N-methyl Derivatives Research Articles

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Parameters and Energy Metabolism in Cerebral Cortex of Rats Subjected to Sarcosine Administration.

Sarcosine is an N-methyl derivative of the amino acid glycine, and its elevation in tissues and physiological fluids of patients with sarcosinemia could reflect a deficient pool size of activated 1-carbon units. Sarcosinemia is a rare inherited metabolic condition associated with mental retardation. In the present study, we investigated the acute effect of sarcosine and/or creatine plus pyruvate on some parameters of oxidative stress and energy metabolism in cerebral cortex homogenates of 21-day-old Wistar rats. Acute administration of sarcosine induced oxidative stress and diminished the activities of adenylate kinase, GAPDH, complex IV, and mitochondrial and cytosolic creatine kinase. On the other hand, succinate dehydrogenase activity was enhanced in cerebral cortex of rats. Moreover, total sulfhydryl content was significantly diminished, while DCFH oxidation, TBARS content, and activities of SOD and GPx were significantly enhanced by acute administration of sarcosine. Co-administration of creatine plus pyruvate was effective in the prevention of alterations provoked by sarcosine administration on the oxidative stress and the enzymes of phosphoryltransfer network. These results indicate that acute administration of sarcosine may stimulate oxidative stress and alter the energy metabolism in cerebral cortex of rats. In case these effects also occur in humans, they may contribute, along with other mechanisms, to the neurological dysfunction of sarcosinemia, and creatine and pyruvate supplementation could be beneficial to the patients.

Glucosylated forms of serotonin and tryptophan in green coffee beans

Green beans of Robusta and Arabica coffee species were examined by HPLC-ESI-MS2 analysis for the content of glycosylated forms of serotonin and its N-methylated derivatives. The results showed for the first time the occurrence of serotonin 5-O-β-glucoside and tryptophan-N1-glucoside in coffee beans. Both substances were identified by their product ion spectra and by comparison with synthesized authentic standards. Interestingly, serotonin 5-O-β-glucoside occurs at similar levels in beans of all varieties of Robusta and Arabica coffee species, whereas tryptophan-N1-glucoside is present at high levels in beans of Robusta and at much lower levels in those of Arabica species. This striking difference in the content of tryptophan-N1-glucoside could afford a new tool to discriminate between beans of Arabica and Robusta coffee species.

Advanced fibroblast proliferation inhibition for biocompatible coating by electrostatic layer-by-layer assemblies of heparin and chitosan derivatives

Heparin and different chitosan derivatives were applied to produce stable electrostatic layer-by-layer assemblies and further used as coating technique to inhibit natural inflammatory response to implants. Heparin was assembled with chitosan and N-methylated chitosan derivatives, namely N,N-dimethyl chitosan (DMC) and N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC), by dipping method. DMC and TMC (chitosan derivatives) were synthesized and characterized before LbL assembly. Ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D), and contact angle were used to demonstrate the deposition of polyelectrolyte multilayers onto silicon wafers using polyelectrolyte solutions with different ionic strength. The biological properties of these films were evaluated by cell culture assays using NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells. LbL assemblies of Heparin and chitosan derivatives showed to be biocompatible, and at the same time they strongly hinder the proliferation speed of fibroblasts up to 40-fold factors. Therefore, the multilayers prepared from heparin and chitosan derivatives have good features to be used as an alternative coating treatment for biomedical implants with reduced body rejection properties.

Steric hindrance to the syntheses and stabilities of 1,5- and 2,6-naphthalene N-permethylated diammonium salts

A series of naphthalene-1,5- and 2,6-diamines and their N-methyl derivatives were synthesized and characterized. 1H NMR spectroscopy showed that an aqueous solution of naphthalene-2,6-di(NMe3I) (2) underwent considerable demethylation over a 24 h period after its initial preparation. Exchange of the iodide nucleophilic anion by the triflate non-nucleophilic counter-ion afforded a stable quaternary aminium salt. H/D α-position exchange in D2O solutions of naphthalene-2,6-di(NH2MeCl) (3·HCl) and naphthalene-2,6-di(NHMe2Cl) (4·HCl) with acidic +NH protons was observed, but not in those of naphthalene-2,6-di(NMe3I) or triflate (2 or 5). Exhaustive per-N-methylation of naphthalene-1,5-di(NMe2) (7) afforded only the mixed naphthalene-1-NMe3I-5-NHMe2I quaternary aminium-tertiary ammonium salt due to severe 1,8-type peri-strain.

