Place Names Research Articles

요·금 시대 고려 서북계의 범위 재고찰

During the Liao(遼) and Jin(金) dynasties of the Goryeo(高麗) period, Goryeo's northwestern border was defined by the Yalu River(鴨淥江), and Boju(保州) was located at the northwest end of Goryeo's six eastern provinces. During the Japanese colonial period, Tsuda Soh Ki-chi(津田左右吉) redefined the scope of the six eastern provinces to include the coastal areas of present day Pyonganbuk-do within the current Yalu River, a view that our academic community currently follows. However, recently, based on research suggesting that the Yalu River during the Goryeo period was the Liao River, an argument has been made that the six eastern provinces of Goryeo should be viewed as lying between the opening of Kaixian and Cheollyeong in China. Nevertheless, issues remain regarding Goryeo's northwestern border and the Yalu River. Firstly, the misconception arises from examining the direction not as true north(眞北) but as mapped north(圖北), leading to an erroneous consideration of the west as northwest. Secondly, place names can change, and the same applies to the boundary river, the Yalu River. Therefore, the Yalu River should not be seen as a proper noun referring to a specific river but rather as a common noun meaning “boundary.” The fact that the Yalu River has many names suggests that these are not different names for a single river but rather names that indigenous people in the region have given to rivers that have become the new Yalu River due to changes in the border. Considering these points, the author reevaluated the records of Goryeo and the Liao(遼) and Jin(金) dynasties regarding Goryeo's northwestern border and the Yalu River. As a result, it was argued that Goryeo's northwestern border included the areas of Jilin(吉林), Jangchun(長春), and Nang'an County(農安 縣) in Jilin Province, China, and that the Yitong River(伊通河) flowing through this area should be considered the Yalu River as the border. Additionally, it was noted that Boju, located at the northwest end of the six eastern provinces, corresponds well with the Nang'an County area.

화성 당성 출토 명문 기와의 편년과 성격

Dangseong Fortress(唐城) was utilized from the Three Kingdoms Period to the early Joseon Dynasty, and has a First and Second Fortress with different construction periods. Inside the Fortress, various facilities including buildings, water catchments, etc. have been identified, and especially a large number of the roof-tiles have been excavated. Among these roof-tiles, there are a large number of various Inscribed Roof-Tiles. In this paper, we have identified the production techniques and chronology of the Inscribed Roof-Tiles excavated from Dangseong Fortress, and have identified and interpreted the characteristics of the inscriptions. The production technique of Inscribed Roof-Tiles is characterized by the use of long striking plates and partial breaks on the sides. This is typical of the late Unified Silla to early Goryeo Dynasty. As a result of attempting a detailed chronology through the interpretation of production techniques and inscriptions, the period was divided into the late 8th century, the 9th century, the 10th-11th century, the 12th century, and the 14th century. In particular, a large number of Inscribed Roof-Tiles are identified as belonging to the late 8th and 9th centuries. Inscribed Roof-Tiles are categorized into place and administrative names, zodiac sign and era names, functional names, and uninterpreted. These inscriptions indicate the function and use of the building, such as the building group, buddhist temple, and guest house, as well as the time and commemorative content of the building. Dangseong Fortress of Inscribed Roof-Tiles were used in the First Fortress from the late 8th century. The inscriptions of this period were mostly related to place names or building functions, and the inscriptions were made with long striking plates without a square outline. In the 9th century, when a new secondary castle was constructed along with the installation of the Dangseongjin(唐城 鎭), it seems that monumental name tiles such as the 'Seongshin(城新)' name were produced. After the construction of the Second Fortress, Inscribed Roof-Tiles are mainly associated with the names of central departments and guest houses and government offices as centers of foreign exchange. Inscribed roof-tiles from this period retain the traditional long striking plates but use a new square outline. In the 10th, 11th, and 12th centuries, inscribed roof-tiles relating to government offices and guests can still be observed, but they disappear after the 14th century as they gradually lose their central function of cultural exchange.

