Nanoemulsion Formulation Research Articles

A review article: Drug delivery systems, preparation techniques, and biological applications using nanoemulsion as a novel platform

Nanotechnology, particularly nanoemulsions (NEs), is an essential topic that has piqued the interest of researchers over the years. These significant molecules feature a spherical solid structure, a lipophilic amorphous negative charge surface, with small droplet size, and a large surface area, all of which contribute to the promising future of nanomedicine and the importance of NEs in a variety of sectors. The advantages and disadvantages of the components, preparation, characterization, assessment, and applications as a delivery medication system are summarized in this review paper. There are two different methods for NEs preparation: the high and low energy methods. In high energy methods, high-pressure homogenization, ultrasonication micro fluidization, and Spontaneous emulsification are described thoroughly. Low energy approaches emphasize phase inversion temperature, solvent evaporation technology, and hydrogel technologies. Low-energy procedures should be preferred over high-energy methods since they utilize less energy and do not necessitate the use of specific instruments. The transdermal application, aerosolized, ingestible NEs, and parenteral techniques are the four primary lines of biomedical uses of NEs as a delivery strategy. To summarize, these novel strategies are very promising, but additional research is needed to fully understand the relationship between NE formulation and physiological and pathological problems associated with diverse preparation, characterization, and administration routes.

Development of nanoemulsion of antiviral drug for brain targeting in the treatment of neuro-AIDS

BackgroundDelivery of drugs via the nasal route directly to the brain utilizing the olfactory pathway is purportedly known to be a more efficient method to deliver neuro-therapeutics to the brain by circumventing the BBB, thereby increasing the bioavailability of these drugs in the brain. The main objective of the project work is to improve the bioavailability of the antiretroviral drug and to minimize the side effects of this therapy which are observed at the higher side in the chronic HIV treatment. The advantage of nasal drug delivery is its noninvasiveness and self-administration. Nanoformulation provides fast onset of action and helps to achieve site-specific delivery. In the current work, nanoemulsion formulation was developed with a ternary phase system. In vitro characterization of nanoemulsion was performed.ResultOptimized batch B2 had a zeta potential of − 18.7 mV showing a stable emulsion system and a particle size of 156.2 nmin desirable size range. Batch B2 has the least variation in globule size with PDI 0.463. Results from ex vivo studies revealed that developed nanoemulsion (B2) possessed a higher rate of drug release compared to other formulations.ConclusionPhase diagrams indicated more width of the nanoemulsion region with an increase in surfactant ratio. Stable nanoemulsion was prepared with a combination of surfactant and co-surfactants. Nanoemulsions could prove one of the best alternatives for brain delivery of potent medications.Graphical

Transmucosal delivery of the medical Cannabis oil via a nanoemulsion formulation

Nowadays, oral oil extracts of Cannabis represent the most relevant galenic plant-derived formulations employed in clinics. Nevertheless, the low and variable Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) oral bioavailability due to hepatic first-pass metabolism and low solubility in biological fluids makes Cannabis pharmacological response highly unpredictable. In this scenario, new formulation strategies appear crucial to improve cannabinoids bioavailability and stability, administration comfort and patient compliance. Here, we present a nanoemulsion (NE) for the buccal administration of olive oil extract from a Cannabis sativa L. variety (Bedrocan®). A preliminary study was carried out on olive oil-based NE to identify the optimal formulation conditions to achieve a stable system. The Bedrocan®-loaded NE were then prepared and characterized for size, polydispersity index, stability upon delivery by the common buccal nebulizers.THC content and release in simulated buccal fluids and permeation studies across porcine buccal mucosa. The Bedrocan® NEs ensured THC stability and solubility in the buccal medium as compared with the Cannabis oil extract. Furthermore, the nanoemulsification process led to a THC diffusion and absorption on buccal mucosa 20-folds and 2-folds higher than olive oil extract, respectively. Overall, the results suggest that Bedrocan® NE represents a novel formulation strategy for the buccal administration of Cannabis extracts that can overcome the limits associated with conventional oily formulations.

