Nail Polish Research Articles

Simple Melatonin Determination Using Disposable and Low-Cost Lab-Made Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode

This work describes the preparation and application of a screen-printed electrode (SPE) for direct melatonin (MT) determination in samples of saliva and urine. The low-cost SPE was obtained using a simple and feasible 2D printing methodology and a lab-made conductive ink based on graphite powder and colorless nail polish. The proposed electrode showed similar electrochemical performance compared to a commercial SPE towards melatonin oxidation. Based on electrooxidation of melatonin recorded at +0.62 V an electroanalytical method was developed using the lab-made SPE under square wave voltammetric conditions. Repeatability and reproducibility studies showed that the relative peak current values did not show significant differences between them. Under optimized parameters inherent to the methodology and voltammetric technique, the proposed SPE presented a linear dynamic range (LDR) between 0.25 to 75.0 μmol L−1 (R2 = 0.99), and calculated limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 25.8 and 83.3 nmol L−1, respectively, were obtained. The effect of other biologically relevant compounds such as glucose, urea, and estradiol was investigated, and non-significative signal interference was observed. The method proposed was successfully applied to MT determination in spiked samples providing good recovery values between 95.6 to 104%.

Microleakage beneath orthodontic brackets in high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) AT 1.5 & 3 Tesla.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of 1.5 T and 3 T MRI on the adhesion between the orthodontic brackets and the teeth by evaluating the microleakage between the enamel, adhesive and brackets interfaces. 58 extracted human premolars which were received a standard bracket bonding procedure were randomly divided into three groups; control group (n = 20; no MRI), 1.5 T MRI group (n = 19; 20 min MRI exposure of 1.5 T) and 3 T MRI group (n = 19; 20 min MRI exposure of 3 T). The teeth were kept in distiled water for 2 weeks, and thereafter subjected to 500 thermal cycles. Then, specimens were sealed with nail varnish, stained with 0.5% basic fuchsin for 24 h, sectioned and photographed under a stereomicroscope. Microleakage was scored with regard to the adhesive-enamel and bracket-adhesive interfaces at the occlusal and gingival levels. Statistical analysis was accomplished by Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni-Dunn tests. All of the groups exhibited statistically similar microleakage scores in the adhesive-enamel interface along occlusal margins (p>0.05, p = 0.331). The mean microleakage scores along gingival margins in the 3 T MRI group was significantly higher compared to the control group both in the adhesive-enamel and bracket-adhesive interfaces (p<0.05, p = 0.019 and p = 0.020 respectively). The microleakage scores along the gingival margins were also significantly higher than the occlusal margins in the 3 T MRI group (p<0.05, p = 0.029). 3 T MRI may weaken the adhesion between the enamel and the stainless steel orthodontic brackets.

Assessment Of Oral Hygiene And Life Style Pattern Among Transgender Population In Tamilnadu

Dental illnesses are found all around the world. Always good oral hygiene practices can minimize the negative effects of periodontal diseases. Assessing oral hygiene behaviour willhelp in improving their oral health status and also in planning oral health strategies specific to transgender population. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of oral hygiene practices and life style among transgender population residing in Tamilnadu. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the transgenders residing in Tamilnadu. A structured questionnaire was used to get the data regarding oral hygiene practices and lifestyle patterns. Data related to oral hygiene and lifestyle were collected after getting the informed consent from each subject. A total of 250 transgenders were enrolled in this study, of which 81% are using tobacco and majority of them were non-vegetarian. 89% of them were using tooth brush for cleaning teeth and 75% of them had dental problems. Majority (85%) of them had visited dental clinic for their dental problem. Both government and private hospitals are used in equal proportion for their dental treatment. The major reason to visit the dentist was to fill their teeth . . While assessing the life style, most of them were using face cream (71%) to improve their appearance followed by lipstick, eyeliner and nail polish. Most of them were thinking that smile is most important for them than talk due to their voice chance. For abetter smile, they were using lipstick and frequent cleaning of their teeth (74%).Oral health status helps to influence the quality of Life style among the transgender population. They should be educated and motivated to overcome the barriers and seek professional dental help. This necessitates a tailored intervention to satisfy the needs of this population in future.

