NaCl Electrolyte Solution Research Articles

Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution of Immobilized Copper Complex on Carbonaceous Materials: From Neutral Water to Seawater.

Electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is an appealing strategy to utilize renewable electricity to produce green H2. Moreover, use of neutral-pH electrolyte such as water and seawater for the HER has long been desired for eco-friendly energy production that aligns with net zero emission goal. Herein, new heterogeneous catalysts were developed by dispersing an HER-active copper complex containing N4-Schiff base macrocycle (CuL) on carbonaceous materials, i. e. multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene oxide (GO), via non-covalent interaction and investigated their HER performance. It was found that CuL/GO exhibited higher HER activity than CuL/CNT, possibly due to its significantly larger amount of CuL immobilized onto GO. In addition, CuL/GO showed satisfactory HER performance in a neutral (pH 7) NaCl electrolyte solution. Notably, the performances of CuL/GO were boosted up when performed in natural seawater sample with the faradaic efficiency of 70 % and 3 times higher amount of H2 at -0.6 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), in comparison to the HER in a NaCl electrolyte. Furthermore, it possessed a low overpotential of 139 mV at -10 mA/cm2. This demonstrated the potential use of CuL/GO as an effective HER catalyst in seawater for further sustainable development.

Anodic Behavior of AK7 Aluminum Alloy and Composite Material of the Al–Al2O3 System within an NaCl Electrolyte Solution Medium

Anodic Behavior of AK7 Aluminum Alloy and Composite Material of the Al–Al2O3 System within an NaCl Electrolyte Solution Medium

Improving Pure Titanium's Biological and Mechanical Characteristics through ECAP and Micro-Arc Oxidation Processes.

Pure titanium is limited to be used in biomedical applications due to its lower mechanical strength compared to its alloy counterpart. To enhance its properties and improve medical implants feasibility, advancements in titanium processing technologies are necessary. One such technique is equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) for its severe plastic deformation (SPD). This study aims to surface modify commercially pure titanium using micro-arc oxidation (MAO) or plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technologies, and mineral solutions containing Ca and P. The composition, metallography, and shape of the changed surface were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), digital optical microscopy (OM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. A microhardness test is conducted to assess each sample's mechanical strength. The weight % of Ca and P in the coating was determined using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and the corrosion resistance was evaluated through potentiodynamic measurement. The behavior of human dental pulp cell and periodontal cell behavior was also studied through a biomedical experiment over a period of 1-, 3-, and 7-days using culture medium, and the cell death and viability can be inferred with the help of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) since it can detect proteins or biomarkers secreted by cells undergoing apoptosis or necrosis. This study shows that the mechanical grain refinement method and surface modification might improve the mechanical and biomechanical properties of commercially pure (CP) titanium. According to the results of the corrosion loss measurements, 2PassMAO had the lowest corrosion rate, which is determined to be 0.495 mmpy. The electrode potentials for the 1-pass and 2-pass coated samples are 1.44 V and 1.47 V, respectively. This suggests that the coating is highly effective in reducing the corrosion rate of the metallic CP Ti sample. Changes in the grain size and the presence of a high number of grain boundaries have a significant impact on the corrosion resistance of CP Ti. For ECAPED and surface-modified titanium samples in a 3.6% NaCl electrolyte solution, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) properties are similar to Nyquist and Bode plot fitting. In light of ISO 10993-5 guidelines for assessing in vitro cytotoxicity, this study contributes valuable insights into pulp and periodontal cell behavior, focusing specifically on material cytotoxicity, a critical factor determined by a 30% decrease in cell viability.

Computation of Electrical Conductivities of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions: Two Surfaces, One Property.