Cannabidiol Loaded Topical Ophthalmic Nanoemulsion Lowers Intraocular Pressure in Normotensive Dutch-Belted Rabbits.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is the major non-psychoactive and most widely studied of the cannabinoid constituents and has great therapeutic potential in a variety of diseases. However, contradictory reports in the literature with respect to CBD's effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) have raised concerns and halted research exploring its use in ocular therapeutics. Therefore, the current investigation aimed to further evaluate CBD's impact on the IOP in the rabbit model. CBD nanoemulsions, containing Carbopol® 940 NF as a mucoadhesive agent (CBD-NEC), were prepared using hot-homogenization followed by probe sonication. The stability of the formulations post-moist-heat sterilization, in terms of physical and chemical characteristics, was studied for three different storage conditions. The effect of the formulation on the intraocular pressure (IOP) profile in normotensive Dutch Belted male rabbits was then examined. The lead CBD-NEC formulation (1% w/v CBD) exhibited a globule size of 259 ± 2.0 nm, 0.27 ± 0.01 PDI, and 23.2 ± 0.4 cP viscosity, and was physically and chemically stable for one month (last time point tested) at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C. CBD-NEC significantly lowered the IOP in the treated eyes for up to 360 min, with a peak drop in IOP of 4.5 mmHg observed at the 150 min time point, post-topical application. The IOP of the contralateral eye (untreated) was also observed to be lowered significantly, but the effect lasted up to the 180 min time point only. Overall, topically administered CBD, formulated in a mucoadhesive nanoemulsion formulation, reduced the IOP in the animal model studied. The results support further exploration of CBD as a therapeutic option for various inflammation-based ocular diseases.

Safety and Efficacy of Pure and a Nanosuspension of D-limonene for Controlling Pigeon Lice.

This study investigated the safety and efficacy of two forms of D-limonene (DL) against Columbicola columbae (pigeon feather lice); pure and a nanoemulsion formulation (DLN). The cell cytotoxicity of the prepared forms of DL/DLN was investigated using skin cell lines. In vitro and ex vivo bioassays were applied on lice. The ex vivo bioassay was done on cut feathers containing lice eggs. The in vivo experiment was conducted on pigeons naturally infested by lice. The infested pigeons were treated with DL, DLN, or deltamethrin (D) as a positive control. Both forms of D-limonene were found to be safe when applied to the normal human skin fibroblast cell line, but DLN was toxic to skin cell carcinoma. The in vitro and ex vivo results of both DL and DLN forms were similar. All eggs treated with DL, DLN, and D failed to hatch (100%). The in vivo results showed complete elimination of lice 24 h post-treatment (PT), and biochemical analysis showed that the treated birds retained normal kidney and liver functions. Treated groups also showed improved productivity in the 4 months PT. In conclusion, DL and DLN are safe and effective in controlling feather lice infestation in pigeons and successful treatment encourages bird productivity.

Ethylferulate-loaded nanoemulsions as a novel anti-inflammatory approach for topical application

Ethyl ferulate (EF) is a phenylpropanoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities extracted from essential oil of several plants. However, this compound is immiscible with water. In this study, different nanoemulsion (NE) formulations were prepared and have their physicochemical properties assessed to induce a stable and efficient aqueous colloidal dispersion of drug. The oil-in-water NE samples were selected from the pseudo-ternary phase diagram constructed using soybean oil as oily phase, and a mixture of surfactants composed by polysorbate 80 and sorbitan monooleate. The oil phase containing surfactants was mixed with water using a ultrasonication procedure at 25 °C. The formulation with the smallest and uniformly droplet-sized have the ethyl ferulate-loading in three concentrations (1 %, 2.5 %, and 5 % w/w). Their interactions with compounds of NE were followed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The samples exhibited an incredible physical stability, even after drug-loading. The NE showed the ability for controlling the drug release. The in vivo experiments with rats demonstrated the biocompatibility of tested formulations, no skin irritation signs were identified. In addition, an efficient reducing of paw edema was observed compared to the used control. The experimental achievements suggest an interesting and promising novel ethyl ferulate nanoemulsion, as a potential drug delivery system to be used for topical anti-inflammatory application.

