Nano Additives Research Articles

Corrigendum to: “Recent Patents of Micro-arc Oxidation Technology”

A typographical error appeared in terms of repetition of sentences in the manuscript titled “Recent Patents of Micro-arc Oxidation Technology”, 2024; 18(6): e300423216386 [1]. <p> Original: Liu et al. [90] provided a method for micro-arc oxidation of electrolytes and reducing the brittleness of microporous ceramic film. By adding chitin nanowhiskers and Nacetylated chitosan into the electrolyte, the toughness of the ceramic film is improved, and bending brittleness and fragmentation are prevented. <p> Li et al. [91] provided an electrolyte for micro arc oxidation self-lubricating composite ceramic coating. The friction and wear properties of the composite ceramic coating were improved by adding nano additives and micro MoS2 powder into the conventional electrolyte. <p> Liu et al. [90] provided a method for micro-arc oxidation of electrolytes and reducing the brittleness of microporous ceramic film. By adding chitin nanowhiskers and Nacetylated chitosan into the electrolyte, the toughness of the ceramic film is improved, and bending brittleness and fragmentation are prevented. <p> Li et al. [91] provided an electrolyte for micro arc oxidation self-lubricating composite ceramic coating. The friction and wear properties of the composite ceramic coating were improved by adding nano additives and micro MoS2 powder into the conventional electrolyte. <p> Corrected: Liu et al. [90] provided a method for micro-arc oxidation of electrolytes and reducing the brittleness of microporous ceramic film. By adding chitin nanowhiskers and Nacetylated chitosan into the electrolyte, the toughness of the ceramic film is improved, and bending brittleness and fragmentation are prevented. <p> Li et al. [91] provided an electrolyte for micro arc oxidation self-lubricating composite ceramic coating. The friction and wear properties of the composite ceramic coating were improved by adding nano additives and micro MoS2 powder into the conventional electrolyte. <p> The original article can be found online at https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/131347

Application of micro and nano modifying additives in road construction materials

The need for stronger and more sustainable road infrastructure has stimulated research into innovative materials, including micro- and nano-additives, to improve the performance of asphalt and bitumen. This paper aims to summarize the advances in the application of these additives with a focus on improving mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties. The study provides a detailed review of traditional micro-additives such as elastomers and resins, as well as advanced nanomaterials including nano silica, nano clay, and carbon nanoparticles. Methods include analyzing experimental data from recent studies on bitumen modification with biopolymeric materials such as polylactic acid (PLA), which show an increase in molecular weight, softening point, and ductility. The main results show that the use of nano additives improves the durability of the road surface, increases its resistance to cracking, and increases the service life of the material under different climatic conditions. For example, roads modified with nano silica showed a 20-30% improvement in tensile strength and a 15% reduction in deformation. In addition, PLA bitumen modification increased the softening point by 10°C and improved the overall elasticity by 25%. These results emphasize the potential of micro- and nano-additives to create more durable, environmentally friendly, high-performance road materials.

Compressive strength of nano concrete materials under elevated temperatures using machine learning

In this study, four Artificial intelligence (AI) - based machine learning models were developed to estimate the Residual compressive strength (RCS) value of concrete supported with nano additives of Nanocarbon tubes (NCTs) and Nano alumina (NAl), after exposure to elevated temperatures ranging from 200 to 800 degrees. These models were developed via adapting meta- heuristic models including the Water cycle algorithm (WCA), Genetic algorithm (GA), and classical AI models of Artificial neural networks (ANNs), Fuzzy logic models (FLM), in addition to the statistical method of Multiple linear regression (MLR). 156 post heating experimental results available as a literature data (represents four input parameters of temperature change, heat exposure duration, nanomaterial type, and replacement proportion) are used to achieve the study’s objective. Results of the developed models demonstrated that ANN and FLM have strong potential in predicting RCS. However, it is often infeasible to generate practical equations that relate input and output variables from these models. Upon analysing the results of the WCA and GA, it was found that WCA yielded the most accurate predictions based on all performance indicators. Furthermore, RCS prediction equations with superior accuracy were derived utilizing the meta-heuristic AI models of WCA and GA, with Mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 3.09 kg/cm² and 3.53 kg/cm² for the training, 1.91 kg/cm² and 2.72 kg/cm² for the validation, and 1.91 kg/cm² and 2.72 kg/cm² for the testing data sets, respectively. Additionally, sensitivity analysis via neural networks weights and SHAP investigation were performed to reveals the impact and relationship of the input variables with the output variables. Both techniques reveal that temperature degree and time of exposure had the highest positive impact on RCS value, followed by NAl and NCTs, in order.