Role of Silver Ions in Preventing Demineralisation of Human Enamel

Aim: To determine the changes in Ca2+ release before and after the application of Riva Star, AgNO3 and to analyse the changes in surface roughness of the samples. Methods: The Riva Star, AgNO3 were used to measure their effects on the demineralisation processes of the windowed human enamel in 50ml pH4.0 acetic solution under 370C. The sound human enamel samples were sliced and varnished using nail polish and 5mm2 was left on the surface of enamel sample in order to make windowed-type enamel. The demineralised enamel samples were treated by these agents after 4hours of demineralisation, and later put back into the same acetic acid solutions for further 4hours of demineralisation to detect the changes. Results: The results demonstrated that Riva Star (SDF/KI) treatment exerted the inhibition ability in demineralisation remarkably. However, when the silver nitrate was applied alone, it slightly accelerated the demineralisation firstly and then followed a straight line. The treatment of silver nitrate alone also caused black staining. Reducing agent such as potassium iodide following the treatment of silver nitrate can inhibit the demineralisation instantly without causing the initial acceleration in demineralisation and the final black staining. Conclusions: Riva Star (SDF/KI) is an effective demineralisation inhibition agent for up to 48 hours following the topical application. The potassium iodide application following the treatment of silver nitrate can not only accelerate the inhibition performance, but also effectively avoid black staining. Keywords: Silver ions, Demineralization, Caries, Riva Star, SDF, Surface roughness

Laser-scribed graphene sensors on nail polish with tunable composition for electrochemical detection of nitrite and glucose

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) techniques enable the direct laser writing or scribing of conductive graphene electrodes on insulative polymer substrates without complicated synthesis or fabrication processes. The precursors of LIG essentially determine its quality and applications in various fields including electrochemical devices. Here, we demonstrate that the widely used nail polish (NP) is a promising precursor of LIG, which can be converted into 3D porous graphene electrodes in air using a 405 nm laser engraving machine. The produced nail polish-based LIG (NP-LIG) electrodes possess high conductivity, good mechanical property, and tunable composition and electrochemical activity. These unique properties make NP-LIG a promising platform for developing cost-effective electrochemical sensing devices. A robust flexible electrochemical sensor of nitrite was therefore constructed on NP-LIG using chitosan as a sensing material, which shows a sensitive and selective response for the detection of nitrite with a calibration range of 2.0–1000 μM and a detection limit of 0.9 μM (S/N = 3). In addition, a non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensor was constructed by doping NP-LIG with copper ions (Cu2+/NP-LIG), suggesting the doping ability of NP-LIG by a simple mixing method.

Study of microleakage in dental enamel using nanofillers composite resin restoration with total-etch and self-etch adhesive

Microleakage is a poor marginal adaptation of the restoration, often found between cavity and restoration material. One of the reasons is the shrinkage during the composite resin during polymerization, causing the restoration’s adaption disturbed. Application of adhesive material on the cavity affects microleakage at the margin restoration and increases the adaptation between cavity and restoration material. This research aims to determine microleakage in dental enamel using nanofiller composite resin restoration with fifth-generation total-etch adhesive and eight-generation self-etch adhesive. This research used 16 specimens premolars, which were prepared cavity Class I G.V. Black and divided into two groups (group A and B). Group A used nanofiller composite resin FiltekTM Z350 + fifth-generation total-etch Adper Single Bond 2 (n=8), group B used nanofiller composite resin Filtek TM Z350 + eight-generation self-etch Universal Single Bond Adper (n=8). The specimen isolated using nail polish except in the work area.,then immersed in methylene blue 1% at 25°C (for 24 hours). After that, all specimens were washed and cut longitudinally. The results were observed using a Stereomicroscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The observation’s results showed that the amount number of microleakage in group A (75%) less than in group B (100%), while the non-parametric statistic test using the Mann Whitney showed no significant differences (p0.143). Based on SEM images, the average distance between enamel and composite resin with total-etch adhesive was 1.40 ± 0.007µm, and 1.84 ± 0.509 µm for resin composite with self-etch adhesive. This research concluded that microleakage using nanofiller composite with the fifth-generation total-etch adhesive was smaller than nanofiller composite resin with the eighth -generation self-etch adhesive.KEYWORDS: Adhesive system, nanofillers composite resin, microleakage, enamel

Click-iT ® Plus OPP Alexa Fluor ® Protein Synthesis Assay in Embryonic Cells.