Optimisation of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil nanoemulsion as a potential wound healing agent

BackgroundEfficient delivery systems of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil (CSO) in the form of nanoemulsion were optimised to enhance its stability and ensure its therapeutic efficiency as a potential agent for various biomedical applications.MethodResponse Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to determine the effects of independent variables (oil, surfactant, water percentage and homogenisation time) on physicochemical characteristics, including droplet size, polydispersity index and turbidity.ResultsThe optimised CSO nanoemulsion (CSONE) has a 46.68 nm particle size, 0.15 Polydispersity index value and 1.16 turbidity. After 4 weeks of storage at 5 ± 1 °C and 25 ± 1 °C, the CSONE was physically stable. The optimised CSO nanoemulsion showed enhancement in cell viability and wound healing in baby hamster kidney a clone BHK-21 (BSR) cells as compared to the CSO. The wound healing property of CSONE was higher than CSO.ConclusionThus, our in vitro wound healing results demonstrated that CSO in the nanoemulsion form can promote wound healing by enhancing the proliferation and migration of epidermal cells.Graphical The coarse emulsion of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil nano emulsion was prepared using high shear homogeniser techniques. The optimised CSONE with the droplet size of 46.68 nm was prepared from a mixture of CSO, Tween 80, and high pure water (HPW), then used for the biological investigation. The in vitro cell monolayer scratch assay revealed that CSONE in the lowest concentration of CSO resulted in 100% wound closure after 48 hrs. The optimised CSO nanoemulsion was found to be a promising and effective approach in the treatment of wounds by boosting the proliferation and migration of epidermal cells.

An open-label, randomized, crossover study to evaluate the bioavailability of nanoemulsion versus conventional fat-soluble formulation of cholecalciferol in healthy participants

BackgroundNanoemulsion preparations of cholecalciferol available in the market claim to have better bioavailability than the conventional fat-soluble cholecalciferol. However, limited data are available in humans for such preparations. We, therefore, compared the relative bioavailability of two formulations of 60,000 IU cholecalciferol (nanoemulsion oral solution, water-miscible vitamin D3 [test] vs soft gelatin capsules [reference]) in healthy adult participants. MethodsIn this randomized, open-label, two sequence, single-dose, two-way crossover study (CTRI/2018/05/013839), Indian participants aged 18–45 years received single dose of nanoemulsion and capsule formulations, under fasting conditions. Blood samples collected over 120 h were assessed to determine cholecalciferol concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters (area under the concentration-time curve up to 120 h [AUC0–120h], maximum observed drug concentration [Cmax], time to reach maximum drug concentration [Tmax], terminal half-life [T½el], and terminal elimination rate constant [Kel]) were estimated using baseline corrected data and analyzed using analysis of variance. ResultsAmong the 24 eligible participants, the relative bioavailability of nanoemulsion was significantly higher than the capsules by 36% (p = 0.0001) based on AUC0–120h. Similarly, Cmax of the nanoemulsion was significantly higher by 43% (p = 0.0001) than that of the capsules. The intra-participant variability for AUC0–120h and Cmax were 23.22% and 26.51%, respectively. The Tmax, T½el, and Kel were comparable for both the formulations. No adverse effects were noted with either of the two formulations. ConclusionsNanoemulsion oral solution of cholecalciferol showed a greater bioavailability compared with soft gelatin capsules, under fasting conditions, in healthy human participants.