Investigating experimental and numerical effects of nano additives on distortion of cured unsymmetrical composite laminates

Investigating experimental and numerical effects of nano additives on distortion of cured unsymmetrical composite laminates

Development, characterization and themo-physical analysis of energy storage material doped with TiO2 and CuO nano-additives

The paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on chemical stability, surface morphology, and thermo-physical properties of phase change material integrated with nano additives. The research aims to evaluate impact of varying nano-particle concentration on thermal performance of phase change material. The phase change material magnesium dichloride hexahydrate and potassium chloride mixed in different mass ratio along with different wt% concentration of nano-additives titanium dioxide and copper oxide to prepare novel phase change material. Characterization methods such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and Differential scanning calorimeter analysis were employed. The Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated physical interactions between phase change material and nano-additives, while Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed elemental composition, and Scanning electron microscope demonstrated uniform distribution. The improved thermal properties of samples were reflected in their phase change enthalpy (284.57 J/g to 324.63 J/g), minimal energy loss (0.91 %–2.96 %), and low supercooling (0.3 %–5.26 %). Notably, doping with 1.5 wt% of titanium dioxide and copper oxide enhanced thermal conductivity by up to 117.07 % and specific heat capacity by up to 48.09 %. The introduction of nanoparticles significantly improves heat transfer characteristics, resulting in enhanced energy retention, reduced energy loss during phase transitions, decreased supercooling, and increased physical stability. These results suggest that optimized phase change material with nano-additives is highly effective for applications requiring stable and efficient thermal management.

COFs functionalized self-cleaning loose nanofiltration membranes for efficient dye/salt separation

In spite of the fact that loose nanofiltration membrane (LNFM) technology has certified inspiring prospects in the remediation of dyestuff-comprising wastewater, omnipresent membrane fouling deteriorates its separation competence and hinders its practical application. Herein, a neoteric LNFM with finely tuned anti-fouling and self-cleaning properties was manufactured via the reformative phase inversion procedure integrated with the correctional interfacial polymerization process. By altering the casting solution (i.e., adding nano additives) and coagulation bath (i.e., applying melamine aqueous solution rather than pure water) recipes, the porphyrin-based covalent organic framework (COF-366) and melamine monomers were introduced into the polymeric matrix ingeniously in one step, participating the subsequent interfacial polymerization reaction straightly. The COF-366 with photocatalytic degradation performance and hydrophilicity bestows the resultant LNFM with superior decomposing capacity for organic micro-pollutants under visible light irradiation and better operation durability. Moreover, this substrate-confined amine diffusion combined with the high polarity of melamine enables the formation of a thinner nanofilm for easy mass transport. The best-performing LNFM invented in this work exhibited a high water permeance up to 65 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, excellent dye retention (95.7 % against methyl blue), and salt/dye discrimination (27.1 for methyl blue and Na2SO4 selectivity) abilities. Eventually, the membrane could recover to original separation efficacy after the cyclic degradation testing. Overall, this work demonstrates an extensive perspective to pioneer an advanced self-cleaning membrane for dye/salt fractionation.

