Nail Polish Research Articles

Practice and System Factors Impact on Infection Prevention and Control in General Practice during COVID-19 across 33 Countries: Results of the PRICOV Cross-Sectional Survey.

Infection prevention and control (IPC) is an evidence-based approach used to reduce the risk of infection transmission within the healthcare environment. Effective IPC practices ensure safe and quality healthcare. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for enhanced IPC measures and the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasized the need for strict adherence to the basic principles of IPC. This paper aims to describe the IPC strategies implemented in general practice during the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify the factors that impact their adoption. Data were collected by means of an online self-reported questionnaire among general practices. Data from 4466 practices in 33 countries were included in the analysis. Our results showed a notable improvement in IPC during COVID-19 with more practices reporting that staff members never wore nail polish (increased from 34% to 46.2%); more practices reporting that staff never wear a ring/bracelet (increased from 16.1% to 32.3%); and more practices using a cleaning protocol (increased from 54.9% to 72.7%). Practice population size and the practice payment system were key factors related to adoption of a) range of IPC measures including patient flow arrangements and infrastructural elements. An understanding of the interplay between policy, culture, systemic supports, and behavior are necessary to obtain sustained improvement in IPC measures.

Low-cost paper-based electrochemical sensor for the detection of ciprofloxacin in honey and milk samples

In this paper, the simple process of manufacturing a paper electrode used for the electroanalytical quantification by differential pulse voltammetry of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) in food samples is presented. The sensor was manufactured by employing a low-cost (lab-made) conductive ink composed of nail polish and graphite powder, supported by filter paper. The electrochemical device was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry, where it was found that after the polishing procedure the electrochemical performance was improved by 33%. Furthermore, the proposed optimized method showed a wide linear working range ranging from 9.90 to 220 µmol L−1, adequate sensitivity (LOD = 4.96 µmol L−1), and selectivity towards other classes of antibiotics. The method was applied to monitor CIP in spiked samples of honey, whole and skim milk, with excellent precision (RSD < 3.1%) and adequate accuracy with recovery values ranging from 80% to 95%. Furthermore, the simple manufacturing process (disposable character) coupled with minimal sample treatment (simple dilution in supporting electrolyte) makes the paper sensor a promising tool for food control analysis.

Remineralization of early enamel lesions with a novel prepared tricalcium silicate paste

To evaluate the remineralization potential of prepared tricalcium silicate (TCS) paste compared to silver diamine fluoride-potassium iodide (SDF-KI) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on artificial enamel lesions. Thirty permanent sound molars were collected for the study. After cleaning, root cutting, and applying acid-resistant nail varnish, leaving a 4 × 4 mm buccal window, the teeth were subjected to demineralization process. The teeth were divided into three treatment groups (n = 10). In each group, the teeth were sectioned buccolingually to obtain two halves (30 self-control and 30 experimental halves). The self-control halves were subjected to cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy at 50, 100, and 150 µm from the external enamel surface, and micromorphological analysis at the superficial enamel surface. The experimental halves were subjected to the same tests after 30 days of remineralization. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) outcomes showed no significant difference in CSMH after treatment among the three different groups at the different levels (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, three-way ANOVA outcomes showed a significant difference in calcium/ phosphate ratio after treatment among the three different groups at the different levels. (p < 0.05). The tricalcium silicate paste used in this study showed potential remineralization in subsurface enamel lesions.