Binjai (Mangifera caesia) leaf extract nanoemulsion as antibacterial Escherichia coli

Indonesia is a tropical country with a high level of infectious disease.. One of the bacteria that often infects and causes diarrhea is Escherichia coli. E. coli infection can cause food poisoning and indigestion. Infectious diseases caused by bacteria can be treated by taking antibiotics. However, excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics can lead to bacterial resistance.Binjai (Mangifera caesia) containing components of polyphenolic compounds such as mangiferin, catechins and epicatechins with bioactivity as antibacterial. The potency of the plant extract needs to be increased as a natural antibacterial to facilitate its absorption with nanoemulsion formulation. Research methods include the manufacture of extracts with ethanol solvent maceration method. Next will be nanoemulsion formulation, measurement of nanoemulsion size by PSA analysis, and determination of antibacterial in vitro. Binjai leaf (Mangifera caesia) extract nanoemulsion formulation obtained stable nanoemulsion. The droplet size obtained is below 200 nm. Inhibition of nanoemulsion on growth of E. coli, it was found that the inhibitory power of nanoemulsion was still less than the inhibitory power of binjai leaf extract. This is because in the nanoemulsion the concentration of the extract is only 5 m and 25 mg.

Nanoemulsion applications in photodynamic therapy.

Nanoemulsion, or nanoscaled-size emulsions, is a thermodynamically stable system formed by blending two immiscible liquids, blended with an emulsifying agent to produce a single phase. Nanoemulsion science has advanced rapidly in recent years, and it has opened up new opportunities in a variety of fields, including pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food, and cosmetics. Nanoemulsion has been recognized as a potential drug delivery technology for various drugs, such as photosensitizing agents (PS). In photodynamic therapy (PDT), PSs produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species under specific light irradiation, which oxidize the surrounding tissues. Over the past decades, the idea of PS-loaded nanoemulsions has received researchers' attention due to their ability to overcome several limitations of common PSs, such as limited permeability, non-specific phototoxicity, hydrophobicity, low bioavailability, and self-aggregation tendency. This review aims to provide fundamental knowledge of nanoemulsion formulations and the principles of PDT. It also discusses nanoemulsion-based PDT strategies and examines nanoemulsion advantages for PDT, highlighting future possibilities for nanoemulsion use.

Central Composite Design Implemented Azilsartan Medoxomil Loaded Nanoemulsion to Improve Its Aqueous Solubility and Intestinal Permeability: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation.

The present research attempted to design and develop a nanoemulsion formulation of azilsartan medoxomil to improve its aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability. Based on the solubility profile, ethyl oleate, tween 80, and Transcutol P were selected as the oil phase, surfactant, and co-surfactant, respectively. Central composite design (CCD) suggested an optimized azilsartan medoxomil- nanoemulsion formulation (optimized AZL-NE formulation) with 1.25% oil, 15.73% Smix, and 90 s ultrasonication time; it was found to have the droplet size, percentage transmittance, and % cumulative drug release (%CDR) of 71.5 nm, 93.46 ± 1.13%, and 90.14 ± 0.94%, respectively. Furthermore, it exhibited a 0.141 polydispersity index, 34.05 mV zeta potential, a 1.413 ± 0.03 refractive index, 6.68 ± 0.22 pH, 28.17 ± 0.52 cps viscosity, and a 96.98 ± 0.94% percentage drug content. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) assessed the nano-sized spherical shape, and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) assessed the solubilization of the drug in the optimized formulation. The %CDR was 1.71 times higher and the % cumulative drug permeation was 2.1 times higher for the optimized AZL-NE formulation than for the drug suspension through an intestinal segment of a rat, which was also supported by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) studies. Thus, the nanoemulsion formulation of azilsartan medoxomil ensured the enhancement of the drug availability in the body.

Essential Oil Stabilisation by Response Surface Methodology (RSM): Nanoemulsion Formulation, Physicochemical, Microbiological, and Sensory Investigations.

This manuscript aimed to optimise the encapsulation of Thymus capitatus essential oil into nanoemulsion. Response Surface Methodology results were best fitted into polynomial models with regression coefficient values of more than 0.95. The optimal nanoemulsion showed nanometer-sized droplets (380 nm), a polydispersity index less than 0.5, and a suitable Zeta potential (-10.3 mV). Stability results showed that nanoemulsions stored at 4 °C were stable with the lowest d3,2, PolyDispersity Index (PDI), and pH (day 11). Significant ameliorations in the capacity to neutralise DPPH radical after the encapsulation of the antimicrobial efficacy of thyme essential oil were recorded. S. typhimurium growth inhibition generated by nanoencapsulated thyme essential oil was 17 times higher than by bulk essential oil. The sensory analysis highlighted that the encapsulation of thyme essential oil improved enriched milk's sensory appreciation. Indeed, 20% of the total population attributed a score of 4 and 5 on the scale used for milk enriched with nanoemulsion. In comparison, only 11% attributed the same score to milk enriched with bulk essential oil. The novel nanometric delivery system presents significant interest for agroalimentary industries.