An Investigation into the Impact of Nano-Additives on the Performance and Emission Levels of a Diesel Engine Fuelled by Nahar Biodiesel

Research on alternative fuels has been intense due to rising energy needs, fossil fuel depletion, rising fuel consumption rates, and the generation of toxic pollutants. The production of biodiesel included the use of nahar oil by acid esterification, followed by a trans-esterification process. 20% volume of nahar biodiesel blend (NME20) was blended with diesel considering it to be the optimized blend ratio. Nanoparticles such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) were used to improve the properties of fuel. The additives were included into the biodiesel mix at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 parts per million (ppm), respectively. This research aims to evaluate the efficacy and ecological footprint of a diesel engine that utilises a blend of nahar biodiesel with the incorporation of nano additives. An experimental setup was implemented on a diesel engine with a single cylinder to assess its performance and emissions at various engine loads. The tests demonstrated that the use of a biodiesel mix NME20 containing 100 ppm nano Al2O3, (NME20Al100), resulted in a significant increase of 12.48% in thermal efficiency when compared to the other fuels tested. The addition of Al2O3 to the NME20 with 100ppm also resulted with the reduction of 22.85%, 23.07% and 27.59% of CO, HC and smoke emissions, respectively. Despite the fact that NOx levels tend to rise when nano additions are used, SME20Al100 stands out as the best nano additive compared to SME20Ti100 because of its exceptional engine performance.

Reduction of Emission and Fuel Consumptions based on Mingled Nano Additives in Biodiesel

Using the lipids identified as well as extra residual cooking oil, vegetable, and animal fats, bio-diesel a substitute for fuels derived from petroleum can be produced. Since the 1970s oil crisis, there has been a resurgence of interest in using biodiesel as a fossil fuel substitute due to the fuel's rapidly rising prices, availability uncertainties, and growing environmental and greenhouse gas (GHG) concerns.To produce biodiesel, glycerin and fat or vegetable oil are separated chemically through a process termed transesterification. Glycerin, a valuable byproduct that is typically sold to be used in soaps and other products, and methyl esters, the chemical term for biodiesel, are the two products left over from the process. The industrial term for diesel derived from petroleum, petro diesel, and biodiesel have similar viscosities. Due to the nearly zero sulfur content,it is recommended to be used as an additive in diesel oil formulations to improve the lubricity of pure ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD).The current work focuses heavily on reducing emissions and fuel consumption in automobiles. In addition to lowering pollutants and fuel consumption, the transition metal oxide (Copper oxide) additions in nanocrystalline particle form aid in molecular combustion. To create a stable Nano fluid, soap nut biodiesel is combined with metal oxide additive and ultrasonicated. For our experimental investigation, single cylinder, air cooled, constant speed Kirloskar engine is used. The reduction of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions is investigated. The highest break power of the biodiesel employed in the study is 3.82 KW, greater than the typical diesel's 3.23 KW. The result shows improved engine efficiency, reduced emissions, and better brake thermal efficiency.

Lifecycle Assessment and Multi-Parameter Optimization of Lightweight Cement Mortar with Nano Additives.

With the growing global concerns regarding sustainable development in the building and construction industries, concentration only on the engineering properties of building materials can no longer meet the requirements. Although some studies have been implemented based on the lifecycle assessment of lightweight cement-based materials, very few attempts have been made pertaining to multi-criteria optimization, especially when fly ash cenospheres are used as lightweight aggregates and nano additives are incorporated as modifying admixtures. This investigation utilized cenospheres as fine aggregates to produce green, sustainable, lightweight cement mortar. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes at 0.05, 0.15, and 0.45% were binarily added, together with 0.2, 0.6, and 1.0% of nano silica to improve the mechanical performance. Strength tests were conducted to measure the flexural and compressive behaviors, combined with a cradle-to-gate lifecycle assessment and direct cost analysis to assess the environmental and economic viability. Integrated indexes and the TOPSIS method were adopted to systematically evaluate the mortar mixes and determine the optimal mix. The outcomes show that nano additives worked synergically to enhance the mechanical properties of the mortars. The utilization of cenospheres effectively reduced environmental impacts and improved economic feasibility. Nano additives significantly affected the sustainability and economic viability; in particular, the utilization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes increased the material costs. To minimize the impact of the price of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, it is proposed to binarily use less expensive nano silica. In the multi-parameter optimization, the mix with 0.05% multi-walled carbon nanotubes and 0.02% nano silica was recommended to be the optimal mix.