조선 역관 김지남의 『북정록』과 백두산정계

In the 51st year of the Kangxi reign (1712), the Korean translator Kim Jinam followed Mukden (Chinese: Mukedeng), the chief officer of Wula (today’s Jilin Province) of the Qing Dynasty, to investigate the boundary between the Qing Dynasty and Korea, and left a diary “Northern Expedition Record” that recorded the whole process, which is an important material for studying the boundary definition of Mukden. Due to his old age, Kim Jinam himself could not climb Changbai Mountain to personally experience the process of checking the river source and erecting a monument to delimit boundary, but he recorded the content of the quick report and official press of the Korean witnesses. Due to this record is not his personal experience, the content is inevitably vague, and the place name information is simple, so there are certain limitations to judge the source of Tumen River and the demarcated river determined by Mukden only referring to the “Northern Expedition Record”. And it is necessary to refer to other literature, especially the map data of both sides, to understand the whole picture and distinguish that the “upstream of Dahongdan River” determined by Mukden actually means to the Hongtu River, but not the Hongdan River today.

GIS-based relationship between pathway names and landscape. A multilingual case study: Euskadi, Spain

Place names determine geographic units in space, encapsulate the description of places where inhabitants conduct their activities, and preserve the perception of the territory in past times. The very definition of landscape impacts two interrelated concepts: human action and perception. On another note, traditional pathways are structuring elements of the landscape, bearing witness to the dynamic relationship between the territory and its inhabitants by connecting residences and workplaces. This work aims to assess the relationship between the landscape mosaic and the toponyms of pathways and roads gathered in the current cartography of Euskadi (Spain), a territory influenced by the existence of two official languages. Given the spatial component of the data, this analysis is conducted through geographic information systems. Firstly, a corpus of 3072 pathway names selected from current official toponymic databases is compiled, as well as the content of the first edition of the National Topographic Map. Subsequently, the semantic content of the corpus elements is examined, as well as the nature of their referential content concerning the landscape units obtained from the Atlas of Spanish Landscapes. The results show common factors in characterizing landscapes and the etymology of names. Thus, it is noted that traditional agricultural, forestry, livestock, and traditional industry activities shape the toponymy in the most populated landscape units. Meanwhile, references to the orography typify the more mountainous landscapes. Therefore, the geographical study demonstrates the existence of common factors that link landscape and toponymy, validating one as a study source for the other.

Памятники армянской архитектуры и топонимики Ватикана / The Monuments of Armenian Architectures and Toponymy in the Vatican

The article presents the head of a multi-volume atlas of the catalog «The monuments of Armenian architecture and place names abroad». The article briefly presents the existing monuments. The main part of the article is a table-list of Armenian monuments of architecture and toponymy in the Vatican, after which a list of literature is given.

Nomina loci с наставка -ниц(а) в българския език (продуктивна в миналото и днес)

Place names (nomina loci) in Bulgarian represent a very interesting research subject both in a diachronic and synchronic perspective. The word-formation type of the nouns derived by attaching the ending -ниц(а) or the extended suffixes -арниц(а), -ачниц(а), -илниц(а), -джийниц(а)/-чийниц(а) to designate the places where the activity or occupation denoted by the motivating verb is performed or exercised (or the places/homes where the entities denoted by the motivating noun are stored), is represented by a significant number of substantives. This group of derivatives clearly reflects the dynamics of the language as observed in the transition of words from the active to the passive lexical layer, the revival of lexical items belonging to the passive lexis, the emergence of neologisms following the established derivational patterns, the development of neosemantics, the proprialisation resulting in the formation of firmonyms. A recent phenomenon attested in the language has been the incorporation of nomina loci into the internet space: without actually existing, these places perform similar functions to their physical counterparts. The suffixes under discussion are used in the derivation of both simple and compound substantives. The empirical material confirms the productivity of the ending -ниц(а) in contemporary Bulgarian.