Polycaprolactone based pharmaceutical nanoemulsion loaded with acriflavine: optimization and in vivo burn wound healing activity

Cutaneous burn wounds are a common and troublesome critical issue of public health. Over the last decade, many researchers have investigated the development of novel therapeutic modalities which are capable of fully regeneration and reinstatement of structure and function of the skin with no or limited scar formation. Novel pharmaceutical carriers are offering a potential platform to deliver the drug effectively and to overcome the limitation associated with conventional wound dressings. The aim of this study was to investigate a pharmaceutical acriflavine-loaded polycaprolactone nanoemulsion (ACR-PCL-NE) for burn wound healing. Nanoemulsion was prepared by using the double emulsion solvent evaporation technique and it was subjected to thermodynamic stability testing, droplet size, polydispersity, zeta potential, pH, and surface morphology analysis. The in vivo study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of nanoemulsion using Sprague-Dawley rats as an animal model. The results of this study revealed that the optimized nanoemulsion was stable and had desirable physicochemical properties. The pH was about 4.02 at 25 °C and the particle size was found to be in the range of 302 ± 4.62 nm while the zeta potential was −7.8 ± 1.22 mV and the polydispersity index of 0.221 ± 0.017. The wound regeneration process was evaluated in vivo by different techniques, the formulation group (FG) showed high wound healing potential as compared to the standard group (SD) and control group (CG). These findings reveal that this nanoemulsion formulation can be used effectively for wound healing.

Development of antibacterial carboxymethyl cellulose/quaternized starch bionanocomposites based on cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion for wound healing applications

Infectious diseases of skin wound–based bacteria are a considerable issue that often hinders the wound closure, thereby delaying the healing process. The use of wound dressing based-renewable polymers with natural essential oil could overcome the deficiencies of skin wounds. In this work, wound dressings from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/quaternized starch (MS-Q188) in presence antimicrobial cinnamon essential oil (CIEO) nanoemulsion were prepared. Three variable ratios of CIEO (i.e., 1, 3, and 5 wt.%) in nanoemulsion forms were used to fabricate CMC/MS-Q188 bionanocomposites. The resulting bionanocomposites were investigated by XRD, FT-IR, and SEM. The mechanical, hydrophilicity, and barrier properties were evaluated, the outcomes of which demonstrated the tensile properties were achieved. However, the hydrophilicity, water vapor, and oxygen barrier properties were affected when the CIEO nanoemulsion added to the matrix. The migration of polymer components to the skin tissue and cytotoxic effect were investigated by cytotoxicity assays. The outcomes showed that the cell viability was located in the range of ~ 92–100% even at all studied concentrations, indicating there was no cytotoxicity to the cells. The inhibitory effects of CIEO nanoemulsion ratios on different pathogenic microbes were also verified. The developed bionanocomposites open opportunities for their use in smart skin wound dressings and biomedical applications.

Ultrasonic-assisted food grade nanoemulsion preparation from clove bud essential oil and evaluation of its antioxidant and antibacterial activity

Abstract Nanoemulsions formulated using materials of the highest food grade are receiving significant attention in various industries, especially food-based applications. Food-grade nanoemulsions are suitable for delivering bioactive molecules and their bioavailability, encapsulation, and protection. The present study aimed to extract essential oil (EO) from clove bud and formulate food-grade nanoemulsions. Furthermore, it investigated antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy of nanoemulsions against foodborne pathogens. The present study found that the extracted clove bud EO is enriched with polyphenols and consists of 59 bioactive compounds from various chemical groups such as alcohol, aldehyde, esters, benzenes, carboxylic acid, esters, fatty acids, and nitrogen compounds. Among the bioactive compounds, methyl eugenol was identified as a major compound. Clove bud EO nanoemulsion antioxidant and noncytotoxic results suggest that this material could help develop promising antibacterial agents for food-based applications. The formulated nanoemulsion consisting of droplets of a mean diameter of 77.7 nm exhibits significant inhibitory and bactericidal action on Gram-positive and Gram-negative food pathogens. It is still essential to conduct more studies on the effects of food spoilage and poisoning bacteria and the mechanisms of their actions.