In this work, we computed electrical conductivities under ambient conditions of aqueous NaCl and KCl solutions by using the Einstein-Helfand equation. Common force fields (charge q = ±1 e) do not reproduce the experimental values of electrical conductivities, viscosities, and diffusion coefficients. Recently, we proposed the idea of using different charges to describe the potential energy surface (PES) and the dipole moment surface (DMS). In this work, we implement this concept. The equilibrium trajectories required to evaluate electrical conductivities (within linear response theory) were obtained by using scaled charges (with the value q = ±0.75 e) to describe the PES. The potential parameters were those of the Madrid-Transport force field, which accurately describe viscosities and diffusion coefficients of these ionic solutions. However, integer charges were used to compute the conductivities (thus describing the DMS). The basic idea is that although the scaled charge describes the ion-water interaction better, the integer charge reflects the value of the charge that is transported due to the electric field. The agreement obtained with experiments is excellent, as for the first time electrical conductivities (and the other transport properties) of NaCl and KCl electrolyte solutions are described with high accuracy for the whole concentration range up to their solubility limit. Finally, we propose an easy way to obtain a rough estimate of the actual electrical conductivity of the potential model under consideration using the approximate Nernst-Einstein equation, which neglects correlations between different ions.

An efficient electrochemical degradation of toxic pollutants in wastewater using BiOBr/BiVO4 hierarchical structured electrode material

The electrochemical degradation of alizarin red dye was studied using bismuth oxyhalide attached to bismuth vanadate nanocomposite synthesized via a simple solvothermal method. The electrochemical degradation of alizarin red dye was treated at current densities of 3 and 5 mA cm−1 for 30 min under different supporting electrolyte mediums (NaCl and KCl). Also, the electrochemical degradation of BiOBr/BiVO4 electrode shows higher degradation percentages of 97 and 99 for NaCl and KCl electrolyte solutions, which are higher degradation percentages than pure BiVO4 electrode (88 and 91 for NaCl and KCl). Also, the BiOBr/BiVO4 electrode shows 100% COD reduction during the 30th min of alizarin red dye using both NaCl and KCl electrolyte solutions. This may indicate that the prepared BiOBr/BiVO4 electrode shows an efficient electrode material for the degradation of textile dyes.

Fast Ion Transfer Associated with Dehydration and Modulation of Hydration Structure in Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Experiments

Carbon materials, such as graphite and activated carbon, have been widely used as electrodes in batteries and electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). Graphene, which has an extremely thin sheet-like structure, is considered as a fundamental carbon material. However, it was less investigated as an electrode material than graphite and activated carbons. This is because graphene is a relatively new material and is difficult to handle. However, using graphene electrodes can enhance the performance of nanodevices. Here, the performance of EDLCs based on single-layer and bilayer graphene electrodes in LiCl, NaCl, and KCl aqueous electrolyte solutions was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, and the charging mechanism was evaluated using molecular dynamics simulations. KCl aqueous solution provided the highest capacitance compared to LiCl and NaCl aqueous solutions in the case of single-layer graphene electrodes. In contrast, the dependence of the capacitance on the ion species was hardly observed in the case of bilayer graphene. This indicates that Li and Na ions also contributed to the capacitances. The high EDLC performance can be attributed to the fast ion transfer promoted by the dehydration and modification of the second hydration shell on the bilayer graphene because of the relatively strong interaction of ions with the bilayer graphene.

Reductive removal of pertechnetate and chromate by zero valent iron under variable ionic strength conditions

Radioactive technetium-99 (Tc) present in waste streams and subsurface plumes at legacy nuclear reprocessing sites worldwide poses potential risks to human health and environment. This research comparatively evaluated efficiency of zero-valent iron (ZVI) toward reductive removal of Tc(VII) in presence of Cr(VI) from NaCl and Na2SO4 electrolyte solutions under ambient atmospheric conditions. In both electrolytes, anticorrosive Cr(VI) suppressed oxidation of ZVI at elevated concentrations resulting in the delay of initiation of Tc(VII) reduction to Tc(IV). In the absence of Cr(VI), no delay was observed in the analogous systems. At low ionic strength (IS), retarded ZVI oxidation inhibited Tc(VII) reduction. Higher IS favored reduction of both Tc(VII) and Cr(VI), which followed second-order reaction rates in both electrolytes attributed to the more efficient iron oxidation as evident from solids characterization studies. Magnetite was the primary iron oxide phase, and its higher fraction in the SO42- solutions facilitated reductive removal of Tc(VII) and Cr(VI). In the Cl- matrix, Cr(VI) promoted further oxidation of magnetite as well as formation of chromite diminishing overall reductive capacity of this system and resulting in less effective removal of Tc(VII) compared to the SO42- solutions.