Soviet and Russian Regimes of Spatial Inscription: A Critical Analysis of Indigenous versus Official Place Names on Maps in Siberia, 1920s–2000s

This article discusses Indigenous Evenki place names (hydronyms) on official topographic maps and handwritten sketches in a broader context of Soviet and Russian regimes of spatial inscription and toponymic policies and their legacies. The early Soviet policy of korenizatsia (indigenization) facilitated the incorporation of Indigenous place names into official nomenclature. As a result, a large number of Indigenous toponyms appeared on official maps. The aim of this article is to examine the evolving relationships between Indigenous place names and official place names of Indigenous origin across three historical periods (the 1920s, the 1950s, and the contemporary era) and in two politically distinct settings, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Amur region. The data sets for this research were extracted from official maps and Evenki archival sketch maps collected by Glafira Vasilevich in Siberia between the 1920s and the 1960s. Using Quantum GIS in conjunction with ethnographic fieldwork, statistical analysis, and qualitative linguistic assessment, this research further investigates the evolution of Indigenous names on maps, focusing on the most characteristic changes in their inscription over the past century. This article concludes by highlighting the power dynamics between different Indigenous place-naming traditions in Siberia, where various Indigenous communities have historically distinct opportunities to influence toponymic policies.

Melacak Arti dan Makna Tarum, Tarumanagara, Ci Tarum, dan Pataruman melalui Pendekatan Linguistik, Sejarah, dan Budaya

The plant is called tarum in Sundanese, nila in Sanskrit and indigo in English. This plant is considered a source of inspiration for place naming (toponymy) in Sundanese landscape. Some of the places and natural phenomena that are considered to be inspired by the tarum plant are Ci Tarum as the largest river in Sundanese landscape, Tarumanagara as the kingdom with the oldest epigraphic evidence in landscape Sundanese, and Pataruman which is historically believed to be the center of tarum processing activities that produce natural blue dye. There are still other variations of names with the word tarum, such as Tarumajaya located in the southern area of Bandung in the upstream area of Ci Tarum and Banjar Patroman (Banjar Pataruman) located in the eastern area of Priangan, which is believed by the surrounding community to be one of the centers of tarum processing in the past. The naming of places and natural phenomena is an important linguistic phenomenon in the cultural aspects of Sundanese society that requires critical, fundamental and analytical analysis. Thus, conceptual precision that relies on the meaning and basic meaning of tarum as a working tool for disclosing information and knowledge that is more holistic and comprehensive, is expected to open up insights and provide valuable contributions regarding the cultural construction and historical aspects of Sundanese society in the past in landscape Sundanese more clearly and accurately.

Place Names as Source Material in the Derivation of Selected Yorùbá Riddles: A Sociological Approach

This work examined the place of naming, most especially place name in the derivation of Yoruba riddle known as “àlọ́ àpamọ̀”. The main thrust of this work is to examine and analyse the importance of place names as source material in the derivation of selected Yoruba riddles. The aim of this work is to examine the role place names play in the derivation and construction of Yoruba riddles. The theory adopted for this work is the sociological theory of literature and the model adopted under this theory is the mirror image approach which sees literature as the reflection of the society. Data for this research work were gathered from oral documentation through structured interviews and informal gathering of data in different social gatherings. The researcher also makes use of relevant data from existing literatures on Yoruba riddles such as Ajayi (1990), Akinyemi (2015) etc. Some of the place names that are used in the derivation of some Yorùbá riddles as analysed include important cities such as Ìbàdàn, Ọ̀yọ́, Ilé-Ifẹ̀ and Ìkòyí. From the research carried out, the researcher observed the followings (i) place-name derive Yoruba riddles mirror the habit, traits and character of the people of the towns and cities whose names were used in the derivation of the riddles. It was observed that place-name derived Yoruba riddles can be classified as a distinct type of riddle. It was also discovered that place-name derive Yorùbá riddles are sources of historical construction and reconstruction, purveyor of Yoruba culture and system of government. In conclusion, it is established that place name serves as source of derivation for Yoruba riddles and can be used as an instrument of oral histography.