Development of nanoformulation for hyperpigmentation disorders: Experimental evaluations, in vitro efficacy and in silico molecular docking studies

Hyperpigmentation is a crucial dermatological disorder. This study aims to formulate a nanoemulsion formulation containing chlorogenic acid (CA) for hyperpigmentation treatment, to carry out characterization studies, and to investigate its efficacy and safety in vitro and in silico analysis.In line with this purpose, CA nanoemulsions (CA-NEs) were developed using the ultrasonic homogenization method. Accelerated stability tests were performed to examine the kinetic and thermodynamic stability of the CA-NEs to ascertain the presence of any stability issues. After the heating–cooling test, appropriate CA-NEs were stored for 60 days in three different stability environments to examine the physicochemical stability and determine the finalized formulation. The toxicity of the finalized CA-NE formulation was evaluated by genotoxicity/mutagenicity and cytotoxicity tests. The tyrosinase and melanogenesis activities of the finalized CA-NE formulation were determined on the Melanoma B16F0 cell line. Finally, the molecular docking method was used to reveal interactions of CA that play an essential role in tyrosinase inhibition. Additionally, the mushroom and human tyrosinase enzymes were used to determine the activity of CA. In addition, the comparison study with the molecular docking method was carried out using kojic acid as a reference molecule.In conclusion, the molecular docking study, pharmacokinetic analyses, and in vitro studies showed that F4P1 coded CA-NE formulation might hold promise as an innovative formulation in cosmetic applications such as skin-lightening effects with its high efficacy and safety profile.

Frankincense oil-loaded nanoemulsion formulation of paclitaxel and erucin: A synergistic combination for ameliorating drug resistance in breast cancer: In vitro and in vivo study.

Nanoformulation-based combinational drug delivery systems are well known to overcome drug resistance in cancer management. Among them, nanoemulsions are well-known and thermodynamically stable drug delivery systems suitable for carrying hydrophobic drugs and phytoconstituents to tackle drug-resistant cancers. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of paclitaxel in combination with erucin (natural isothiocyanate isolated from the seeds of Eruca sativa) loaded in the frankincense oil-based nanoemulsion formulation. The choice of frankincense oil for the current study was based on reported research investigations stating its magnificient therapeutic potential against breast cancer. Optimized nanoemulsion of paclitaxel (PTX) and erucin (ER) combination (EPNE) provided sustained release and exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity towards human epithelial breast cancer cells (T-47D) as compared to individual ER and PTX. EPNE was further assessed for its antitumor activity in the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer mice model. EPNE significantly decreased the levels of hepatic and renal parameters along with oxidative stress in breast cancer mice. Furthermore, EPNE also showed decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6. Histopathological examinations revealed restoration of the tumorous breast to normal tissues in EPNE-treated breast cancer mice. Therefore, EPNE can act as a viable lead and therapeutic option for drug-resistant breast cancer.

Development of Saponin based Nano emulsion formulations from Phaleria macrocarpa to Control Aphis gossypii

