Field Of Nano Research Articles

Regulation and control of Schottky barrier in graphene/MoSe<sub>2</sub> heteojuinction by asymmetric oxygen doping

Although graphene-based heterostructures exhibit excellent intrinsic properties for device scaling, fabricating low Schottky barrier is still a great challenge to the electrical transport behaviors of nanoelectronic devices. Exploring excellent materials for electronic devices are a research hotspot at present. Graphene not only exhibits excellent physical strength and specific surface area, but also presents high carrier mobility and thermal conductivity. Therefore, graphene has been developed in many fields such as energy, catalysis, etc. However, graphene is a special material with zero band gap, and its electrons and holes are easy to compound, which seriously hinders its development in the applications of electronic and optoelectronic devices. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have the advantages of controllable band gap properties, which makes them have a good development in logic circuits and photodetectors. As one of TMD<sub>S</sub>, MoSe<sub>2</sub> possesses the advantages of narrower band gap, better electron hole separation and stronger oxidation resistance in the environment. Therefore, the design of graphene and MoSe<sub>2</sub> heterostructures is an ideal choice for a new generation of nanoelectronic devices. Here, we investigate systematically the effects of asymmetric O doping on the electronic properties and Schottky barrier of graphene/MoSe<sub>2(1–<i>x</i>)</sub>O<sub>2<i>x</i></sub> heterostructure for the first time by first-principles calculations incorporating semiempirical dispersion-correction scheme. The results indicate that graphene and MoSe<sub>2</sub> monolayer can form a stable van der Waals heterostructure with preserving their own intrinsic properties. In addition, an n-type schottky contact with a barrier height of 0.558 eV is obtained. Further, it is found that the type and the height of the Schottky barrier can be controlled by changing the concentration and sites of the O dopant at interface. By increasing the concentration of the O dopant inside the interface, the transition from an n-type Schottky contact to an Ohmic contact can be realized, and a low n-type Schottky barrier is gained with increasing the concentration of the O dopant outside the interface for highly efficient charge transfer. The barrier height of heterostructure decreases from 0.558 eV to 0.112 eV when the O dopant is doped on the outer interface. Finally, as a complement to previous results, it is confirmed that the redistribution of interfacial charges leads the Fermi level to shift, and thus determining the type and the height of Schottky barrier. This study may provide theoretical guidance for designing and manufacturing the MoSe<sub>2</sub>-based nano field effect transistors.

Flexural Behavior Performance of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Mixed with Nano- and Microsilica

Present technology has been evaluated greatly over the past decades, where new particles are being designed and fabricated to fulfill specific needs. The field of nano- and micromaterials has prospered in many disciplines. It has been recently used in reinforced concrete in the production of high-strength, high-performance concrete. Microsilica (MS) and nanosilica (NS) particles have proven to be highly profitable to the concrete mix. Concrete has become denser with considerable improvement in their mechanical characteristics, particularly compressive strength. This proposed method includes a comparative study of the flexural bending behavior of conventional reinforced concrete (without MS or NS) slabs with other slabs. Each has various mixes of MS and NS particles incorporated into the concrete mix. The material content utilized in the slabs is kept constant by replacing a portion of the cement with an equivalent amount of either NS or MS particles or both. MS particles are altered from 0, 5, and 10% while NS particles are altered from 0, 0.5, and 1.0%. It cracks the widths and has higher final load-bearing capacity.

Effects of vertical strain and electrical field on electronic properties and Schottky contact of graphene/MoSe2 heterojunction

Fabricating a low Schottky barrier is still a great challenge in electrical transport behavior of nano field effect transistors (FETs). To settle this problem, the electronic properties and Schottky contact of the graphene/MoSe2 heterojunction employing various vertical strains and external electrical fields are investigated with density functional theory (DFT) to obtain low Schottky barrier. Our calculation illustrates that in the graphene/MoSe2 heterojunction, the intrinsic electronic properties of components are well preserved owing to the weak van der Waals (vdW) mutual interaction between graphene and MoSe2 monolayer. Furthermore, there is an n-type Schottky contact formed with an n-type Schottky barrier height (SBH) of 0.56 eV at the interface of graphene/MoSe2 heterojunction. It is worth noting that the type and the height of Schottky barrier are susceptible to the external electrical field or strain employed perpendicularly to the graphene/MoSe2 heterojunction. And the SBH of the interface can be reduced by tuning the interlayer distance (d) or the electrical field intensity (E). Moreover, Schottky contact transforms from n-type to p-type at d = 3.22 Å or E = +0.08 V/Å. Additionally, the Ohmic contact occurs when the magnitude of positive or negative electrical field is larger than 0.40 V/Å, respectively. Additionally, the heterojunction maintaining high carrier mobility is inferred from the effective masses of electron and hole, namely, 0.074 m0 and 0.055 m0, respectively. Our study may put forward effective strategies to enhance the electronic performance of MoSe2-based vdW heterojunction FETs.