Investigation of Corrosion Protection Through CNTs/ CNFs Modified Cement Mortars

background: the performance of nano modified cement based materials is substantial in terms of their mechanical durability and other similar properties that are of great importance in the functional life of cement structures. The motivation of this study is to formulate conclusions concerning the anti-corrosive impact of Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on the properties of mortar specimens and respectively on their service life. methods: The nano additives performance, was investigated through Scanning methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) which analyze the microstructure of mortar specimens with 0.1 % wt addition of CNTs and 0.1 % wt addition of CNFs in their synthesis. In addition, other techniques such as total chloride content and gravimetric mass loss measurements, provide a consolidated assessment of the impact of the nano modified cement materials. In particular, (SEM) and (XRD) microstructure analysis results showed that nanoadditives are found as agglomerates in the cement paste, whereas their hydrophobic nature blocks the diffusion of corrosive factors into the cement paste. Additionally, the total chloride content in mortar specimens with CNFs is approximately 50% less than the relevant percentage of the specimens without additives, which is in compliance with the relevant percentages of porosity values. Furthermore, from the elemental analysis of all specimens, it is found that the samples that are corroded are the specimens without nano additives. results: The addition of nanomodified materials affects the porosity and the microstructure of the mortar specimens. conclusion: The addition of 0,1 % of CNTs or CNFs positively affects against corrosion impact while exposure in extremely corrosive conditions.

Assessment of performance and emission characteristics of CI engine using tyre pyrolysis oil and biodiesel blends by nano additives: An experimental study

In the current study, the diesel engine performance, emission, and combustion have been investigated using tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) and biodiesel blended with nano-additives. The effect of the blending ratio on fuel combustion and emission was evaluated. The tyre pyrolysis oil was derived from scrap tyres through the pyrolysis process and biodiesel was synthesized from used cooking oil (UCO) through the transesterification process. Moringa oleifera-derived strontium oxide (SrO) nanoparticles were mixed into the fuel to provide extra oxygen for better combustion. Three blended fuels were formulated as: a) 5 % biodiesel and 95 % TPO containing 50 ppm SrO nanoparticles (B5TPO95SrO50), b) 10 % biodiesel and 90 % TPO containing 100 ppm SrO nanoparticles (B10TPO90SrO100), c) 50 % TPO and 50 % biodiesel without nano-additives (B50TPO50). Among the blended fuels, B10TPO90SrO100 showed the best brake thermal efficiency at 31.4 % and a brake-specific fuel consumption of 0.21 kg/kWh at full load. The B5TPO95SrO50 blended fuel showed reduced emission parameters such as unburned hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) by 2.05 %, 8.30 %, and 18.00 %, respectively, as compared to the conventional diesel engine at an optimum engine load (27.9 Nm). Hence, waste tyre oil and UCO biodiesel blended with biogenic SrO nano additive can be considered a promising fuel for a sustainable environment.

Experimental analysis of hemispherical combustion geometry of diesel engine (neem oil) biodiesel with nano additives

Experimental analysis of hemispherical combustion geometry of diesel engine (neem oil) biodiesel with nano additives

Effects of TiO2 nanobelts addition on microstructure and physical properties of vitrified bonds

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is commonly used additive to improve the strength, hardness and coefficient of expansion properties of vitrified bonds. In this work, TiO2 nanobelts were prepared through hydrothermal method, and the effect of TiO2 nanobelts content on the microstructure and physical properties of vitrified bonds and vitrified bond CBN composites were systematically investigated. When the content of 0.2 wt% TiO2 nanobelts and sintered at 660 °C, as-prepared nano-vitrified bonds exhibited the beneficial performance improvement. Specifically, the obtained coefficient of thermal expansion, flexural strength, microindentation hardness, and mobility are 5.37 × 10−6 °C−1, 85.96 MPa, 853.19 MPa, and 140.6 %, respectively. Moreover, the vitrified bonds with 0.2 wt% TiO2 nanobelts addition is further used to optimize the performance of cubic boron nitride (CBN) composites. When sintered at 720 °C, the CBN composite samples depicted the excellent flexural strength, rockwell, porosity, and grinding ratio of 63.27 MPa, 61.5 HRB, 48.9 %, and 22.3, respectively. It can be attributed to the positive contribution of nano-vitrified bonds on the physical properties of CBN composites. This work is expected to contribute to the research on improving the performance of vitrified bonds with nano additives, and further obtain excellent performance nano-vitrified bond materials for the design and manufacturing of high-performance superhard abrasive tools.