Aphis gossypii is one of the most devastating insect pests of agricultural crops due to its polyphagous nature. A sustainable environment friendly method to manage this pest is botanical aphicides because of their easily biodegradability and overall safety. In this study, saponin based nano emulsions from Phaleria macrocarpa with Termul 1284 and methyl oleate /rapeseed oil were formulated and tested against A. gossypii for their efficacy in both laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Results exhibited that all three formulated nano emulsions effectively suppressed A. gossypii population under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. However, TR3 revealed highest repellency (62%) and mortality percentage (100%) with lowest LC50 (1516 mg-L1) and LT50 (27.50 h), following by TM1 repellency (58%) and mortality percentage (98%) with lowest LC50 (1732 mg-L1) and LT50 (34.43 h). Glasshouse bioassay also revealed that TR3 (Termul 1284+rapeseed oil) and TM1 (Termul 1284+methyl oleate) could suppress A. gossypii population at LC50 values of 2512 and 2904 mg-L1 at 72 hours and LT50 values of 68.7 and 71.2 hours at 10000 mg-L1 respectively. Therefore, these both formulations could be considered as eco-friendly alternative approach in pesticides technology.

Influence of Vegetable Oils on In Vitro Performance of Lutein-Loaded Lipid Carriers for Skin Delivery: Nanostructured Lipid Carriers vs. Nanoemulsions.

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were prepared from solid lipid (glyceryl monostearate, GMS) and vegetable oils, including palm oil (PO), rice bran oil (RBO) or virgin coconut oil (VCO), at different ratios (95:5, 90:10 and 80:20), while nanoemulsions (NE) were prepared with sole vegetable oils. After production, the particle size of the lutein-free NLC and NE was found to be between 100 and 150 nm and increased after loading with lutein. An increase in oil loading in NLC reduced the particle size and resulted in a less ordered lipid matrix and an increase in % entrapment efficiency. From the stability study, it was observed that the types of oils and oil content in the lipid matrix had an impact on the chemical stability of lutein. Regarding the release study, lutein-loaded NE showed higher release than lutein-loaded NLC. Both NLC and NE prepared from VCO exhibited higher release than those prepared from PO and RBO, respectively (p < 0.05). In contrast, among the formulations of NLC and NE, both lutein-loaded NLC and NE prepared from RBO showed the highest permeation through the human epidermis due to the skin enhancement effect of RBO. Based on all the results, the lipid nanocarriers composed of RBO could effectively enhance the chemical stability of lutein and promote drug penetration into the skin.

Omani Frankincense nanoemulsion formulation efficacy and its latent effects on biological aspects of the spiny bollworm Earias insulana (Boisd.).

Our research shed light on the perspective of formulation technology regarding its responsibility to provide phyto-insecticides that are worthy of research into potential novel applications. There has been an increase in interest in using nanoemulsion as a new formulation in a variety of sectors during the last several decades. Boswellia sacra essential oil (Fam: Burseraceae) from the resin of frankincense trees has been recently proposed as a promising ingredient in a new generation of botanical insecticides. Frankincense nanoemulsion was formulated in 5% ratios comprising frankincense oil, surfactants, and water. A frankincense nanoemulsion was prepared using a high-energy ultra-sonication process and characterized by dynamic light scattering transmission electron microscopy surface tension, viscosity, and zeta potential value. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify the chemical profiles of frankincense essential oil. Furthermore, insecticidal effects against second instar larvae of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana, as well as their latent effects on the larvae were studied. In the present study, the formulation was a good nanoemulsion. The surface tension was 53.69, the viscosity was 4.76 cPs, the zeta potential was-10 mV, and the size distribution was 41.30 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) of the nanoemulsion was found to be 0.26, and the morphology of the frankincense nanoemulsion was visualized in a spherical shape. The main constituents identified in frankincense oil were α-pinene (15.52%); monolinolenin (12.92%); and geranylgeranyl acetate (9.99%). The results showed significant insecticidal activity against the larval stage and considerably decreased the pupation percentage with increasing the volume of the frankincense nanoemulsion. On the other hand, the latent effects of the frankincense nanoemulsion on E. insulana resulted in a higher prolongation of larval and pupal durations as well as a significant reduction in the weight of larvae and pupae of E. insulana. Additionally, frankincense nanoemulsion dramatically influenced the adult emergence percentage. It also caused a significantly lower hatchability percentage compared to the untreated control. The concentrations used and the types of mating combination have a significant effect on the fecundity of E. insulana. This novel frankincense nanoemulsion formulation could be used in strategies to control the spiny bollworm on cotton plants.