New Psychoactive Substances: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Metabolism, and Detectability of Amphetamine Derivatives With Modified Ring Systems.

In recent years, new amphetamine derivatives with modified ring systems were sold and consumed as new drugs of abuse. They belong together with other new drugs of abuse classes to the so-called new psychoactive substances (NPS). The chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, metabolism, and toxicokinetics are shortly discussed of camfetamine, 3 methylphenyl-amphetamines (2-MA, 3-MA, and 4-MA), 2-methiopropamine (2-MPA), and 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB), 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (6-APB, so-called "benzofury") and their N-methyl derivatives 5-MAPB and 6-MAPB. Only a rough assessment of the pharmacology and toxicology NPS can be performed in most cases using published data of analogs, trip reports, and described clinical cases. Accordingly, they all act more or less as central nervous stimulants mainly by increasing the concentration of the neurotransmitters noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin (5-HT) by inducing their release and reuptake inhibition. Thus, the acute toxicity is associated with the sympathomimetic effects, such as mydriasis, hyperthermia, hypertension, tachycardia, insomnia, and anxiety. With the exception of 5- and 6-APB, these NPS were extensively metabolized by N-demethylation and/or aromatic hydroxylation catalyzed by various cytochrome P450 isoenzymes followed by partial glucuronidation and/or sulfation. For urinalysis, the unchanged drugs and/or the nor-metabolites are the main targets.

Mannich Bases of 2-Substituted Benzimidazoles – A Review

Mannich bases are the end products of mannich reaction and are known as beta amino ketone carrying compounds. Mannich reaction is a carbon carbon bond forming nucleophilic addition reaction which helps in synthesizing N-methyl derivatives and many other drug molecules. Mannich base derivatives of benzimidazoles possess many pharmacological properties such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, anthelmintic and play an important role in medical field. As these drugs are clinically useful in treatment of microbial infections and exhibit other therapeutic activities also, so this encouraged the development of more potent, novel and clinically significant compounds. In this review synthesis and various biological activities of new mannich bases of benzimidazole derivatives reported is discussed.

The marine sponge Agelas citrina as a source of the new pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids citrinamines A-D and N-methylagelongine.

The chemical investigation of the Caribbean sponge Agelas citrina revealed four new pyrrole–imidazole alkaloids (PIAs), the citrinamines A–D (1–4) and the bromopyrrole alkaloid N-methylagelongine (5). All citrinamines are dimers of hymenidin (6) which was also isolated from this sponge as the major metabolite. Citrinamines A (1) and B (2) are derivatives of the PIA dimer mauritiamine (7), whereas citrinamine C (3) is derived from the PIA dimer nagelamide B (8). Citrinamine D (4) shows an uncommon linkage between the imidazole rings of both monomeric units as it is only observed in the benzocyclobutane ring moiety of benzosceptrins A–C (9–11). Compound 5 is the N-methyl derivative of agelongine (12) which consist of a pyridinium ring and an ester linkage instead of the aminoimidazole moiety and the common amide bond in PIAs.

Tyrosine-Specific Chemical Modification with in Situ Hemin-Activated Luminol Derivatives

Tyrosine-specific chemical modification was achieved using in situ hemin-activated luminol derivatives. Tyrosine residues in peptide and protein were modified effectively with N-methylated luminol derivatives under oxidative conditions in the presence of hemin and H2O2. Both single and double modifications of the tyrosine residue occurred in the reaction of angiotensin II with N-methylated luminol derivative 9. Tyrosine-specific chemical modification of the model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) revealed that the surface-exposed tyrosine residues were selectively modified with 9. We succeeded in the functionalization of several proteins using azide-conjugated compound 18 using alkyne-conjugated probes by copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) or dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-mediated copper-free click chemistry. This tyrosine-specific modification was orthogonal to conventional lysine modification by N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester, and dual functionalization by fluorescence modification of tyrosine residues and PEG modification of lysine residues was achieved without affecting the modification efficiency.