Evaluation of Coronal Micro-Leakage of Fiber Post with Different Luting Cements (In Vitro Study)

Evaluation of Coronal Micro-Leakage of Fiber Post with Different Luting Cements (In Vitro Study)

Foliar stomata characteristic of fabaceae family in University of Sumatera Utara (USU) green space

The existence of green open space becomes important along with the decline in environmental quality. The University of Sumatera Utara (USU) campus, as one of the city’s green open spaces, is expected to be able to minimize negative impacts of increasing levels of pollution. For this reason, it is necessary to select tree species to maximize the function of green open spaces. The purpose of this research was to identify the Fabaceae family’s stomata characteristics, which included the type, length, thickness, and its density. To determine stomata characteristics, the epidermal layer of the leaves was perforated using nail polish. The results showed that all of observed trees had paracytic stomata with a random distribution pattern. The longest stomata was found in Erythrina crista that reached 20.15 μm in length, while the shortest stomata was found in Intsia bijuga and reached 12.36 μm in length. Tamarindus indica had the widest stomata, reaching 2.59 μm in width, while Pithecellobium dulce variegate have had smallest, at 7.74 μm in width. Peltophorum pterocarpum had the highest density at 718.68μm, while Leucaena leucocephala have had lowest density at 94/ μm2.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Based Nail Polish

Cosmetics have been in utilization for more than thousands years. Cosmetics are applied mostly to the skin, hair and nails. Nail polish is a lacquer that can be applied to the human fingernail to decorate and protect the nail plates. The formulation has been revised repeatedly to increases its decorative effects. Adverse events may occur with various nail cosmetics specifically prepared with synthetic colours. Synthetic cosmetic being harsh and prone to more side- effects, herbal cosmetic is quickly replacing it and gaining a lot of popularity. The objective of the study was to deliver an herbal nail paint to reduce the damage to the nails due to chemicals. The nail paint formulation is prepare by simple mixing by using natural colour pigments and analysed for drying time, appearance, smoothness, hardness, colour, stability, Spreadibillity. Formulations, prepared with 8% cellulose 2.5% formaldehyde, 1.5% castor oil, 1.5% colour. Evaluation tests were found to in normal range according to I.P. This was expected to improve appearance, safety while applying and improve the user compliance. We can conclude that the herbal nail paint may be one of the novel products that can revolutionize the cosmeceutical and health care sector. Article contain anatomical structure of nail.

Ciclopirox Hydroxypropyl Chitosan (CPX-HPCH) Nail Lacquer and Breathable Cosmetic Nail Polish: In Vitro Evaluation of Drug Transungual Permeation Following the Combined Application

Background: Onychomycosis produces nail chromatic alterations that lead patients to mask them with cosmetic enamels. Objectives: Evaluate drug transungual permeation and antimycotic activity against selected strains after application of CPX-HPCH nail lacquer (NL) on the nail pre-covered with breathable cosmetic polish. Methods: CPX transungual permeation after applying CPX-HPCH NL once or twice a day on bovine hoof membranes pre-covered with a breathable cosmetic nail polish was compared to that obtained applying CPX-HPCH NL directly on the membrane. The relevant experimental permeates underwent an in vitro susceptibility test. Results: After CPX-HPCH NL application once a day, the drug transungual flux in the presence of cosmetic product tended to decrease while maintaining the antifungal activity. Two daily applications of CPX-HPCH NL on the membrane pre-covered with cosmetic polish exhibited the same permeation profile as daily application of the medicated lacquer directly on the nail as well as the same microbiological activity. Conclusions: The breathable cosmetic nail polish can be applied on the nail affected by onychomycosis in association with CPX-HPCH NL to mask the imperfections. The application of CPX-HPCH NL twice a day appears to be a good solution to obtain the same results as for a daily application without the presence of the cosmetic layer.

Development of MoO3-CdO nanoparticles based sensing device for the detection of harmful acetone levels in our skin and body via nail paint remover