Cathode glow discharge electrolysis synthesis of flower-like β-Ni(OH)2 microsphere for high-performance supercapacitor

Nanoscale β-Ni(OH)2 is considered to be one of the most promising electrode material for supercapacitors because of its low cost, long cycle life and high theoretical capacitance. However, its preparation often involves either high temperatures or the use of complicated alkaline system, water-soluble precursors and surfactants, which greatly restrict its development. In this paper, a 3D flower-like β-Ni(OH)2 microsphere was successfully fabricated at 500 V discharge voltage in NaCl electrolyte solution with adding a certain amount of CH3COONa as stabilizer via cathode glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE) plasma, in which Pt needle and Ni foil were acted as cathode and anode, respectively. The results of FT-IR, XRD, Raman and XPS demonstrated that the hexagonal phase β-Ni(OH)2 with structural defects is produced during the CGDE process. Morphological analysis by SEM, TEM and AFM revealed that β-Ni(OH)2 exhibits a 3D flower-like microsphere with a diameter of about 1–3 μm, which is assembled by dozens of ∼3.0 nm thick nanosheets. The specific surface area and average pore-size of the flower-like β-Ni(OH)2 microspheres are 184.9 m2 g−1 and 17.8 nm, respectively. A possible formation mechanism is proposed on the basis of Ostwald ripening. β-Ni(OH)2 exhibits a high specific capacitance of 1818 F g−1 at 3 A g−1 and good capacity retention of 85 % after 1000 charge–discharge cycles at current density of 5 A g−1. 3D flower-like β-Ni(OH)2 microsphere can be used as a highly promising candidate for the supercapacitor electrodes.

Electrolyte adsorption in graphene and hexagonal boron nitride nanochannels

Understanding the dynamics of confined electrolytes through graphene-based channels is essential in multiple fields of science including: (a) developing novel artificial membranes for drug delivery, DNA sequencing and water desalination and (b) developing quantum nanoelectronic devices. In this work, All-Atom molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the adsorption of confined NaCl electrolyte solutions in graphene (GR), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and combined GR-hBN-GR nano-channels over a wide range of electrolyte concentrations c∈(0.1,2) M. The behavior of electrolytes confined between these surfaces is analyzed by evaluating the ionic density profiles, Potential of Mean Force (PMF), net charge density and integrated charge. Although neither graphene nor hBN has net electric charge, we observed significant changes in the ionic structure including the enhanced accumulation of sodium and the depletion in chloride density close to the hBN interfaces at low salt concentration. However, increasing the salt concentration leads to accumulation of chloride close to hBN surfaces. Two different types of hBN-GR junctions are considered in this study: a) shuffle (zigzag bonds) and (b) glide (parallel bonds). High adsorption of sodium and chloride ions near shuffle GR-hBN-GR surfaces is observed due to electrostatic attraction forces between the sodium and nitrogen atoms and between chloride and boron atoms at hBN–graphene junctions across zigzag bonds. This study reveals that GR-hBN-GR with shuffle interface is highly advantageous in adsorbing sodium and chloride ions than graphene and hBN alone. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that elucidates the interaction between monovalent electrolytes and GR-hBN-GR heterostructures in a confined medium.

Plasma sprayed graphene reinforced titanium nitride composite coating: An effective solution for mitigating the corrosion attack

Plasma sprayed graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) reinforced titanium nitride (TiN) composite coating was found to be the best alternative for mitigating the corrosion attack. The coating reveals the presence of GNPs and it fills the voids and cracks, thus shrinking the inherent porosity in TiN coating. The porosity of composite coatings was reduced ~6 % just with the mere addition of 2 wt% of GNP (TiN-2GNPs). During electrochemical corrosion test, corrosion rates (CR) of TiN-1 wt% GNP (CR = 0.62 mpy) and TiN-2 wt% GNP (CR = 0.17 mpy) coatings were found ~5 and ~ 20 times lower, respectively than TiN (CR = 3.10 mpy) in 3.5 wt% NaCl electrolyte solution. This significant reduction in corrosion rate is attributed due to the densification of TiN matrix with addition of GNPs, creating the stable passivation between the electrolyte and the coating surface. Further, the detailed post-corrosion analysis disclosed the mitigation of corrosive salt through the composite coating and demonstrated the TiN-2GNP coating as an effective solution for corrosion attack.