Unconventional membrane lipid biosynthesis in Xanthomonas campestris.

All bacteria are surrounded by at least one bilayer membrane mainly composed of phospholipids (PLs). Biosynthesis of the most abundant PLs phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL) is well understood in model bacteria such as Escherichia coli. It recently emerged, however, that the diversity of bacterial membrane lipids is huge and that not yet explored biosynthesis pathways exist, even for the common PLs. A good example is the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. It contains PE, PG and CL as major lipids and small amounts of the N-methylated PE derivatives monomethyl PE and phosphatidylcholine (PC = trimethylated PE). Xanthomonas campestris uses a repertoire of canonical and non-canonical enzymes for the synthesis of its membrane lipids. In this minireview, we briefly recapitulate standard pathways and integrate three recently discovered pathways into the overall picture of bacterial membrane biosynthesis.

Systematic Backbone Conformational Constraints on a Cyclic Melanotropin Ligand Leads to Highly Selective Ligands for Multiple Melanocortin Receptors.

Human melanocortin receptors (hMCRs) have been challenging targets to develop ligands that are explicitly selective for each of their subtypes. To modulate the conformational preferences of the melanocortin ligands and improve the biofunctional agonist/antagonist activities and selectivities, we have applied a backbone N-methylation approach on Ac-Nle-c[Asp-His-D-Nal(2')-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2 (Ac-Nle(4)-c[Asp(5),D-Nal(2')(7),Lys(10)]-NH2), a nonselective cyclic peptide antagonist at hMC3R and hMC4R and an agonist at hMC1R and hMC5R. Systematic N-methylated derivatives of Ac-Nle(4)-c[Asp(5),D-Nal(2')(7),Lys(10)]-NH2, with all possible backbone N-methylation combinations, have been synthesized and examined for their binding and functional activities toward melanocortin receptor subtypes 1, 3, 4, and 5 (hMCRs). Several N-methylated analogues are selective and potent agonists or antagonists for hMC1R or hMC5R or have selective antagonist activity for hMC3R. The selective hMC1R ligands show strong binding for human melanoma cells. We have also discovered the first universal antagonist (compound 19) for all subtypes of hMCRs.

Novel ruthenium(II) cyclopentadienyl thiosemicarbazone compounds with antiproliferative activity on pathogenic trypanosomatid parasites

Searching for new prospective antitrypanosomal agents, three novel Ru(II)-cyclopentadienyl compounds, [Ru(η5-C5H5)(PPh3)L], with HL=bioactive 5-nitrofuryl containing thiosemicarbazones were synthesized and characterized in the solid state and in solution. The compounds were evaluated in vitro on the blood circulating trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi (Dm28c strain), the infective form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei (strain 427) and on J774 murine macrophages and human-derived EA.hy926 endothelial cells. The compounds were active against both parasites with IC50 values in the micromolar or submicromolar range. Interestingly, they are much more active on T. cruzi than previously developed Ru(II) classical and organometallic compounds with the same bioactive ligands. The new compounds showed moderate to very good selectivity towards the parasites in respect to mammalian cells. The global results point at [RuCp(PPh3)L2] (L2=N-methyl derivative of 5-nitrofuryl containing thiosemicarbazone and Cp=cyclopentadienyl) as the most promising compound for further developments (IC50T. cruzi=0.41μM; IC50T. brucei brucei=3.5μM). Moreover, this compound shows excellent selectivity towards T. cruzi (SI>49) and good selectivity towards T. brucei brucei (SI>6). In order to get insight into the mechanism of antiparasitic action, the intracellular free radical production capacity of the new compounds was assessed by ESR. DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pirroline-N-oxide) spin adducts related to the bioreduction of the complexes and to redox cycling processes were characterized. In addition, DNA competitive binding studies with ethidium bromide by fluorescence measurements showed that the compounds interact with this biomolecule.