Acetone plays a vital role as a cleanser for current cosmetic –products particularly nail paint, gels, fairness creams, face-wash, etc. Inhaling of acetone during cleaning skin and face can cause severe health issues which demand a highly sensitive acetone sensor. Formation of cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles, two-dimensional molybdenum oxide (2D MoO3) nanosheets, and MoO3-CdO nanoparticles were investigated in terms of physical characteristics using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV–visible absorption analysis. Characterization studies witnessed the formation of MoO3-CdO nanoparticles with a characteristic energy band gap, crystallite size, and particle size distribution as 3.80 eV, 38.69 nm, and 2–50 nm, respectively. As fabricated MoO3-CdO nanoparticles-based sensor exhibited an excellent response of 13.48 at 25 ppm with rapid response and recovery times of 6.95 s and 8.34 s respectively. Acetone sensing studies were also conducted for the products of a few commercial companies like Acetone pure, Beauty Company, and Lakme in nail polish removers. The study of MoO3-CdO nanoparticles may be used for acetone sensing in cosmetic applications.

Pilot study of tolerability and safety of combination product containing terbinafne hydrochloride and econazole nitrate

Therapy of onychomycosis today presents a number of diffculties, and the effect does not always meet the expectations of patients. The purpose of the study. To study the tolerability and safety of the use of the drug Exilac(terbinafne hydrochloride + econazole nitrate), medical nail polish for external use. Methods. Eighteen volunteers participated in a pilot, prospective, monocentre, open-label tolerability and safety study. The study lasted 6 weeks and consisted of screening and fve visits, at each visit a visual examination, laboratory and instrumental examination methods were performed. Results. Eighteen healthy volunteers aged 18 to 34 participated in the study. Adverse events associated with the application of the study drug Exilac were observed in 1 (5.56%) volunteer, in the form of signs of delamination of the nail plate of the 1st fnger. This phenomenon is associated with mechanical damage to the nail plate when removing the old layer of the study drug and was regarded as a minor adverse event of mild severity. The remaining adverse events were not related to the use of the drug. Conclusion. The combined drug Exilac, when used twice daily for 6 weeks, demonstrated a high level of tolerability and safety.

PRESENCE OF HEAVY METAL IN DIFFERENT BRANDS OF NAIL POLISHES COLLECTED FROM LOCAL MARKETS AND AROUND GOREGAON, MUMBAI

Samples of different brands of nail paints collected from retail shops in the local market of Goregaon, Mumbai. The nail paints were oven dried at 1000C for the period of 48 hrs. The samples so digested were process for metal analyzed by ICP/AES Spectrophotometer at IIT Mumbai. The result of the study reveals that some of the nail polish may cause skin eruption or there may be a danger of skin cancer, therefore the further detail investigation is required the minimized the evils of danger.

Evaluation of microleakage for three types of light cure orthodontic band cement

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the microleakage of three types of light cure orthodontic band cement (Resilience, Band-it and Transbond Plus) and to compare low and high curing light intensities at the enamel-cement and band-cement interfaces in the gingival and occlusal margins. Materials and methodsSixty extracted human premolars were divided into six groups (n = 10 specimens) according to the type of cement used and intensity of light cure. Microetched bands of upper premolars cemented to the teeth by Transbond Plus (3 M Unitek), Resilience (Orthotechnology) and Band-it (db Orthodontics). Three groups were cured by a standard mode light cure (over 900 mw/cm2) for 20 s, and the other three groups were cured with an extra mode light cure (over 2700 mw/cm2) for 6 s. The teeth were sealed by nail varnish and immersed for 24 h in 0.5% basic fuchsin solution. After that, the teeth were sectioned in the buccoligual direction, observed under a stereomicroscope, and then recorded for microleakage at the enamel-cement and band-cement interfaces in the gingival and occlusal margins. The statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests, and the level of significance was set at P < 0.05. ResultThe microleakage scores showed no significant differences at the enamel-cement and band-cement interfaces among the three types of orthodontic band cement subjected to low- and high-intensity curing light. ConclusionsThe type of cement and intensity of light cure did not affect the amount of microleakage at either interface.

