic effects that may be applied to emerging and drug-resistant parasites. Together, these findings suggest that nanostructures may be used to design antiparasitic drugs that are effective against Plasmodium berghei</i>.

Breaking the ocular barrier through nano-lipid carriers to treat intraocular diseases

Breaking the ocular barrier through nano-lipid carriers to treat intraocular diseases