Acetyl Eburicoic Acid from Laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatus Suppresses Inflammation in Murine Macrophage RAW 264.7 Cells

The basidiomycete Laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatus belongs to the Aphyllophorales, Polyporaceae, and grows on the needleleaf tree. The fruiting bodies of Laetiporus species are known to produce N-methylated tyramine derivatives, polysaccharides, and various lanostane triterpenoids. As part of our ongoing effort to discover biologically active compounds from wood-rotting fungi, an anti-inflammatory triterpene, LSM-H7, has been isolated from the fruiting body of L. sulphureus var. miniatus and identified as acetyl eburicoic acid. LSM-H7 dose-dependently inhibited the NO production in RAW 264.7 cells without any cytotoxicity at the tested concentrations. Furthermore it suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines, mainly inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α, when compared with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. These data suggest that LSM-H7 is a crucial component for the antiinflammatory activity of L. sulphureus var. miniatus.

Serotonin 5-O-β-Glucoside and Its N-Methylated Forms in Citrus Genus Plants

Citrus genus is characterized by a specific presence of indole metabolites deriving from the N-methylation of tryptamine and its hydroxylated form, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), which are likely involved in plant defense mechanisms. In this study, we identified for the first time the occurrence in Citrus plants of serotonin 5-O-β-glucoside and all its N-methylated derivatives, that is, N-methylserotonin 5-O-β-glucoside, N,N-dimethylserotonin (bufotenine) 5-O-β-glucoside, and N,N,N-trimethylserotonin (bufotenidine) 5-O-β-glucoside. The identification of the glucosylated compounds was based on mass spectrometric studies, hydrolysis by glucosidase, and in some cases, comparison to authentic compounds. Beside leaves, the distribution of the glucosylated forms and their aglycones in some Citrus species was evaluated in flavedo, albedo, juice, and seeds. The simultaneous presence of serotonin and its N-methylated derivatives, together with the corresponding glucosylated forms, is consistent with the occurrence of a metabolic pathway, specific for Citrus, aimed at potentiating the defensive response to biotic stress through the optimization of the production and use of the most toxic of such metabolites.

Temporal changes (1997–2012) of perfluoroalkyl acids and selected precursors (including isomers) in Swedish human serum

Concentrations (including isomer patterns) and temporal changes (1997–2012) of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and selected perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) precursors were determined in serum samples from Swedish women. Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (FOSAA), as well as its N-methyl and N-ethyl derivatives (MeFOSAA and EtFOSAA) were consistently detected. Highest PFOS precursor concentrations were found for EtFOSAA (before year 2000) or MeFOSAA and FOSAA (after 2000). Disappearance half-lives for all PFOS precursors were shorter compared to PFOS. 4:2/6:2 and 6:2/6:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs) were detected in <60% of the samples, whereas 6:2/8:2 and 8:2/8:2 diPAPs were detected in >60% of the samples, but showed no significant change in concentrations over time. Linear and sum-branched isomers were quantified separately for three PFAAs and three precursors. Significant changes between 1997 and 2012 in the % linear isomer were observed for PFOA and FOSA (increase) and PFOS (decrease).

The anodic behavior of purine alkaloids on the carbositall electrode in acid solutions

The anodic behavior of natural purine alkaloids pertaining to the group of xanthine N-methyl derivatives is studied on the carbositall electrode in aqueous solutions of dilute acids. The conditions favorable for irreversible electrooxidation of these substances in the acidic medium are considered and the mechanism is discussed. The possibility of measuring defined oxidation peaks of these alkaloids by the background of ascorbic acid and paracetamol, which are the electrochemically active compounds often accompanying the studied substances in various drugs. The results of determination of theophylline and caffeine in certain drug formulations are given.

The effect of N-methylation of amino acids (Ac-X-OMe) on solubility and conformation: a DFT study.