Microleakage Evaluation of Expired and Non-expired Resin Composites and Bonding Agents: In Vitro Study

Aim: Although the shelf life is a key property of dental composites and bonding agents, these materials may often be used in simple procedures after expiration. In this study, the microleakage of two year expired and non-expired dental composites (Filtek Ultimate Universal A2 Enamel, 3M ESPE, USA, and Tetric N Ceram A2, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and a universal bonding system (Single Bond Universal, 3M ESPE, USA) was examined. Materials and Methods: In 40 freshly extracted human molars, two standardized Class II cavities (buccolingual and mesiodistal width of 3 mm and 4 mm, respectively) were prepared (80 cavity preparations). The teeth were thermocycled in distilled water for 1000 cycles in a 5°C to 55°C water bath. Next, the teeth and their apical foramens were coated with water resistant nail varnish, except for 1 mm around the restoration–tooth interface, and retained in a 1% methylene blue solution. After 24 h, the specimens were cut into two halves and analyzed using a stereomicroscope. Scanning electron microscopy images of two samples of the groups were obtained. Results: The Kruskal–Wallis test indicated no significant differences between the groups ( P &lt; .05). The occlusal median scores were not significant ( P = .99). Moreover, the gingival median scores were not significant ( P = .48). No difference was found between the occlusal and gingival values in any group ( P &gt; .05). Conclusion: These findings indicated that two-year-expired dental composites and bonding agent, which were maintained under proper conditions, do not have any significant difference in terms of the microleakage.

Confocal laser scanning microscopic evaluation of sealing ability of bone cement, mineral trioxide aggregate and biodentine as root-end filling materials

Aim: To compare the sealing ability of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and Biodentine as root-end filling materials by assessing the degree of microleakage through confocal laser scanning microscopy. Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted maxillary incisors were root canal treated using the rotary ProTaper system. Apical root resections followed by retrograde cavity preparation were done. The teeth were divided into three groups and filled with the 3 tested materials (PMMA bone cement, MTA, and Biodentine). Samples were coated with nail varnish, immersed in 0.5% aqueous solution of rhodamine B dye for 24 h, and rinsed with water to remove excess dye. Samples were horizontally sectioned at 1 mm intervals into three using a diamond disk and were labeled A, B, and C and considered first, second, and third, respectively, based on their distance from the apex. Each slice was divided into four equal parts and evaluated using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Dye penetration was scored based on the amount of microleakage. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Results: Intergroup comparison of the mean scores of dye penetration among the three materials showed that there is a statistical difference between PMMA bone cement, MTA, and Biodentine, in sections B and C (P ≤ 0.05). The three groups showed no statistical difference in dye penetration scores in section A. Conclusion: The microleakage is least with PMMA bone cement followed by Biodentine and MTA. Microleakage was least in section C followed by sections B and A.

After Care

After Care

Correlates of non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemical mixtures among reproductive-aged Black women in Detroit, Michigan

Some studies indicate that Black women have higher exposure to multiple non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) than white women, but little is known about correlates of exposure to EDC mixtures. Using baseline data from a prospective cohort study of reproductive-aged Black women (N = 751), we characterized profiles of EDC mixtures and identified correlates of exposure. At baseline, we quantified biomarkers of 16 phthalates, 7 phenols, 4 parabens, and triclocarban in urine and collected covariate data through self-administered questionnaires and interviews. We used principal component (PC) analysis and k-means clustering to describe EDC mixture profiles. Associations between correlates and PCs were estimated as the mean difference (β) in PC scores, while associations between correlates and cluster membership were estimated as the odds ratio (OR) of cluster membership. Personal care product use was consistently associated with profiles of higher biomarker concentrations of non-persistent EDCs. Use of nail polish, menstrual and vaginal products (e.g., vaginal powder, vaginal deodorant), and sunscreen was associated with a mixture of phthalate and some phenol biomarkers using both methods. Current vaginal ring use, a form of hormonal contraception placed inside the vagina, was strongly associated with higher concentrations of high molecular weight phthalate biomarkers (k-means clustering: OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.28, 4.59; PCA: β = −0.32, 95% CI = −0.71, 0.07). Several dietary, reproductive, and demographic correlates were also associated with mixtures of EDC biomarkers. These findings suggest that personal care product use, diet, and contraceptive use may be sources of exposure to multiple non-persistent EDCs among reproductive-aged Black women. Targeted interventions to reduce exposure to multiple EDCs among Black women are warranted.