Sole Survivors: Using Tree-Trunk Wells from Archaeological Excavations to Inform Reconstructions of Medieval Deforestation, and Future Reforestation

Abstract This paper represents an attempt at a detailed analysis of woodland presence and dynamics during the Middle Ages (AD 500-1500), as a contribution to the current debate on large-scale reforestation in the Netherlands. Palynological data for this particular period are scarce and allow only global reconstructions. To widen our search for historical woodland proxies, we investigated the potential of archaeologically excavated tree-trunk wells. We carried out a nation-wide inventory of this type of well, in which the shaft is formed by hollowed-out tree trunks, typically large oak trees. Our suspicion that such trees indicate the local presence of (old) woodland in the past was confirmed by a marked positive correlation with spatial reconstructions based on other sources of information: archaeological (charcoal kilns) and non-archaeological (place names and historical references). The observed correlations suggest that mapping the distribution of precisely dated tree-trunk wells can indeed contribute to achieving fairly detailed reconstructions of medieval woodland cover.

When one thing leads to another: Pole Station Antarctica: December 15th 8am 1956

ABSTRACT This short paper illuminates a research-creation project titled Pole Station Antarctica: December 15th 8am 1956 (2012 – Ongoing). This artwork is an evolving collection of envelopes sharing the same postmark – mailed from the South Pole at the same time, on the same day. As the collection grows its shifting contents illustrate with increasing clarity global flows to and from the South Pole during the mid-twentieth century. When observed en mass, the cumulative minutia of place names, postage stamp designs, and decorative embellishments expose the complicated cultural and historical circumstances of this particular mailing – pointing towards America’s geopolitical motivations at the height of the cold war, the spread of Second World War military logistics and transportation technologies in the post war era, and the effects of navigation technologies on remote areas of Antarctica.

The Elusive Endonym

The term ‘exonym’ was coined in 1957 by Marcel Aurousseau, an Australian geographer, to denote a place name used in a non-native language. ‘Endonym’ was later coined analogously as its counterpart, meaning the native name for a place. An example exonym would be the English word Germany, referring to the country whose inhabitants know it as its endonym Deutschland. These terms are useful to cartographers and also the United Nations, since it publishes documents in its six official languages, referring to places all over the world. The topic of endonyms and exonyms would seem to fall into the linguistics domain of onomastics and/or languages in contact, but it is difficult to find a linguistics textbook that mentions the concept. This paper will attempt to more fully explain the subject in the light of the facts of linguistics. It will correct common assumptions that stem from the distinction between proper and common nouns, from the international use of the Roman alphabet, from the dominance of the English language, and from ignorance of the well-established and well-understood processes of language evolution. It will conclude that exonyms are equivalent to loanword borrowings, and that there are no true endonyms.

Canada’s Place Names and How to Change Them

Canada’s Place Names and How to Change Them

Eurasian bilingual hydronyms nominations with the components "ak/kara"

Toponyms, not just geographical names, carry historical, geographical, and linguistic information and provide rich evidence of epochs. The names of places mirror the culture and lifestyle of people related to them and have unique features. Toponymical researches have a long history, however, there are some problems that complicate the interpretation of toponyms. Disputable issues related to the definition of toponyms sources require greater attention from linguistics, and historical and geographical sciences. The present study aims to explore Turkic hydronyms with the components "aq/ak" and "qara/kara" to identify their nomination specificity. The descriptive research design employs the methods of a complex linguistic and etymological analysis. The research data comprises of Turkic hydronyms, naming bodies of water located in the territory of the Eurasian space – Afghanistan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. The conducted study demonstrates that the nomination of the hydronyms with the components "aq/ak" and "qara/kara" is not related to the color specifics of the bodies of water. The hydronyms with the component "aq/ak" name the water resources that are mountain snowy waters and originate from glaciers, whereas the component "qara/kara" in Turkic hydronyms indicates the spring origin of waters.

