N-acetylglucosamine Research Articles

Bioconversion of Shrimp Waste into Functional Lipid by a New Oleaginous Sakaguchia sp.

Chitin, the second most abundant biomolecule after cellulose in nature, is a significant aquaculture by-product, and is estimated at 6-8 million tons annually. Chitin is composed of monomeric N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) which can be seen as an alternative feedstock for biotechnology. Microbial functional lipids have gained attention due to their bioactivity and sustainable production. In this study, a new oleaginous yeast strain named Sakaguchia sp. HKC2 was found to be able to use NAG as the carbon source for growth and accumulate functional lipids such as PUFAs and carotenoids. When cultured on the NAG-containing medium, strain HKC2 exhibited slower growth and slower intracellular lipid accumulation compared to those on a glucose-containing medium. However, the lipids obtained from HKC2 grown on NAG medium were richer in PUFAs. Notably, torularhodin-a powerful bioactive carotenoid-was found in all HKC2 cultures on NAG, while torulene was abundant in glucose medium. These findings highlight a novel avenue for utilizing aquatic by-products and unlocking their potential.

Astonishing emulsifying properties of a novel exopolysaccharide produced from Bacillus velezensis BABA50

Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are currently under intensive research in various applications. However, studies on EPS from Bacillus velezensis are rare and the emulsifying properties of this EPS have not been studied previously. An EPS produced by a novel B. velezensis BABA50 strain isolated from an Algerian hot spring was characterised. The results of structural, morphological and thermal analyses showed a heteropolymeric structure containing galactose, glucose, glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine. Analyses revealed the presence of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, branched and highly porous structure and relevant thermal stability compared to other EPSs with a high degradation temperature of 260 °C and 38% of residual mass at 800 °C. EPS from B. velezensis BABA50 presents distinct polymer in terms of structure and composition compared to previously described EPS with excellent emulsifying and antioxidant activities; this EPS holds great potential in the food and cosmetic industries as a thermostable emulsifier and antioxidant agent.

Evaluation of the growth of \(\textit{Vibrio natriegens}\) strains in a medium containing chitin derivatives and shrimp shell hydrolysate

Chitin from crustacean waste can be the future substrate for bioindustry towards the circular economy concept, especially for countries having large production of sea products like Vietnam. However, the chemical conversion of chitin into monomers implies high amounts of NaCl in a mixture with glucosamine, N-acetyl glucosamine, and acetate. Thus, a bacterial strain that can tolerate high salt concentration, and use chitin monomers as the sole carbon source such as Vibrio natriegens holds great potential in producing bioproducts from chitin derivatives. In this study, V. natriegens strains 10.3 and N5.3 isolated from Vietnam were compared with the reference strain V. natriegens DSM 759 for their growth performances in medium containing separately glucose and chitin monomers. Strain N5.3 showed the best growth rate among the 3 tested strains, exceptionally in medium containing glucosamine with nearly 1.5 times faster than strains 10.3 and DSM 759. Strain N5.3 cultured in bioreactor at 30 g/L NaCl indicated growth rate ranging from 0.614 to 0.881 h-1 in medium containing glucose, glucosamine, N-acetyl glucosamine, and shrimp shell hydrolysate. The formation of acetate was observed during the exponential growth of strain N5.3 in medium with glucose and N-acetyl glucosamine but not in medium with glucosamine or shrimp shell hydrolysate. The faster growth of all tested strains on N-acetyl glucosamine compared to glucosamine suggested metabolism of these substrates of V. natriegens similar to Eescherichia coli.

Determination and Correlation of Solubility of N-Acetylglucosamine in Four Aqueous Binary Solvents from 283.15 to 323.15 K.

N-Acetylglucosamine (NAG) is a significant novel functional monosaccharide with a wide range of potential applications, such as in the medical and cosmetic fields. A gravimetric technique was used to assess the solubility of NAG in water, methanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, water + methanol, water + n-propanol, water + N,N-dimethylformamide, and water + acetonitrile at temperatures ranging from 283.15 to 323.15 K. The outcomes of the experiment demonstrated that the temperature and water content were positively correlated with the solubility of NAG in four experimental binary solvents. The order of solubility in the four aqueous solvent mixtures is water + DMF > water + methanol > water + n-propanol > water + acetonitrile. The solubility data was well correlated using the modified Apelblat model, the CNIBS/R-K model, and the Apelblat-Jouyban-Acree model. Experimental data from NAG will help guide the design of cooling and dissolution in crystallization processes.