Foliar Anatomy of Three Native Species of Tillandsia L. from the Atacama Desert, Chile.

In the extreme north of Chile, the genus Tillandsia L. (Bromeliaceae) is represented by three native species, T. marconae Till & Vitek and T. landbeckii Phil., both of terrestrial atmospheric habit, and T. virescens Ruiz & Pav. of saxicolous habit. There is little information on the foliar structures that allow its establishment in arid environments. Therefore, we studied the leaf anatomy of each of these terrestrial and saxicolous atmospheric species from different altitudinal levels (1000 and 3000 m) in the Arica and Parinacota regions of the Atacama Desert. All populations are monospecific. The study considered scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and the fingernail polish technique. The surface distribution of stomata and trichomes of the species is described. The studied species presented hypostomatic leaves, with anomocytic stomata and peltate trichomes on the abaxial and adaxial sides. Trichomes are formed by a central disc of four equal-sized empty cells, surrounded by a peripheral series of several concentric rings, the innermost of eight, the second of sixteen and the outermost of multiple elongated cells, one cell thick, that form the flexible asymmetric wings. The number of wing cells varies according to the species. Trichomes are evenly arranged in long lanceolate leaf blades with smooth margins.

Impacts of Chemical Beauty

Cosmetics are the group of products, including sun-cream, moisturizers, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, nail polishes, hair colors, shampoo, deodorants, baby products, and others. The use of cosmetic products is increasing day by day throughout the world. Both men and women are using cosmetics for their beautification and attractive looking. Cosmetic products contain a variety of chemical ingredients and some of these can create toxicity. There is a restriction to the use of toxic and non-permitted chemicals in cosmetics but, due to poor surveillance, sometime product contains unauthenticated chemicals. Thus, there is every time chance for the intoxication of cosmetics. The common effects of cosmetic toxicity are skin damage, hypersensitivity reaction and allergic dermatitis, skin rash, skin irritation, the appearance of acne, formation of dry and scaly skin, and carcinoma. The present work has focused on the main toxic chemical substances present in cosmetic products and the possible health complications related to cosmetic use. The side effects of cosmetics are now being an emerging issue of public health. Proper surveillance, authentication of the product and public awareness will be helpful to prevent cosmetic-related health problems.

Ethyl glucuronide and alcohol abstinence: A correlation study in hair and fingernails to establish a cut-off value in fingernails for teetotalers

IntroductionExcessive use of alcohol increases the risk to be involved in a road traffic accident. According to many legislations, certain maximal blood-alcohol-concentrations (BAC) have to be respected to be allowed to drive on public roads. Acute alcohol intoxication is evaluated by blood analysis or analysis of the exhaled alveolar air. In many cases, evaluation of the alcohol consumption during the past months can be useful. In this light, ethyl glucuronide (EtG), a direct alcohol biomarker which can be found in keratinized matrices (hair, nails) is valuable and can be used for the long-term follow-up of alcohol consumption. Research aimTo compare the EtG concentration in hair and fingernails from teetotalers, and to propose a cut-off value for EtG in fingernails for alcohol abstinence. Material and methodsPaired samples of hair and nails were collected from participants, with a minimum age of 18 years. They all stated alcohol abstinence for at least 6 months. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about age, gender and the use of hair care products and nail polish. Analysis of EtG in the nail and hair samples were conducted following a validated analytical method. ResultsFrom 126 participants a hair and nail sample were collected. Of this group, 15 participants were finally not included in the study because of insufficient amount of hair or nails collected. There were more female participants (65%) and the average age of participants was 39 years. The EtG concentration in hair was below the limit of detection of 2.1 pg/mg in all but 4 samples (2.1, 2.1, 2.9, and 3.5 pg/mg). The EtG concentration in nails was below the limit of detection in 97 of the 111 samples. The concentrations in nails ranged between 2.3 and 23 pg/mg. Discussion and conclusionIn a population of 111 teetotalers, the 97.5% percentile of EtG concentrations in fingernails is 7.6 pg/mg. The highest EtG concentration observed was 23 pg/mg. These results suggest that the cut-off value for alcohol abstinence may be lower than the previous suggested 59 pg/mg and 37 pg/mg.