Exploration of the toponymy of Terentang Village, West Bangka as an effort to preserve culture

The issue at hand is the low level of knowledge among the community regarding the origin of Terentang Village. The objective of this community service program is to establish toponyms and educate the community about the background of Terentang Village while uncovering its cultural potential. The activities are conducted through educational outreach methods. The outcome of this program is the exploration of toponyms that reveal the origins of several place names, such as hamlets, rivers, and hills. Through a name, the origin story of a region can be transformed into cultural heritage worth preserving. Additionally, the community's knowledge regarding the origins of their area is also enhanced.

조선 후기 관서 명승 六六洞의 성립과 詩的 형상화

This article introduces Yukyuk-dong (or thirty six Dongcheon) in Samdeung-hyeon, which was highlighted in the 19th century as one of the famous scenic spots in Pyeongan-do, and explains the origins of the names of the 36 Dongcheon and the characteristics of the Chinese poem ‘Yukyuk- dong’ created based on each Dongcheon. The extant Chinese poems based on Yukyuk-dong were mostly written in the 19th century, and the tendency of some writers to form a series of 36 poems is captured. Eom Gi (1760~1820), who first gave names to the 36 Dongcheon in Yukyuk-dong at the end of the 18th century, revealed the origins of each Dongcheon and reproduced the actual scenery into 36 poems composed in seven-word verse. While projecting legends related to immortals, he paid attention to topographical characteristics such as strangely shaped rocks, cliffs, waterfalls, and the unique flow of rivers, and expressed each Dongcheon by reflecting the natural phenomena or human activities he captured. Eom Gi's poem had a profound influence on the creation of a series of poems by the group of Shin Heon, Jo Yeon-myeong, Kim Hyeon-eung, and Lee Heon-myeong while touring Yukyuk-dong in 1837. Each of these four people's exchanging poems is compiled together with Eom Gi's poem under the title Yukyuk Yeonhwa, and generally uses materials similar to Eom Gi's to establish the image of Yukyuk-dong. Meanwhile, in the early 19th century, Shin Wi (1769~1845), Jo Deuk- young (1762~1824), and Jeong Won-yong (1783~1873), each wrote 36 poems composed in five-word verse to describe Yukyuk-dong. They connected the history of immortals and Buddhist legends, Chinese writers, and place names etc with the poems but embodied in different content from Eom Gi's poem. The series of ‘Yukyuk-dong’ poems created by 19th century writers not only contributed to securing the status of Yukyuk-dong as a scenic spot, but are also significant in that they show an aspect of the cultural phenomenon of discovery and enjoyment of scenic spots.

Antonine women and the place names of the Roman Empire

Antonine women and the place names of the Roman Empire

Вербальные инструменты глокализации рекламных трендов (на примере рекламы российских брендов экокосметики)

In the paper, on the example of the trend towards environmental friendliness, the specifics of the glocalization of modern advertising trends are considered. The authors proceed from the hypothesis that current social trends exploited by advertising discourse should be subjected to national customization. Glocalization is considered as the only way that ensures the effectiveness of global marketing processes. According to the authors, universal trends in different national linguistic and cultural communities will differ: the dynamics of globalization is constantly reinterpreted at the local level, leading to interpenetration of the global and the local. Thus, in advertising discourse, glocalization becomes a communication strategy that enhances the attractiveness of the product or service being promoted. The study of communication strategies used in the framework of adaptation activities in the foreign market is one of the important aspects of this issue, no less important is the consideration of the process of glocalization of global marketing trends – taking into account the value identity of a particular society. Current world trends at the local level undergo cognitive glocalization, which is objectified in language. In the case of the material selected for analysis (advertising of eco cosmetics), glocalization is carried out at all levels of the advertisement text (naming, the advertisement message itself, information on the package, etc.) through certain language tools. So, among the most frequent ones the authors note the use of place names, an appeal to precedent phenomena, stylization as folk poetic speech and some others, more specific means. The material for the study was the names and logos of Russian brands of natural cosmetics (more than 500), as well as more than 130 advertisement and PR texts that position and promote the products of Russian cosmetic eco-brands. During the study, the following set of methods was used: descriptive, analytical, functional, pragmatic, semiotic, complex intertextual analysis, as well as methods of systematization and classification.