Microfluidic Technology and Biomedical Field

It is seen that the development of microfluidic laboratories working passively on chips has increased over the years. The field of microfluidics includes the use of microstructured devices, which typically have micrometer sizes and allow precise processing of low volumes. Nano fields are the main fields of nanotechnology, which includes science fields such as earth science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, micromachinery where the control of the atomic and molecular unit will take place. New techniques are needed to meet existing needs for the development phase. Micro and nano-volume multi-stage systems through micrometer-sized channels and microfluidics, which are many applied science branches, have become widespread in engineering. The circulation of fluids in systems through micrometer-sized channels examines factors that can affect the behavior of fluids, such as surface tension, energy use, and fluid resistance in the system. Microfluidic devices and systems have a variety of functions to replace routine biomedical analysis and diagnostics. It emphasizes a higher level of system integration with advanced automation, control and High Efficiency processing potential while consuming small amounts of sample and reagent in less time. Thanks to miniaturization, better diagnostic speed, cost effectiveness, ergonomics and sensitivity can be achieved. This article describes microfluidic technology, including system components. Literature review will be made in studies completed or ongoing world wide. The mechanisms, applications and recent developments related to microfluidic techniques are listed. Presents current research topics and possible future research in the biomedical field in microfluidic technology.

Simulation studies on nano-hybrid polymer composites as covered conductor for enhancing the insulation characteristics of low voltage and medium voltage applications

The development of cover conductors involving nano-hybrid polymers possessing high strength & good insulation properties would really help the electrical industry to avoid fatal accidents due to electrical shock and minimize electrical damage occurring due to short circuit in the event of tree/load falling on the bare overhead lines/conductors. The material selection and design are very essential parameters from the point of manufacturing, processing and application. The material characteristics dictate the mechanical as well as electrical performance in the field. For any material to have long life expectancy, compositions/constituents matter a lot with the combination of the basic raw materials. When any material such as overhead conductor is subjected to heavy electrical & mechanical loads, there is a likelihood of sag in the line and short circuit in the event of bare conductors resulting in fire. In such cases, the propagation of fire, fire retardancy, generation of smoke in addition to line protection are required to be considered from the point of life saving and system reliability. In this context, the electrical properties get affected due to varying loads acting on the conductor from time to time and depend on the season. As a part of remedial measures, cover conductor is best suited to meet the requirements. The design of the cover conductor shall be done in such a way that it meets the requirement of the prevailing standards. In the present work simulation studies will be performed using simulation software to study the behavior of electric field of nano based covered conductor and prove that these conductors will give better reliability and superior performance compared to the existing bare conductor. Further, the matrices and filler addition are envisaged are Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)/Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) of different combinations and nano-silica/nano-clay as fillers for the preparation of nano insulating covered conductor material.

Tunable Schottky contact in the graphene/WSe2(1−x)O2x heterostructure by asymmetric O doping

Tuning the electrical transport properties of a nanoelectronic device with a p-type Schottky contact remains a grand challenge. To solve this issue, we explore the effectiveness of asymmetric O doping on performance improvements of the graphene/WSe2(1−x)O2x (Gr/WSe2(1−x)O2x) heterostructure using first-principles calculations. The results show that graphene and the WSe2(1−x)O2x monolayer could form a stable van der Walls interface. Further, the controlled asymmetric O doping at different positions and concentrations regulates the electronic properties of the Gr/WSe2(1−x)O2x heterostructure in terms of the type and the height of the Schottky barrier. It is found that a transformation of a Schottky contact from an n-type to p-type is realized by changing the position of the O dopant from inside to outside, and a high Schottky barrier height of 0.72 eV in the undoped Gr/WSe2 heterostructure can be reduced to 0.06 and 0.09 eV for the O doing inside and outside the interface, respectively. In addition, when the O doping concentration increases to 67% both inside and outside of the interface, the Ohmic contacts are observed. Last, the controllable Schottky contact in the Gr/WSe2(1−x)O2x heterostructure is induced by the charge redistribution of the interface, which is caused by the shift of the Fermi level. This work may provide a promising method to improve the electronic performance of the Gr/WSe2 nano field effect transistors.