Foliar stomata characteristics of tree species in a university green open space

Abstract. Susilowati A, Novriyanti E, Rachmat HH, Rangkuti AB, Harahap MM, Ginting IM, Kaban NS, Iswanto AH. 2022. Foliar stomata characteristics of tree species in a university green open space. Biodiversitas 23: 1482-1489. Stomata, a gas regulatory system of leaves, provide a great chance to investigate the interaction between plants and their environment. Stomata consist of surrounded by two guard cells. Stomata are found in all parts of the plant that are exposed to the air, especially the leaves. In identifying a plant species, it is necessary to have epidermal characteristics such as stomata to complete the taxonomic data. Several studies have been conducted on the type of stomata on the leaves of some dicotyledonous and monocot plants, but not many have reported similar studies on green space. Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) campus also plays an important function as green space (GS) in Medan City due to its richness in tree collection number and species. In line with the effort in o maximizing the role of trees as the core element of green space, exploring the characteristics of stomata is important to conduct. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the leaf stomata characteristics of several tree species in the green open space of the USU campus. A total of 83 tree species were taken for their leaves to investigate the stomata characters. Three healthy mature leaves on the lower part of newly grown branches were collected from each plant. The replica and the nail polish method were employed for stomata slice making. The stomata type, length, wide, density and distribution were observed. The result showed that 83 tree species in the USU campus have varied stomata types, with the percentage were highest characteristic found in paracytic (91.46%), followed by anomocytic (6.02%), anisocytic (1.20%), and diacytic (1.20%). The longest stomata were observed in Antidesma bunius (32.04 ????????). The widest stomata were noticed in Garcinia mangostana (37.62 ????????). Meanwhile, the shortest and narrowest stomata were found in Shorea laevis, which were 5.43 ???????? and 3.72 ????????, respectively. The species with the highest stomatal density was Schleichera oleosa (4294 mm-2). According to the study, the tree species at USU generally have high stomata density, length, and width, making them more suitable for green space. Species with a high number and density of stomata and a large size are much more likely to adsorb pollutants such as carbon monoxide.

Simple Melatonin Determination Using Disposable and Low-Cost Lab-Made Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode

This work describes the preparation and application of a screen-printed electrode (SPE) for direct melatonin (MT) determination in samples of saliva and urine. The low-cost SPE was obtained using a simple and feasible 2D printing methodology and a lab-made conductive ink based on graphite powder and colorless nail polish. The proposed electrode showed similar electrochemical performance compared to a commercial SPE towards melatonin oxidation. Based on electrooxidation of melatonin recorded at +0.62 V an electroanalytical method was developed using the lab-made SPE under square wave voltammetric conditions. Repeatability and reproducibility studies showed that the relative peak current values did not show significant differences between them. Under optimized parameters inherent to the methodology and voltammetric technique, the proposed SPE presented a linear dynamic range (LDR) between 0.25 to 75.0 μmol L−1 (R2 = 0.99), and calculated limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 25.8 and 83.3 nmol L−1, respectively, were obtained. The effect of other biologically relevant compounds such as glucose, urea, and estradiol was investigated, and non-significative signal interference was observed. The method proposed was successfully applied to MT determination in spiked samples providing good recovery values between 95.6 to 104%.