This protocol describes a method to assess relative changes in the level of global protein synthesis in the preimplantation embryo using the Click-iT ® Plus OPP Protein Synthesis Assays. In this assay, O-propargyl-puromycin (OPP), an analog of puromycin, is efficiently incorporated into the nascent polypeptide of newly translated proteins in embryonic cells. OPP is fluorescently labeled with a photostable Alexa Fluor TM dye and detected with fluorescence microscopy. The intensity of the fluorescence is quantitatively analyzed. This is a fast, sensitive, and non-radioactive method for the detection of protein synthesis in early embryo development. It provides a tool for analyzing the temporal regulation of protein synthesis, as well as the effects of changes in the embryonic microenvironment, and pharmacological and genetic modulations of embryo development. Graphical abstract: Figure 1. Brief overview of the procedures of the Click-iT ® Plus OPP Alexa Fluor ® protein synthesis assay in embryonic cells. (A) Set up OPP treatments: (1) Set up microdrops containing 50 µL of OPP working solution and label different treatments on the back of culture dishes ( e.g. , T0, T1, T2, and T3); (2) The drops are overlain with 2-3 mm heavy paraffin oil and then equilibrated in incubator for 2 h; (3) Collect the embryos from female reproductive tracts or following in vitro culture in desired treatments; (4) Culture embryos in the equilibrated OPP working solution for 2-6 h. ( B ) Example of OPP detection procedures working with 60-well plates labeled as T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 for different treatments: (1) The first 60-well plate is used for the procedures of washing, fixation, permeabilization, and Click-iT ® OPP detection. (2) The second 60-well plate is for DNA staining and washing. (C) Slide preparation: (1) Label the required number of slides and set up vaseline coverslip supports; (2) Add mounting medium; (3) Transfer embryos into mounting medium; (4) Set coverslip; (5) Seal the coverslip with nail polish.

The use of concentrated multiple reflection ATR spectroscopy in the analysis of nail polish as forensic evidence.

Multiple reflection ATR spectroscopy is a technique used in cases where additional sensitivity is required over that provided by single reflection. Normally, multiple reflection equipment requires significantly more sample in order to adequately cover a larger sampling area. These larger sample amounts may not be available in forensic investigations. In this work, the capabilities of a concentrated multiple reflection ATR (CMRATR) accessory, in which all reflections are confined to a very small area, are demonstrated. Liquid solution sample sizes of only 5 to 15 μl are required. The accessory is used with an evaporative technique which further enhances sensitivity by concentrating the solute in close contact onto the ATR sampling surface. The technique along with a multivariate statistical analysis is used to discriminate visually similar nail polish samples made by different manufacturers.

An in vitro Investigation of the Sealing Ability of Biodentine and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate as Retrofilling Materials after the use of Various Irrigating Solutions.

Aim:The purpose of this study was to assess the sealing ability of Biodentine (BD) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as retrograde filling materials after irrigation with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and QMix irrigating solutions.Materials and Methods:Decoronation of 48 permanent maxillary central incisors was done. Root canal instrumentation was carried out in the samples. The apical root was resected for about 3 mm and retrocavities were prepared. Teeth were allocated into two groups (n = 24). MTA was used in Group 1. BD was used in Group 2. Depending on irrigation, the groups were subdivided A, B, and C subgroups. Group A − 0.9% saline; Group B − 17% EDTA; and Group C − QMix were used. The resected root end was irrigated with 5 ml of all irrigating solutions for 1 min. After final irrigation, cavities were filled with retrofilling materials in each group. Nail enamel was applied to the surfaces of the roots apart from the resected end. Roots were placed in India ink for 72 h. Teeth were sectioned longitudinally and microleakage was determined with a stereomicroscope.Statistical Analysis:Analysis was done using the one-way analysis of variance, Independent t-test, and post hoc test.Results:Statistically significant difference in the degree of microleakage was observed between irrigating solutions and the retrofilling materials.Conclusion:BD exhibits a better sealing ability compared to MTA as a retro filling material following QMix irrigation.