Nanogels: An overview of properties, biomedical applications, future research trends and developments

Nanogels in biomedical field are promising and innovative materials as dispersions of hydrogel nanoparticles based on crosslinked polymeric networks that have been called as next generation drug delivery systems due to their relatively high drug encapsulation capacity, uniformity, tunable size, ease of preparation, minimal toxicity, stability in the presence of serum, and stimuli responsiveness. Nanogels show a great potential in chemotherapy, diagnosis, organ targeting and delivery of bioactive substances. The main subjects reviewed in this article concentrates on: (i) Nanogel assimilation in the nanomedicine domain; (ii) Features and advantages of nanogels, the main characteristics, such as: swelling capacity, stimuli sensitivity, the great surface area, functionalization, bioconjugation and encapsulation of bioactive substances, which are taken into account in designing the structures according to the application; some data on the advantages and limitations of the preparation techniques; (iii) Recent progress in nanogels as a carrier of genetic material, protein and vaccine. Recent tremendous developments in their synthesis open access to systems with complex architectures and compositions allowing for tailoring microgels with specific properties. At the same time state-of-the-art theoretical and simulation approaches offer deeper understanding of the behavior and structure of nano- and microgels under external influences and confinement at interfaces or at high volume fractions. Developments in the experimental analysis of nano- and microgels have become particularly important for structural investigations covering a broad range of length scales relevant to the internal structure, the overall size and shape, and interparticle interactions in concentrated samples. Here we summarize emerging research of nanogewls for biomedical applications and provide an overview of the state-of-the-art, recent developments as well as emerging trends in the field of nano- and microgels.

Development and application of vapor deposition technology in atomic manufacturing

With the development of future information devices towards smaller size, lower power consumption and higher performance, the size of materials used to build devices will be further reduced. Traditional “top-down” technology has encountered a bottleneck in the development of information devices on a nanoscale, while the vapor deposition technology has attracted great attention due to its ability to construct nanostructures on an atomic scale, and is considered to have the most potential to break through the existing manufacturing limits and build nano-structures directly with atoms as a “bottom-up” method. During molecular beam epitaxy, atoms and molecules of materials are deposited on the surface in an “atomic spray painting” way. By such a method, some graphene-like two-dimensional materials (e.g., silicene, germanene, stanene, borophene) have been fabricated with high quality and show many novel electronic properties, and the ultrathin films (several atomic layers) of other materials have been grown to achieve certain purposes, such as NaCl ultrathin layers for decoupling the interaction of metal substrate with the adsorbate. In an atomic layer deposition process, which can be regarded as a special modification of chemical vapor deposition, the film growth takes place in a cyclic manner. The self- limited chemical reactions are employed to insure that only one monolayer of precursor (A) molecules is adsorbed on the surface, and the subsequent self- limited reaction with the other precursor (B) allows only one monolayer of AB materials to be built. And the self- assembled monolayers composed of usually long- chain molecules can be introduced as the active or inactive layer for area- selective atomic layer deposition growth, which is very useful in fabricating nano- patterned structures. As the reverse process of atomic layer deposition, atomic-layer etching processes can remove certain materials in atomic precision. In this paper we briefly introduce the principles of the related technologies and their applications in the field of nano- electronic device processing and manufacturing, and find how to realize the precise control of the thickness and microstructure of functional materials on an atomic scale.

ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF SELENIUM IONS FROM ORGANIC SOLUTION

Due to the unique properties of metal dichalcogenides, they are wide used in various fields of nano- and optoelectronics. Bi2Se3 is one of the promising n-type semiconductor materials belonging to the Av – Bvı group, with a band gap of 0.3 eV. To obtain these compounds by co-electrodeposition, we study the electroreduction of the initial components separately. Therefore, the study is devoted to the electrochemical reduction of selenite ions from the ethylene glycol solution. By drawing cyclic and linear polarization curves on Pt electrodes, the kinetics, the mechanism of the process, and the influence of various factors on the electroreduction of selenite ions are studied. Using the obtained data on the influence of temperature, the effective activation energy was calculated by the Gorbachov method. The calculation results show that the electroreduction of selenite ions from ethylene glycol is accompanied by electrochemical kinetics closer to diffusion

Unusual spin and angular momentum of Dyakonov waves at the hyperbolic-material surface.

Three Dyakonov-like polaritons (DLPs) exist at the interface between a hyperbolic material (HM) and a covering medium (CM). Each DLP is a hybridized-polarization surface polariton composed of two evanescent waves on both sides of the interface. We investigated their spin and angular momentum. We analytically found that any DLP carries two spins producing mutually orthogonal spin angular-momentum (SAM) components. The spins and angular-momentum have different features on both sides of the interface, and further differences among the three DLPs are very obvious. For the interface structure formed by hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and air, the SAM mainly distributes in the air for DLP-I, the SAM is approximately transverse to the propagating direction for DLP-II, and it is surprisingly large in the hBN for DLP-III and can reach several ten times that in the usual situation. There is the spin-k locking for every DLP, but the spin-k locking is different for different DLPs. These properties do not exist for traditional surface polaritons or ordinary evanescent waves. The above unique results can support some potential applications in the fields of nano- and micro-photonics, optoelectronics and mechanics, as well as relevant technologies.

Photonic and Thermal Modelling of Microrings in Silicon, Diamond and GaN for Temperature Sensing.

Staying in control of delicate processes in the evermore emerging field of micro, nano and quantum-technologies requires suitable devices to measure temperature and temperature flows with high thermal and spatial resolution. In this work, we design optical microring resonators (ORRs) made of different materials (silicon, diamond and gallium nitride) and simulate their temperature behavior using several finite-element methods. We predict the resonance frequencies of the designed devices and their temperature-induced shift (16.8 pm K−1 for diamond, 68.2 pm K−1 for silicon and 30.4 pm K−1 for GaN). In addition, the influence of two-photon-absorption (TPA) and the associated self-heating on the accuracy of the temperature measurement is analysed. The results show that owing to the absence of intrinsic TPA-processes self-heating at resonance is less critical in diamond and GaN than in silicon, with the threshold intensity , and being the linear and quadratic absorption coefficients, respectively.

Preface

Materials Engineering and Nano Sciences is a key ingredient of current advanced technologies supporting modern society. The tremendous rapid growth of these fields makes them highly interdisciplinary and then inevitably demands their mutual interactions. Under these circumstances, the 2020 4th International Conference on Materials Engineering and Nano Sciences (ICMENS 2020) was organized as a series of successful international conferences held in Singapore (2017), Hong Kong (2018) and Japan (2019).The main goal of ICMENS 2020, which will be held from 13 to 15 March 2020, in Pattaya, Thailand, is to address the latest original results in materials engineering and the nano sciences, including both theoretical advances and practical implementations, which are becoming more and more popular in industry and in our daily lives. The ICMENS 2020 will provide a premier interdisciplinary platform for scientists, researchers, industry leaders, engineers and educators throughout the world to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, concerns, as well as practical challenges encountered, and streamline solutions in the fields of materials engineering and nano sciences.Submissions were received from 10 countries, including China, Japan, Russia, Czech Republic, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Malaysia, Croatia, India, and Mexico. After several rounds of paper submission and reviewing, 17 papers have been selected to be published in the IOP conference proceedings.On behalf of the Organising Committee, I wish to thank the keynote speakers, invited speakers and authors of the selected papers for their outstanding contributions. I would also like to thank members of the organizing committee, anonymous reviewers and volunteers for their great efforts. Without their contribution, dedication and commitment, we would not have achieved so much. Thanks also go to the Conference Secretaries (Dana Chan & Jessi Mars) for their dedicated cooperation. We sincerely hope that you will find the ICMENS 2020 beneficial and fruitful for your professional development. We also hope that you will enjoy our hospitality and will have an enjoyable and memorable time in Pattaya.Conference Chair, ICMENS 2020Prof. Richard HaverkampMassey University, New Zealand