About the origin of the Ayrums


 
 
 In more recent times, political problems faced by all-Turkic toponymy did not leave the toponymic system of Azerbaijan out of the grip of these challenges. In scientific journals, symposiums, and conferences, the opinions of our linguists, historians, and geographers regarding the linguistic and etymological analyses of any toponymic unit, turning from scientific debates into personal conflicts and outpourings of dissatisfaction, diverted attention from the correct and fair steps taken by honest researchers in the direction of solving the problem. Regretfully, it can be noted that sometimes, without any reason, the search for the explanation of our onomastic units in the Persian and Armenian languages has been connected with the fact that our territory borders Iran and Armenia. But we should not forget the fact that throughout history, Azerbaijan has bordered the Iravan Khanate, South Azerbaijan, and Türkiye. We must not forget that the population here consists entirely of Turkic tribes. Armenians who occupied our historical homeland not only tried to adopt our native names in those areas but in general, the representatives of this nation have always taken a biased position with the desire to appropriate toponyms of Turkish origin. Their main goal was to falsify the fact that our people live in our homeland, which they have owned for thousands of years, by changing these names. One of the ancient Oghuz tribes, the Ayrums contributed to the origin of the Azerbaijani people. The lack of substantial research on this tribe has led to the creation of fictional ideas about the origin of the Ayrums that have no scientific basis in certain periods. Surely, all this indicates the negative intentions of the Armenians and their allies, who from time to time steal the names of ancient Turkic tribes from our history and create a so-called history for themselves. G. Garagashli, a scientist who conducted serious research on the Ayrums for the first time, clarified many points in his work based on quite valid and logical arguments. G. Garagashli advises his colleagues, who do not agree with his views, to prioritize not only archaeological but also paleontological (linguistic) research in the region inhabited by Ayrums when re-investigating this topic. It is possible to draw confident theoretical conclusions based on thorough research. To preserve its national memory, every nation must first of all have its place names. From this point of view, toponyms are of exceptional importance as an invaluable source for the study of the language, history, geography and ethnography of our people. Our old tribal names, beliefs, and language units live probably better live on oeconym. «Ayrums» is one of the ethno-toponyms that keep our ancestry alive.
 
 

‘We love sharing your land’: Children’s understandings of Acknowledgement to Country practices and Aboriginal knowledges in early learning centres

This paper explores children’s understandings of Acknowledgement to Country practices and Aboriginal knowledges. Guided by the relational lenses of respect, responsibility and reciprocity, we conducted focus groups with children across five Australian early education centres. We found that Acknowledgement practices were evident through recitation of their Acknowledgement to Country, engaging with artefacts, and/or discussion of artworks. Secondly, children demonstrated emerging understandings about place names, the symbolic use of flags for places and people, and Australian plants and animals. Thirdly, Aboriginal cultures as living cultures were evident in temporal discussions about people and culture. Finally, imaginative play implied efforts to make sense of Aboriginal concepts and language. Across the study, children were active in experimenting with ideas in their own meaning making. Acknowledgement to Country was not a moment in the day; rather, it was embedded throughout the day through routines, storytelling, play and creative activities, all designed to foster learning.