60 - Temporal Assessment of Remineralizing Demineralized Enamel Using Micro-Computed Tomography

Remineralizing enamel is an important approach of treating early carious lesion without surgical intervention allowing for preservation of tooth structure. This study objective is longitudinal assessment of enamel microstructure using non-destructive micro-CT to monitor the remineralization process undergoing fluctuating changes in pH after treatment with different remineralization agents. Twelve human extracted premolars were collected. Calculus and soft tissue were removed from the root, kept in distilled water, and stored at 4 C. The teeth were screened using Swept Source OCT (SANTEC IVS-2000) to identify a 3 ×3 mm2 caries-free region of interest on the crown for artificial caries induction. The whole crown, except for the identified sound area, was coated with two layers of acid-resistant nail varnish. Then samples were mounted using acrylic resin and customized mounts to standardize successive scans with micro-Ct. Each mounted sample was incubated in 20 ml of buffered lactic acid (2.2 mM CaCl 2 , 2.2 mM K 2 HPO 4 , 0.1 M Lactic acid adjusted pH to 4.5) for 72 hours in 37 C to induce caries-like lesions of approximately 100 micron in depth. After 72 hours, the samples were rinsed with deionized water and stored in distilled water to be scanned. The samples were grouped into four groups (n=3) that consist of three intervention groups and one negative control group. The 3 intervention groups consist of two fluoride varnish and one polypeptide-based remineralization agents. Each sample received the remineralizing treatment after the lesion formation according to manufacturers instructions. After that all samples were subjected to pH cycling for 2 weeks in 37 C incubation on a shaker table. Ph cycling solutions were refreshed at the end of every cycle following [ten Cate and Duijsters, 1982] protocol which is: 1-three hours in demineralization solution,2-rinse for 30 s with distilled water and 3- 21 hours in artificial saliva.Micro-Ct scans were carried out after 6 and 12 pH cycles. Lesion depth, ld and Delta Z, ΔZ were calculated The mean lesion depth developed in the different groups showed no noticeable difference after 6 ph. cycles while after 12 ph. cycles lesion depth were decreased in the different groups with more observable decrease in the experimental fluoride group. Both self-assembly peptide agent and experimental fluoride showed no further increase in the lesion depth after the acidic challenge at the end of the ph. cycles. Remineralized enamel with different remineralizing agents reacts differently under the same fluctuating ph. conditions at different time intervals.

Sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate, Biodentine, and EndoSequence RRM putty used as retrograde restorative material: An in vitro bacterial leakage model study

Sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate, Biodentine, and EndoSequence RRM putty used as retrograde restorative material: An in vitro bacterial leakage model study

18 - The Effectiveness of Different Types of Varnishes in Preventing Erosion

The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the effect of fluoride varnish, bioactive glass varnish, eggshell powder and sodium tri-metaphosphate treated eggshell membrane powder containing varnish against erosion. 27 teeth were cut with a water-cooled low-speed diamond separator. Two 2×3 mm windows were created in the middle three of the buccal surfaces of the specimens and the remaining parts were covered with acid-resistant nail polish. Fluoride varnish (FV), Bioactive glass varnish (BV), STMP treated eggshell and eggshell membrane containing varnish (EV) were applied to one of the two windows in each tooth sample, the other window was used as a control. Using separate containers, samples were immersed in cola drink (6 ml/sample, p H 2.6, Coca-Cola, Ankara, Turkey) gentle shaking (Duomax 1030, Heidolph) at room temperature for 2 minutes. Then the samples were kept in 0.4 ml artificial saliva for 2 minutes. This pH cycle was repeated 4 times. The surface properties of the samples were examined in a scanning electron microscope, the Ca, P, F, Mg, K and Na ratios were determined, and the Ca/P ratio was calculated. The Ca/P ratio in the area where FV is applied is 1.56, which is lower than 1.61, the stochiometric ratio in human enamel. This ratio is 1.50 in the FV control group. The Ca/P ratio of the BV group was 1.63 and 1.51 in the BV control group, 1.63 in the EV group and 1.52 in the EV control group. No statistical difference found among groups. Also, on the enamel surface treated with BV and EV, a protective layer observed. Against dental erosion, BV and EV can be used as an alternative to fluoride varnishes.