Effect of different configurations of hybrid nano additives blended with biodiesel on CI engine performance and emissions

The use of nano additives to improve the cold properties of biodiesel is encouraged by its drawbacks and incompatibility in cold climate. Waste cooking oil (WCO) was transesterified to create biodiesel. A 20% by volume was used for combination of diesel and methyl ester. Current study aims to evaluate diesel engine emissions and performance. TiO2, alumina, and hybrid TiO2 + Al2O3 nanoparticles are added to WCO biodiesel mixture at 25 mg/liter. When B20 combined with nano materials such as TiO2, Al2O3, and hybrid nano, the highest declines in brake specific fuel consumption were 4, 6, and 11%, respectively. As compared to biodiesel blend, the largest gains in thermal efficiency were 4.5, 6.5, and 12.5%, respectively, at maximum engine output power. Introduction of TiO2, Al2O3, and hybrid nano particles to B20 at 100% load resulted in the highest decreases in HC concentrations up to 7, 13, and 20%, and the biggest reductions in CO emissions, up to 6, 12, and 16%. Largest increases in NOx concentrations at full load were about 7, 15, and 23% for B20 + 25TiO2, B20 + 25 Al2O3, and B20 + 25TiO2 + 25 Al2O3, respectively. Up to 8, 15, and 21% less smoke was released, correspondingly, which were the largest reductions. Recommended dosage of 25 ppm alumina and 25 ppm TiO2 achieved noticeable improvements in diesel engine performance, combustion and emissions about B20.

On mechanical and tribological behaviour of microwave sintered TiN – 5 wt% Al2O3–5 wt% Y2O3 nanocomposite

Titanium nitride has potential applications in wide range of mechanical parts, cutting tools etc., primarily due to its high wear resistance. In the present study, a novel TiN-based nanocomposite was developed with nano additives alumina (Al2O3) and (Y2O3), 5 wt% each; using microwave irradiation at 900 W in ambient atmosphere. In-situ microwave sintering was carried out at a temperature of 1500 °C and 5 min holding time. The sintered nanocomposites achieved a relative density of ∼93%. XRD analyses showed that the major TiN phase was retained without any significant change in its peak positions after sintering. Minor phases of Y2Ti2O7 and Y3Al5O12 were formed during sintering due to chemical realignment of the constituent phases, were detected which acted as crack inhibitors. Microstructural studies indicated homogeneous distribution of the additives throughout the TiN matrix. The average Vickers microhardness of the TiN nanocomposites was ∼14 GPa, while indentation crack resistance was estimated within 3.9–4.0 MPa·m1/2. Wear and friction studies (ball-on-disc) of the microwave sintered TiN nanocomposite carried out with bearing steel ball under dry (unlubricated) and under deionised water (lubricated) sliding exhibited promising tribological behaviour. The friction coefficient (COF) between the contact pair was monitored within 0.5–0.6 after 45 min of dry sliding. Wear volume of the nanocomposite was obtained between 0.013 and 0.058 mm3 after 45 min of sliding (dry). Presence of iron oxides on worn surfaces confirmed mass transfer from the steel counterbody to the nanocomposite surface. Analyses of the worn surfaces showed that the wear mechanisms were predominantly abrasive and adhesive.