N-Methylation has a significant impact on improving the oral bioavailability, lipophilicity and aqueous solubility of peptide-based lead drug structures. The selected mono-amino acid derivatives Ac-X-OMe, where X = Gly, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Met, Cys, Ser, Asp and His as well as their corresponding N-methylated analogues were studied. The clog P values of all N-methylated peptides are greater than those of native compounds. Quantum chemical calculations were performed to estimate the aqueous solubility of these lipophilic compounds using density functional theory (DFT). To confirm the contribution of dispersion forces on quantum chemical data, the long-range corrected (LC) hybrid density functional (ωB97X-D) was also probed for some amino acid derivatives. The ωB97X functional gave similar results. Our results reveal that after mono N-methylation of the peptide backbone, ΔGsolv becomes more negative (more water soluble) while polarizability and dipole moment are also increased. Natural atomic charges derived by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of N, C, and O atoms involved in amide functional group become more positive/(less negative) after N-methylation. All N-methylated amino acids have higher EHOMO (less negative) in comparison with the amino acid analogues, and in all cases N-methylation decreases EHOMO-LUMO. The calculated amide cis/trans activation energies (EA) of all the N-methylated amino acid derivatives were lower than that of native species. N-methylation of these compounds leads to an increase in lipophilicity, aqueous solubility, polarization, dipole moment and lowering of the cis/trans amide energy barrier (EA).

Silver acetate-assisted formation of amides from acyl chlorides

A mild method for the aminolysis of carboxylic acid chlorides to give amides is disclosed. Reactions are carried out in the presence of silver acetate in non-aqueous environments under heterogeneous phase conditions. Amides are easily recovered in very good to excellent yields and without racemization. The approach is successful in forming peptide bonds starting from N-(4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-amino acid chlorides and allows the formation of dipeptides also when N-methylated amino acid derivatives are used.

Rational design and synthesis of an orally bioavailable peptide guided by NMR amide temperature coefficients.

Enhancing the oral bioavailability of peptide drug leads is a major challenge in drug design. As such, methods to address this challenge are highly sought after by the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we propose a strategy to identify appropriate amides for N-methylation using temperature coefficients measured by NMR to identify exposed amides in cyclic peptides. N-methylation effectively caps these amides, modifying the overall solvation properties of the peptides and making them more membrane permeable. The approach for identifying sites for N-methylation is a rapid alternative to the elucidation of 3D structures of peptide drug leads, which has been a commonly used structure-guided approach in the past. Five leucine-rich peptide scaffolds are reported with selectively designed N-methylated derivatives. In vitro membrane permeability was assessed by parallel artificial membrane permeability assay and Caco-2 assay. The most promising N-methylated peptide was then tested in vivo. Here we report a novel peptide (15), which displayed an oral bioavailability of 33% in a rat model, thus validating the design approach. We show that this approach can also be used to explain the notable increase in oral bioavailability of a somatostatin analog.

Synthesis, crystal structure, computational and photophysical studies of new hydrazono-thiazole derivatives decorated with N-methyl tetrahydrocarbazole pendant

2,3-Dihydro-1H-carbazol-4(9H)-one, obtained from 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-Dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) oxidation of tetrahydrocarbazole, on methylation with N, N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA) furnish N-methyl derivative. The thiosemicarbazone of N-methyl derivative on reaction with 2-bromopropionic acid, ethyl bromopyruvate and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) afford hydrazono-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives with tetrahydrocarbazole pendant. X-ray diffraction and DFT studies of (Z)-5-methyl-2-((E)-(9-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-carbazol-4(9H)-ylidene)hydrazono)thiazolidin-4-one 5 have been reported. The reaction with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) and ethyl bromopyruvate take place without any catalyst and organic solvent. The photophysical properties of these compounds were studied by means of UV/visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy.

Novel silicon(IV) phthalocyanines containing piperidinyl moieties: Synthesis and in vitro antifungal photodynamic activities

A new series of silicon(IV) phthalocyanines (SiPcs) axially di-substituted with piperidinyl moieties (compounds 1, 2a, and 3a) and their N-methylated derivatives (compounds 2b and 3b) have been synthesized and characterized. Meanwhile, an analogue di-substituted with cyclohexyl groups (compound 4) has also been prepared as a control. The antifungal photoactivities of these SiPcs toward Candida albicans were found to follow the order: 2b ＞ 3a ≈ 3b ＞ 1 ≈ 2a ＞ 4. The structure–activity relationship of these phthalocyanines has been discussed by investigating their photophysical and photochemical properties, partition coefficient, and cellular uptake. The cationic phthalocyanine 2b shows the highest photodynamic activity against C. albicans causing 4 log10 reduction of this fungus at 100 μM, which could be attributed to its high singlet oxygen yields, less aggregation in aqueous media, and relatively efficient cellular uptake.