15 Years of Small: Research Trends in Nanosafety.

In the field of nano- and microscale science and technology, Small has become one of the worldwide leading journals since its initiation 15 years ago. Among all the topics covered in Small, "nanosafety" has received growing interest over the years, which accounts for a large proportion of the total publications of Small. Herein, inspired by its coming Special Issue "Rethinking Nanosafety," a general bibliometric overview of the nanosafety studies that have been published in Small is presented. Using the data derived from the Web of Science Core Collection, the annual publication growth, most influential countries/institutions as well as the visualized collaborations between different countries and institutions based on CiteSpace software are presented. A special emphasis on the impact of the previous Special Issue from Small that is related to nanosafety research is given and the research trend from the most highly cited papers during last 15 years is analyzed. Lastly, future research directions are also proposed.

Распределенная модульная платформа «Цифровая Лаборатория» как среда для проведения научных исследований и разработок НИЦ «Курчатовский Институт»

The Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Nature-Like Technologies is focused on interdisciplinary research and development in the field of nano-, bio-, information, cognitive, socio-humanitarian sciences and technologies. The experimental basis of the NBICS complex is the Resource Centers operating in the mode of collective use by various scientific laboratories and containing modern equipment for conducting a wide range of scientific experiments. The processing and storage of the obtained experimental data is carried out on the supercomputer of the Computing Center, the use of which is also collective. Thus, there are problems of data exchange between different buildings, organizing their processing, analysis and orderly storage, as well as combining heterogeneous experimental data to obtain scientific results of a higher level. To solve these issues on the basis of the distributed modular platform «Digital Laboratory», an information and analytical environment was organized as a system that combines the scientific equipment of the Resource Centers, the supercomputer of the Computing Center, virtual machines and personal computers of scientific laboratories into a single virtual space, while organizing the exchange of data between various buildings, their processing, analysis and storage. The work with the system is carried out through the user web interface. At the request of researchers, each procedure for working with experimental data of a given type is implemented as an autonomous module of the «Digital Laboratory» platform. For example, the Module «Neuroimaging» for processing and analysis of fMRI / MRI experimental data of the human brain obtained on the tomograph of the Resource Center was put into operation and is successfully functioning. The use of this module makes the task of fMRI / MRI data analysis as simple as possible for the user, and also makes it possible to speed up the data processing many times over by parallelizing the computations on the supercomputer nodes. In addition to creating modules for working with experimental data, the system provides the ability to create modules for working with data of a different type. An example is the Module «Project Activity» for analyzing the effectiveness of scientific activities of research laboratories. The use of this system allows to optimize the work with experimental data in the course of scientific research due to the possibility of software implementation of the necessary procedures for their transfer, storage, processing and analysis.

A brief study on effects of nano cutting fluids in hard turning of AISI 4340 steel

Hardened AISI 4340 alloy steel increments the cutting temperature during machining and is crucial output parameter for quality of machined part. Nano cooling mechanism is the burning issues in machining of hardened steel. More friction and temperature is generated during hard turning posing a difficulty in terms of tool span life. Controlling these tribological issues is the major challenges for accurate cutting. Significant improvement in the field of Nano assisted cooling can be applied in minimum quantity lubrication. Nano fluid is the colloidal suspension of Nano particles that is commercially available to the base conventional fluid was assessed to minimize the wear effect and friction to improve machinability. This Nano fluid is the heat transfer fluid representing as innovative machining fluid because of improved tribological and thermal characteristics. Motivated by this innovative concept, this review presents the significance of Nano fluid, various types of Nano fluids used throughout the hard material of AISI 4340 steel turning. At last, the concluding analysis with some future prospects have been has been pointed out. Moreover, this review analysis will provide the better answer to the manufacturing industry where the high strength low alloy steel is used using nano cutting fluid.

Oxygen, nitrogen co-doped molybdenum disulphide nanoflowers for an excellent antifungal activity

The engineering of pristine low dimensional materials towards society-needed functionalities is the driving force for cultivation the field of nano–bio research.

Viewpoint: From Responsive to Adaptive and Interactive Materials and Materials Systems: A Roadmap.