Electrochemical behavior of friction stir welded joint of ultra-low carbon steel

In this study, friction stir welding of ultra low carbon steel was performed at tool rotational speeds in the range from 300 to 750rpm with 150rpm increments at 60mm/min fixed traverse speed. Throughout study was performed on macro and micro structures in order to determine the several welded zones for example stir zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone, and heat-affected zone. Microhardness profiles were performed along the welded joint's cross section and the utmost hardness was obtained at stir or nugget zone as compared to the other zones of the welded joints. The hardness values on the stir zone decreases with rise in tool rotating speed. Electrochemical study was investigated in 3.5%NaCl electrolyte solution. Corrosion rate is maximum (~27MPY) at 300 rpm stir zone and minimum value (~0.3 MPY) obtained at heat affected zone at 750rpm welded sample.

Accelerated wet/dry corrosion test for buried corrugated mild steel

In-service monitoring of the increasing network of buried corrugated metal pipes and culverts is essential to ensure continued operability via proactive assessments of potential failure and damage. A worst-case scenario for such structures is sudden failure resulting from deterioration due to prolonged corrosion effects. This paper proposes an accelerated laboratory corrosion test utilizing repeated wet/dry cycles to simulate the effects of chloride deposits on corrugated mild steel structures buried in cohesionless soil. The test was initiated by applying a 3.5% NaCl electrolyte solution to cohesionless soil above buried corrugated steel coupons, which were then subjected to repeated wet/dry cycles. To investigate the deterioration of mild carbon steel buried in a corrosive environment, the present work examines changes in the structural geometry and mechanical properties. The analysis shows how increasing the number of wet/dry cycles accelerates the corrosion and corresponding deterioration in steel strength, ductility, and hardness over a relatively short period of time. This paper also presents a mathematical model to provide an approximate prediction of corrosion damage for buried mild steel in soils, based on measurements of four physicochemical indicators at the interface between the steel surface and the surrounding soil. This could help to determine triggers for the maintenance or replacement of corroded buried mild steel structures, in the event of degradation in performance and workability.

Corrosion protection of magnesium alloys anode by cerium-based anodization coating in magnesium-air battery

CeN3O9·6H2O (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/L) was added into an 8.0% NaCl electrolyte solution to investigate this electrolyte for use in a Mg-air battery. The effects of the amount of CeN3O9·6H2O on the corrosion resistance of an AZ31 Mg alloy anode and battery performance were investigated using microstructure, electrochemical (dynamic potential polarization method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), and battery measurements. The results show that the addition of CeN3O9·6H2O to the electrolyte leads to the formation of a Ce(OH)3 protective film on the surface of the AZ31 Mg alloy that improves the corrosion resistance of the Mg alloy. An increase in the concentration of CeN3O9·6H2O results in a denser Ce(OH)3 protective film and decreases corrosion rate of the AZ31 Mg alloy. When the concentration of CeN3O9·6H2O is 1.0 g/L, the corrosion rate of the Mg alloy is the lowest with a corrosion inhibition rate of 70.4%. However, the corrosion rate increases due to the dissolution of the Ce(OH)3 protective film when the concentration of CeN3O9·6H2O is greater than 1.0 g/L. Immersing the Mg alloy in the electrolyte solution containing CeN3O9·6H2O for 50 h leads to the formation of the Ce(HO)3 protective film on its surface, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy of the AZ31 alloy. The Mg2+ charge transfer resistance increases by 69.5 Ω from the equivalent circuit diagram, which improves the corrosion resistance of the Mg alloy. The discharge performance of CeN3O9·6H2O improves according to a discharge test, and the discharge time increases by 40 min.