Binder‐Loaded Amorphous Nanometer Calcium Phosphate in Preventing Enamel Demineralization in Orthodontic Patients

With the popularization of oral health knowledge, people have gradually realized the importance of orthodontic treatment in oral health, so the number of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment has increased significantly. To improve the effect of orthodontic treatment, this article mainly studied the application of adhesives loaded with amorphous nanocalcium phosphate in the prevention of enamel demineralization in orthodontic patients. In the experiment, we used spray‐drying technology to synthesize NACP. The collected dry particles were dispersed with absolute ethanol, sonicated for 10 minutes, dropped on a 200 ordinary carbon support film, and then dried and observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Prevention of enamel demineralization in orthodontic patients was by adhesive‐loaded amorphous nanocalcium phosphate. In this experiment, the membrane dialysis method was used to release the drug‐loaded nanoparticles. The MH‐5 microhardness tester was used to randomly select 3 positions on the buccal area of the enamel surface to measure the microhardness. After measuring the microhardness of each point, take the average of the readings of the 3 positions. Before and after the experiment, the difference of the enamel surface microhardness before and after the experiment was statistically analyzed. Before the scanning electron microscope observation, to avoid contamination of the window area of the enamel surface, which will cause interference with the scanning electron microscope observation, we use acetone to remove the acid‐resistant nail polish coated on the enamel surface. Clean the attachments on the surface of the teeth first, then fix, dehydrate, and dry. When the release time reaches 52 h, the cumulative release rates of Cur in pH 5.4 and pH 7.4 buffers are 85.84 and 64.68%, respectively. The results show that by adjusting the concentration of PAA, it is possible to configure a mineralized liquid that can not only use the fluidity of NACP to penetrate into the collagen fibers but also transform into HAP within a suitable time, to achieve the purpose of repairing demineralized dentin.

Comparison of Dentinal Microleakage in Three Interim Dental Restorations: An In Vitro Study.

The aim of this study was to assess and compare the coronal microleakage of e-Temp (DiaDent, Korea), intermediate restorative material (IRM) (Dentsply, Sirona), and Systemp Inlay (Ivoclar Vivadent, Germany) temporary restorative materials used to seal the class I cavity preparations. In this in vitro experimental study, three temporary restorative materials were assessed for microleakage. A standardized class I access cavities (2 mm × 4 mm) were prepared in 30 freshly extracted intact human premolar teeth. Teeth were then divided randomly into three groups consisting of 10 samples each. Teeth were restored with e-Temp (n = 10), IRM (n = 10), and Systemp Inlay (n = 10), temporary restorations, and subjected to thermocycling 5000 times in a cold bath followed by a temperature of 55°C with a dwell time of 30 seconds. Teeth were painted with two layers of nail polish except for 1 mm around the restoration margin, soaked in 1% methylene blue dye solution (pH 7.4), and kept for 24 h. Sticky wax was used to seal the apical foramina. All the teeth were sectioned mesiodistally, and the specimens were examined for the amount of dye penetration (microleakage) through the restoration using Digital Microscope under 50× magnification. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. e-Temp showed 1 (10%) specimen with dye penetration up to 1 mm (Score 1). The specimens restored with IRM showed a 1 (10%) and 9 (90%) of scores for 1 and 3 dye penetration. However, 2 (20%) teeth restored with Systemp Inlay showed a dye penetration up to 3 mm or more (Score 3). A comparison of mean microleakage values of e-Temp (0.03 ± 0.10), IRM (2.69 ± 0.77), and Systemp Inlay (0.78 ± 1.64) showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). IRM specimens showed significantly higher microleakage values than e-Temp and Systemp Inlay specimens (P < 0.05). All the temporary restorative materials tested in this in vitro experiment showed a certain extent of microleakage. The temporary restorative material e-Temp showed the least microleakage values followed by Systemp Inlay and IRM.