Soft matter systems and materials are moving toward adaptive and interactive behavior, which holds outstanding promise to make the next generation of intelligent soft materials systems inspired from the dynamics and behavior of living systems. But what is an adaptive material? What is an interactive material? How should classical responsiveness or smart materials be delineated? At present, the literature lacks a comprehensive discussion on these topics, which is however of profound importance in order to identify landmark advances, keep a correct and noninflating terminology, and most importantly educate young scientists going into this direction. By comparing different levels of complex behavior in biological systems, this Viewpoint strives to give some definition of the various different materials systems characteristics. In particular, the importance of thinking in the direction of training and learning materials, and metabolic or behavioral materials is highlighted, as well as communication and information-processing systems. This Viewpoint aims to also serve as a switchboard to further connect the important fields of systems chemistry, synthetic biology, supramolecular chemistry and nano- and microfabrication/3D printing with advanced soft materials research. A convergence of these disciplines will be at the heart of empowering future adaptive and interactive materials systems with increasingly complex and emergent life-like behavior.

Multiscale micro-/nanostructures on single crystalline SiC fabricated by hybridly polarized femtosecond laser

Hybridly polarized beam is a new type of vector beam different from conventional cylindrical vector beam. In our work, we present a simple and effective method to generate hybridly polarized beams by using a cascade of a super structured polarization converter and a quarter-wave plate. The transformation of light field was analyzed by using Jones vector and Jones matrix, and the Stokes parameters of the generated vector beams were measured to verify the states of polarization. Various novel multiscale micro-/nanostructures were fabricated on surfaces of 4H-SiC by using the hybrid vector beams, which are different from that induced by linearly polarized beam or conventional cylindrical vector beam. Experimental results show that the multiscale characteristics can be adjusted with a high degree of freedom by designing states of polarization. This research provides a new idea for preparation of multiscale micro-/nanostructures that may be useful in the fields of nano-/micro-electromechanical systems, thermal photovoltaics, and thermal management.

Shape Memory Alloy-Based Microscale Bending Actuator Fabricated by a Focused Ion Beam Chemical Vapor Deposition (FIB-CVD) Gap-Filling Process

Focused ion beam chemical vapor deposition (FIB-CVD) processes can be used to fabricate nano-/microstructures by enabling highly localized material deposition. Due to these advantages, the FIB-CVD process has been utilized extensively as a method for material analysis and device fabrication in the fields of nano-/microscale electronics, sensors, drivers, bio, and optics. In this study, we fabricated shape memory alloy (SMA) carbon composites using an FIB-CVD process and performed a micro-tensile test to evaluate the mechanical properties of the fabricated composites. According to the results of the tensile test, the fabricated composite structure had higher stiffness values and lower maximum tensile strength values than general SMA materials. Based on our experimental results, we fabricated an SMA microscale bending actuator by localized carbon block deposition and evaluated the bending characteristics of the microactuator.

Influence of Nano Silica on the Strength and Durability of Self Compacting Concrete

The principle target of the study is to evaluate the probability of using nano silica as cement replacement materials and copper slag as fragmented fine aggregate in Self- compacting concrete. The degree of the present study joins the examination of convenience, mechanical and quality properties of Self-compacting concrete combining distinctive replacement levels of above materials. Nano silica is another mineral admixture with particle size in the Nano metric range and high express surface region. Its potential points of interest in cement based materials are not totally recognized in light of limited asks about in the field of Nano fabricated cementations composites. Concrete with suitably dissipated Nano silica of perfect sum realizes incredible quality and solidness properties. Use of mineral admixtures reduces the measure of cement for concrete generation which, accordingly, diminishes the outpouring of CO2 into the air. The degree of Nano silica replacement is 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3% by weight of cement. A relentless water-spread ratio of 0.31 is gotten for all the concrete mixes. The usefulness of SCC mixes are kept up in the hang extent of 25 – 50 mm by fluctuating the substance of super plasticizer. The perfect measure of Nano silica, is managed by coordinating usefulness, mechanical and strength tests. Nano silica improves the early nature of concrete on account of its high Pozzolanic reactivity. Extension of Nano silica improves the quality at 1 – 3 days of calming. This is credited to the high unequivocal surface zone of Nano silica.