Mathematical modeling of electrothermal couple stress nanofluid flow and entropy in a porous microchannel under injection process

We examine the effects of ion diffusion coefficient on steady electroosmotic couple stress nanofluid flow and heat transfer in a porous microchannel bounded by two permeable beds. The study considers the nanofluid injection process through porous beds. The combined effects of ion diffusivity and injected nanofluid velocity on EDL (Electric double layer) thickness are analytically expressed. The differential transform method (DTM) is used to solve the flow equations. The DTM solution is then compared with the exact analytical solution of velocity, Zeta potential function and a square averaged residual analysis is conducted. These comparisons show excellent matching. We observe that the enhancement of ion diffusion coefficient increases nanofluid velocity at the edge of EDL but diminishes with intrinsic couple stress. The bulk nanofluid flow rate is found to follow a quadratic like relationship with the couple stress parameter. We have investigated the nanofluid temperature and nanoparticle concentration distribution in microchannel for variations of the diffusive Reynolds number, porous permeability parameter and couple stress parameter. The nanofluid temperature is found to increase with an enhancement of ion diffusion coefficient, which is related with experimental results observed by Kong et al. (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19 (2017) 7678) for NaCl electrolyte solution confined in a graphene nanochannel. Moreover, the nanofluid temperature decreases with enhancement of both porous permeability of the medium and couple stress parameter.

THE INFLUENCE OF THIN MULTI-LAYER OXIDE COATINGS MADE BY EB-PVD, ON THE CORROSION OF 316 L STAINLESS STEEL

Corrosion is a process of destroying metals (alloys) under the chemical or electrochemical action of the environment. A valuable method to improve the corrosion resistance of metals and alloys working under extreme environments based on protecting the metal substrate with different ceramic materials has been proposed. Experiments were performed by Electron Beam – Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD), for deposition of multi-thin oxide layers of the type: Al2O3 / ZrO2 doped with Y2O3 / La2Zr2O7 / ZrO2 doped with Ce2O3, on 316L stainless steel laminated sheet substrates. The influence of multi-layer oxide coatings on the corrosion of 316L stainless steel was studied by electrochemical corrosion experiments (linear polarization) in NaCl solution of different concentrations (from 0.06M to 0.6M). To highlight the microstructural aspects on the elec-trochemically corroded samples, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed. The coating adhesion was evaluated by scratch test. Complex multi-layer oxide coatings improve the corrosion resistance of stainless steel in dilute NaCl electrolyte solutions (0.06M and 0.2M). In contrast, for more concentrated NaCl solutions (0.4M and 0.6M), these thin multi-layer oxide coatings are more susceptible to corrosion than simple alumina coatings which have higher po-larization resistance and lower corrosion rates.

Improving corrosion protection of Mg alloys (AZ31B) using graphene‐based hybrid coatings

AbstractIn the present work, a study was carried out to compare the morphology and electrochemical properties of pure and graphene‐modified hybrid silica sol–gel coatings deposited on anodized AZ31B magnesium alloys. The precursor solution was prepared using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and 3‐glycidoxypropyl‐trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), with the addition of chemically modified graphene nanosheets (GN‐chem). Homogeneous and adherent coatings were obtained using GPTMS‐TEOS (GT) and GPTMS‐TEOS‐GN‐chem (GT/GN‐chem) solutions with uniform thickness around 4 µm. Raman, SEM images and EDS analyses confirmed the presence of graphene nanosheets in the coatings. Potentiodynamic polarization results using 0.05 M NaCl electrolyte solution showed that graphene containing silica coatings significantly improve the corrosion resistance of AZ31B alloys. In addition, a significant passive region was observed for GT/GN‐chem coatings.