Research Review of women’s issues of ghusl in the light of the Narrations of the wives of the Rasool (PBUH)

Purity is called ‘Tahart’ in Arabic Tahart is not only cleanliness but also the purity of body, soul, clothes and environment. Islam gives guiding principles of life and purity and cleanliness have such a great importance in these principles that it seems as if the religion of Islam is based on them. In Islam particular emphasis is placed on ghusl to achieve purity. Ghusl of Janabah, menstruation, nifas and istihaza are directly related to men and women. The wives of the Rasool (PBUH) have played unparalleled role in this regard. By putting aside the “shari” shame and modesty, they have shad light on the different types and methods of ghusl. Modern issues related to ghusl such as artificial hair, dentures, nail polish, earring, nosering and prostheses are also mentioned in this article. So that people now a days take care of these things during ghusl and attain complete purity. Because of the imitation of modernism in the modern era, man is moving away from the basic Islamic teachings and is becoming a victim of various physical, mental and psychological confusions. There is a need to spread Islamic teachings about purity and holiness. This article will be useful for the young generation. So that they have awareness and consciousness in this regard.

A drug-in-adhesive anti-onychomycotic nail patch: Influence of drug and adhesive nature on drug release, ungual permeation, in vivo residence in human and anti-fungal efficacy

A nail patch is an attractive option for the topical treatment of onychomycosis, although no product is commercially available. We previously identified optimal nail patch formulations for two anti-onychomycotic drugs, based on their properties, as well as those of the other patch components. In this paper, our aim was to further investigate the potential of the patch formulations as topical nail medicines, in particular, whether the drug-in-adhesive patches release drug which then permeates into and through the nail plate and show anti-fungal efficacy, and whether and to what extent they remain adhered to the human nail plate in vivo when tested over 2 week durations. In addition, the influence of the drug (amorolfine HCl, ciclopirox olamine) and PSA (Duro-Tak 2852 or Duro-Tak 202A) on these parameters was determined. We found that both the nature of the drug and of the PSA influenced in vitro drug release. The nature of the drug, but not that of the PSA, influenced ungual drug permeation through human nail clippings, with considerably greater (almost double) permeation for ciclopirox olamine, the smaller and less lipophilic molecule. In vivo residence, tested with 3 out of the 4 patches, excluding the patch where ciclopirox olamine degraded with time, showed greater residence on toenails compared to fingernails reflecting their far lesser exposure to environmental stresses during daily activities. In vivo residence was enhanced when the patch was cut to the shape of the nail, was applied at bedtime, and when a clear colourless nail varnish was applied on top of the patch to ‘seal’ it into place on the nail. Comparison of the patches indicated greater residence of Duro-Tak 202A containing patches over those containing Duro-Tak 2852. Amorolfine HCl in Duro-Tak 202A based patch also showed antifungal efficacy in contrast to Duro-Tak 2852-based patch, and is particularly promising for further development as a potential toenail medicine, remaining almost fully adhered to toenails for at least two weeks.

The determination of synthesis conditions and color properties of pigments based on layered double hydroxides with Co as a guest cation

Nail polish, in particular gel polish, is the most commonly used cosmetic product. A component of the gel polish, which determines the consumer color characteristics of the gel polish. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are promising pigments. To expand the range of colors and shades of pigments, the use of LDH with colored host and guest cations is promising. The parameters of synthesis and color characteristics of samples of Zn-Co and Cu-Co hydroxide pigments were studied. To obtain LDH with Co as a guest cation in the synthesis, the conversion of cobalt to the trivalent state was carried out at a temperature of 80 °C using oxidation with atmospheric oxygen or sodium hypochlorite. The oxidation efficiency was evaluated by X-ray phase analysis by the presence or absence of cobalt-containing phases. The color characteristics of the synthesized pigment samples were studied by spectroscopic measurement and calculation in RGB, CIELab, and LCH color models. The low efficiency of cobalt oxidation at the moment of Zn-Co LDH synthesis with atmospheric oxygen at an elevated synthesis temperature of 80 °C was shown, while cobalt was released as a separate Co3O4 phase. A higher efficiency of cobalt oxidation at the moment of synthesis using sodium hypochlorite with the formation of Zn-Co LDH was revealed. It is recommended to use the hypochlorite oxidation of Co2+ to Co3+ in the LDH synthesis with Co in the form of a guest cation. The formation of a separate phase of zinc oxide was found in both types of oxidation due to the thermal decomposition of zinc hydroxide. Comparative analysis of color characteristics showed that all samples have a brown color of different saturation. It was revealed that during the formation of Co-containing LDH, the lightness of the color decreases. Color saturation increases in the case of a colored host cation, such as Cu.