High-performance thermoplastic nanocomposites for aerospace applications: A review of synthesis, production, and analysis

Thermoset polymers are cured under natural or synthetic created conditions and retain their solid form when exposed to heat. Unlike thermosets, thermoplastics melt when exposed to heat after production. Thermoplastics are preferred as raw materials because they can be easily shaped after production, have a high shelf life and are recyclable. In this regard, the prominence of high-performance engineering polymers in recent years has led to the preference of alternative polymers to thermosets. High-performance engineering thermoplastics include thermoplastics such as polyphenylene-sulfide (PPS), polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), polyether-ketone-ketone (PEKK), polyphenylene-ether, polysulfone,polyoxadiazole, polyimide, polyether-amide, polyether-amide-imide, polynaphthalene, and polyamide-imide. These polymers exhibit application potential in aerospace, defense, automotive, marine, energy, and medical sectors. In challenging conditions such as high pressure, temperature, and corrosive environments, they possess high service temperatures, enhanced mechanical and physical properties, preferable chemical resistance as well as out-of-autoclave and rapid processing properties. In this review article, nanomaterial production methods (bottom-up and top-bottom) are mentioned. In the following sections, PPS, PEEK, and PEKK thermoplastics are explained, and carbon- and boron-based nano additives used in constructing nanocomposites are investigated. In the last section, PPS, PEKK, and PEEK polymer nanocomposites are investigated.

The Comprehensive Effects of Nano Additives on Biodiesel Engines—A Review

In modern society where fossil fuel prices are increasing and environmental issues are becoming more severe, biodiesel, as a new type of clean fuel, is receiving increasing attention. Biodiesel has the advantages of renewability, environmental friendliness, and good fuel properties, demonstrating broad application prospects. However, the use of biodiesel also faces some challenges, such as higher density and kinematic viscosity, lower calorific value, etc. The application of nanoparticles in biodiesel engines helps to achieve the goal of clean fuel. In terms of fuel characteristics, nanoparticles increase the calorific value, cetane value, and flash point of the fuel, improving combustion efficiency and safety, but increasing density may affect combustion. The use of nanoparticles can promote micro explosions and secondary atomization of fuel, improve combustion characteristics, and increase cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and brake thermal efficiency while reducing fuel consumption. Nanoparticles reduce HC and CO emissions, improve combustion through higher oxygen and reaction area, and reduce incomplete combustion products. On the contrary, nanoparticles also increase CO2 emissions because better combustion conditions promote oxidation reactions. For NOX emissions, some nanoparticles lower the combustion temperature to reduce emissions, while others increase emissions. Comparison shows that all nanoparticles offer varying degrees of improvement in engine performance and emissions, but the improvement provided by TiO2 nanoparticles is significantly better than that of other nanoparticles. In the future, the synergistic effect of multiple nanoparticles should be explored to further improve performance and reduce emissions, achieving effects that cannot be achieved by a single nanoparticle.

Experimental investigation of tailoring functionalized carbon-based nano additives infused phase change material for enhanced thermal energy storage

The advancement of phase change materials (PCMs) as potential thermal energy storage (TES) materials for building envelopes holds promise for efficient energy utilization. However, the PCMs have a major drawback during energy storage, which is lower thermal conductivity, leading to inadequate heat transfer performance and energy storage density. The foremost objective is to formulate a nanocomposite by dispersing functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes in salt hydrate PCM with the presence of surfactant. A two-step technique is employed to formulate the nanocomposites with different weight concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 %) of carbon-based nanoparticles and these nanocomposites are thoroughly characterized to explore the thermophysical properties. Resulting the nanocomposite demonstrates a significant improvement in thermal conductivity, increasing by 91.45 %, which can be attributed to the well-developed thermal networks with the PCM matrix. The nanocomposite samples exhibit extreme thermal stability up to 477 °C with a slight enhancement of 4.6 %. Optical investigations further confirmed that the transmissibility of PCM decreased to 8.3 % from 62.8 %, indicating an enhanced absorption capability due to the dark color nature of the nanoparticles. Moreover, the formulated nanocomposite demonstrated both chemical and thermal stability, with negligible changes in melting enthalpy even after 300 cycles of heating and cooling operations. Additionally, a numerical simulation analysis of 2D heat transfer was performed using Energy 2D software to demonstrate the efficacy of thermal conductivity in heat transfer. The thermally energized nanocomposite is suitable for medium-temperature TES applications such as photovoltaic thermal systems, building applications, textiles, electronic cooling, and desalination systems.