Oil-Immersed Scanning Micropipette Contact Method Enabling Long-Term Corrosion Mapping

Scanning micropipette contact method (SMCM) suffers from droplet evaporation and crystallization which limits the use of most saline electrolyte solutions under natural air humidity. To overcome the limitations and expand the application of SMCM, we improve this technique by scanning the droplet under mineral oil that covers on the substrate surface. The hydrophobic and inert oil significantly enhances the droplet stability, allowing for prolonged mapping and the use of highly evaporative saline solutions regardless of ambient humidity levels. This systematic mapping technique was used to conduct a detailed investigation of localized corrosion taking place at the surface of an AA7075-T73 aluminum alloy in a 3.5 wt% NaCl electrolyte solution, which is typically challenging in the conventional SMCM. Maps of corrosion potentials and corrosion currents extracted from potentiodynamic polarization curves showed good correlations with the chemical composition of surface features and known galvanic interactions at the microscale level. This demonstrates the viability of the oil-immersed SMCM and opens up the avenue to mechanistic corrosion investigations at the microscale level using aqueous solutions that are prone to evaporation under noncontrolled humidity levels.

Microstructure, High-Temperature Wear Resistance, and Corrosion Resistance of Laser Cladded Co-Based Coating

Co-based coating has been fabricated on Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) titanium alloy by laser cladding. The phase composition and microstructure of the coating were analyzed using metallurgical microscope (MM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The microhardness, high temperature wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the coating were investigated by performance tests. The results show that the coating was mainly composed of CoTi, CoTi2 and Co0.5Cr1.5Ti crystalline phases and an amorphous phase. The microhardness of the coating was twice that of the titanium alloy substrate. The value of friction and wear coefficient of the coating was lower and more stable, and the wear mass loss decreased by 52% as compared with the substrate in the high-temperature friction and wear test. The oxidative wear mechanism in the condition of high temperature friction and wear was studied. Moreover, the coating exhibited better corrosion resistance than the substrate in both NaCl and H2SO4 electrolyte solutions.

The effect of concentration and temperature on the activities of kenikir (cosmos caudatus) leaf extract as iron corrosion inhibitor in electrolyte solution of NaCl

Ethyl acetate extracts from kenikir leaves contain flavanoid, alkaloids and tannins compounds. This compound can be used as a corrosion inhibitor because it contains nitrogen and oxygen atoms with a pair of free electrons so that it allows adsorbed strongly on the surface of the iron and increases the activity of corrosion inhibition. The inhibitory activity was analyzed by wheel test method or measurement of weight loss in NaCl 1 % medium with variations in concentration, temperature and electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The inhibitory activity of kenikir leaf extract increases with increasing concentration of inhibitor. The optimum inhibition efficiency of was obtained at a concentration of 32 ppm with an inhibition efficiency of 86.84%. An increase in temperature from 25-55 ° C causes decreased inhibitory activity and achieves optimum inhibition efficiency at 25°C. Kenikir leaf extract has adsorption properties that correspond to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm with free energy of ΔGads of -14.98 KJ/mol. The results of the surface analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that the kenikir leaf extract could inhibit corrosion rates with iron surfaces that had fewer pores than without inhibitors.

Corrosion of copper alloys in KOH, NaOH, NaCl, and HCl electrolyte solutions and its impact to the mechanical properties

Effects of electrolyte solution (i.e., KOH, NaOH, NaCl, and HCl) with various concentrations (from 0 to 0.71 M) on corrosion and mechanical properties of the copper alloys were investigated. Experimental results showed that the increases in the concentration of electrolytes allowed faster corrosion process. However, too high concentration of electrolytes has no further impacts on the corrosion profile due to the existence of the passivity phenomena on the surface of the material, preventing the material to get more corroded. Acidic (HCl) and salt (NaCl) electrolytes gave more impacts on the corrosion compared to the alkaline solution (i.e., NaOH and KOH) since the acidic and salt ions are able to destroy the formed passivation layer. The correlation of the corrosion rate and the mechanical properties was also presented, in which the increases in the corrosion rate were in line with the decreases in the mechanical properties (i.e., tensile and yield strength). During the corrosion, the atomic structure in the material received attacks from the electrolyte ions, making the structure inside the copper alloys to be less strong and easily fatigued. Understanding the corrosion process and mechanical properties is important for further applications of copper-related alloys in extreme and severe conditions.