Comparison of Root End Sealing Ability of Three Retrograde Filling Materials in Teeth with Root Apices Resected at 90° using Dye Penetration Method under Fluorescent Microscope: An In-vitro Study

Background: Inadequate seal at the apex is the substantial cause for surgical endodontic dissatisfaction. The retrograde filling material which is used should prevent the egress of potential contaminants into periradicular tissue.&#x0D; Objectives: To evaluate the ability of MTA Angelus, Zirconomer and Bioactive bone cement to seal the root end as retrograde filling material; and to compare root end sealing ability of these three different retrograde filling materials with apices resected at 900 angles using dye penetration method under fluorescent microscope.&#x0D; Methodology: Thirty six extracted upper anterior teeth are to be cut horizontally at the CEJ. After following the standard protocols of, “cleaning, shaping and obturation” with gutta percha and “AH Plus sealer”, the samples will be resected 3mm at the apical end at 90 degree angle along the long axis of the tooth with the help of diamond disc. A root end cavity of depth 3mm will be made with Diamond coated ultrasonic surgical tip S12 90 ND. The teeth will be randomly categorized in 3 groups: Group 1: MTA angelus; Group 2: Zirconomer; Group 3: Bioactive Bone Cement. Following which the roots to be coated with nail varnish except the tip. Each material will be compressed in the root end cavity with the help of small pluggers. All the samples which are retrofilled will be kept in acrydine orange for a duration of 24 hours, following which cleaning &amp; bucco-lingual sectioning(vertical) will be done. Fluorescent microscope will be used for observation of sectioned root samples.&#x0D; Expected Results: Bioactive bone cement is expected to have better sealing ability of the retrograde cavity preparation with minimal or no microleakage followed by MTA Angelus and then Zirconomer.&#x0D; Conclusion: If this study proves correct, this would be helpful for the clinicians to choose better and the most efficient retrograde filling material with best sealing ability and minimal microleakage in a retrograde preparation which will aid in success of the root canal treatment further resolving the infection.

Formulation of zwitter-ionic terpolymeric hydrogels and their comprehensive rheological investigation

With the rapid enhancement in pharmaceutics, cosmetics, medical applications, and water contamination, the demand of hydrogels with varying properties is increasing day by day. Hydrogels with keen properties like pH sensitive, thermosensitive, biocompatibility, visco-elasticity, mechanical rigidity, and resistive to exterior stress are of great interest. In order to attain such properties for above mentioned applications, a zwitter ionic hydrogel was synthesized having flexible nature, pH sensitive and is tested using rheometer. Rheological properties are elucidated using frequency sweep and flow curve analysis. The fluidity index lower than unity indicates the non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior. The lower value of shear thinning makes it a feasible candidate to be used in paints and cosmetics industries like nail polish, lotions etc. Values for consistency index increased with rising temperature and increasing amount of AMPS. The increase in consistency coefficient and yield stress with increasing temperature from 25 to 35 ̊C indicates the strengthing of hydrogels which will facilitates jellification of drug delivery system on skin. Modified Bingham model was found the best fit to our rheological data. The thermodynamic data obtained revealed higher activation energy for ZHG-02 with greater concentration of AMPS than ZHG-01 with lower amount of AMPS.

Utility of nail enamel for inking of surgical margins in oral biopsy: a comparative study

Background: India Ink is the most commonly used ink in surgical pathology. The main disadvantages of India Ink are longer drying time, monochrome, toxicity and cost. Because of these disadvantages, alternative materials have been suggested to replace India ink. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of nail enamel for inking of surgical margin and to compare it with India ink. Materials and methods: N = 20, which included 10 mucosal and 10 skin samples. Each selected margin is divided into 2 equal halves and one is inked with India ink and the other with nail enamel (Vernis A Ongles: Dark green). After routine processing and staining, the effectiveness of nail enamel and India ink were compared based on macroscopic and microscopic parameters. Results: Less drying time and visibility on paraffin wax block were excellent for nail enamel. Microscopic visibility of nail enamel was comparable with that of India ink. However, processing fluids contamination is the main drawback of nail enamel. Conclusion: Nail enamel can be used as an alternative to India ink because of its less drying time, ease of application, good visibility on wax blocks and microscopically, availability in multiple colours, cost effectiveness and non-toxicity.