Experimental analysis of cycle tire pyrolysis oil doped with 1-decanol + TiO2 additives in compression ignition engine using RSM optimization and machine learning approach

This study investigates the effect of TiO2 nano additives in conjunction with 1-decanol on the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel. The analysis involves four different blends: 90D7TO3DO+25 ppm TiO2 (90 % Diesel+7 % Tire oil + 3 % decanol and 25 parts per minute Titanium dioxide), 80D14TO6DO+50 ppm TiO2 (80 % Diesel+14 % Tire oil + 6 % decanol and 50 parts per minute Titanium dioxide), 70D22TO8DO+75 ppm TiO2, (70 % Diesel+22 % Tire oil + 8 % decanol and 75 parts per minute Titanium dioxide), and 100TO+100 ppm TiO2.(100 % Tire oil + 100 parts per minute Titanium dioxide), (DOE), design of experiments approach is used in this analysis. BTE is high for 90D7TO3DO+25 ppm TiO2 (36.12 %), compared to Diesel (30 %), i.e. 90D7TO3DO+25 ppm TiO2 possesses 20.67 % higher than diesel. The blend 90D7TO3DO+25 ppm TiO2 exhibited the lowest fuel consumption (0.25 kg/kWh), compared to diesel (0.28 kg/kWh), i.e. it was 12 % less than diesel. Inline cylinder pressures were optimal at 70 bar for the blend 90D7TO3DO+25 ppm TiO2, indicating favorable combustion properties. In terms of emissions, diesel emits NOx (1850 ppm), and the blend 100TO+100 ppm TiO2 achieved the lowest NOX emission of 1550 ppm, representing a 16.3 % reduction compared to diesel. The RSM model's coefficient of determination (R-squared) for all the parameters considered was remarkably high (nearly 0.98), meaning that it accounts for 98.00 % of the variability in the parameters. The corrected R-squared value validates the model's robustness. The results of the coefficient of determination (R2) for Bayesian Ridge regression clearly illustrate that the method is capable of making accurate predictions across the majority of the measurements as compared to Random Forest (RF).

Analysis of a CRDI diesel engine powered by ternary fuel blends (diesel, biodiesel, and pentanol) doped with alumina nano-additives

Environmental constraints associated with fossil fuels have driven researchers to find a novel, potential and environmentally benign alternative fuel. Biodiesel, vegetable oil, and alcohol have gained rapid momentum thanks to their renewable nature and comparable energy contents in recent years. Accordingly, a Ternary fuel blend is prepared comprising three fuels namely diesel, biodiesel, and pentanol. Waste cooking oil was identified as the source for biodiesel and Pentanol was chosen among various alcohol alternatives due to improved energy density, reduced toxicity. These are endorsed to the enhancement in surface area-volume ratio of nano additives which boosts the catalytic combustion activity and also causing lesser fuel to take part in combustion for maintaining a constant engine speed. The experimentation is done with ternaryfuel blends with varying pentanol and biodiesel concentrations of diesel, biodiesel and pentanol). Upon experimentation, it was observed that, ternary fuel blend ‘TF’ comprising 70% diesel, 20% biodiesel and 10% pentanol, yielded best performance and was used for doping of Alumina oxide (Al2O3) nano additives. The Al2O3 nanoparticles were doped with ternary blends at fractions of 10 ppm, 20 ppm, and 30 ppm. It was observed that 20 ppm Al2O3 nanoparticle blended TF blend improved BTE and lowered BSFC by about 12.01% and 22.57% respectively. The performance tremendously along with lowered the CO emission by 49.21%, HC emission by 18.91% and smoke opacity by 9.02%.