Nonredox trivalent nickel catalyzing nucleophilic electrooxidation of organics

A thorough comprehension of the mechanism behind organic electrooxidation is crucial for the development of efficient energy conversion technology. Here, we find that trivalent nickel is capable of oxidizing organics through a nucleophilic attack and electron transfer via a nonredox process. This nonredox trivalent nickel exhibits exceptional kinetic efficiency in oxidizing organics that possess the highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels ranging from −7.4 to −6 eV (vs. Vacuum level) and the dual local softness values of nucleophilic atoms in nucleophilic functional groups, such as hydroxyls (methanol, ethanol, benzyl alcohol), carbonyls (formamide, urea, formaldehyde, glucose, and N-acetyl glucosamine), and aminos (benzylamine), ranging from −0.65 to −0.15. The rapid electrooxidation kinetics can be attributed to the isoenergetic channels created by the nucleophilic attack and the nonredox electron transfer via the unoccupied eg orbitals of trivalent nickel (t2g6eg1). Our findings are valuable in identifying kinetically fast organic electrooxidation on nonredox catalysts for efficient energy conversions.

Gastroprotective Effects of Oral Glycosaminoglycans with Sodium Alginate in an Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Injury Model in Rats.

The gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal barrier is often exposed to inflammatory and erosive insults, resulting in gastric lesions. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as hyaluronic acid (HA), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) have shown potential beneficial effects as GI protectants. This study aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective effects of oral GAGs in rats with indomethacin-induced GI lesions. Forty-five Sprague-Dawley rats (8-9 weeks-old, 228 ± 7 g) were included in the study, divided into five study groups, and given, administered orally, either sucralfate (positive control group; PC), NAG (G group), sodium alginate plus HA and CS (AHC group), sodium alginate plus HA, CS, and NAG (AHCG group), or no treatment (negative control group; NC). Animals were administered 12.5 mg/kg indomethacin orally 15 min after receiving the assigned treatment. After 4 h, stomach samples were obtained and used to perform a macroscopic evaluation of gastric lesions and to allow histological assessment of the gastric wall (via H/E staining) and mucous (via PAS staining). The AHCG group showed significant gastroprotective improvements compared to the NC group, and a similar efficacy to the PC group. This combination of sodium alginate with GAGs might, therefore, become a safe and effective alternative to prescription drugs for gastric lesions, such as sucralfate, and have potential usefulness in companion animals.

Hyaluronan oligosaccharides form double-helical duplexes in water:1,4-dioxane mixed solvent

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a hydrophilic natural polysaccharide consisting of alternating monosaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine. In aqueous solutions the electrostatic repulsion of the carboxylate groups hampers the formation of supermolecular structures that can be partially stabilized by the addition of salt. Increased permittivity of the mixed water:organic solvents causes better compensation of the negative charge of HA chains by dissolved cations which changes their interactions with other molecules. In this study we simulate interactions of two HA chains in water:1,4-dioxane and water:tert-butanol mixed solvents with varying NaCl concentrations using molecular dynamics (MD). Anti-parallel double-helix-like duplexes are formed in NaCl-containing water:1,4-dioxane mixture and remain stable even when NaCl is removed. Parallel duplexes separate after a short time. In water:tert-butanol analogous duplexes are unstable. Stability of HA duplexes is thus determined by the solvent composition and the ability of its components to separate in the solvation shell of HA molecules, as well as by the mutual orientation of the chains.

Conversion of N-Acetylglucosamine to 3-Acetamido-5-Acetylfuran over Al-Exchanged Montmorillonite.

3-Acetamido-5-acetylfuran (3A5AF) is a potential platform compound for the production of nitrogen-containing pharmaceuticals and chemicals. 3A5AF can be obtained by dehydration of chitin or its monomer, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG). Here, we examined the use of solid catalysts for the dehydration of NAG to 3A5AF to achieve a more economical process that uses a recyclable catalyst. NAG was dehydrated using various solid catalysts in the presence of NaCl and N,N-dimethyl acetamide as solvent at 433 K. The yield of 3A5AF with the solid catalysts decreased in the following order: Al-exchanged montmorillonite>H-ZSM-5 (SiO2 /Al2 O3 =40)>H-montmorillonite (K-10)>Amberlyst15>H-ZSM-5 (SiO2 /Al2 O3 =300)>TiO2 >γ-Al2 O3 >ZrO2 >SiO2 ⋅ MgO>Na-montmorillonite. The highest yield of 3A5AF (14 %) was obtained with the Al-exchanged montmorillonite. The montmorillonite catalysts were characterized by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, N2 adsorption, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and 27 Al magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS-NMR). In addition, a combined catalyst of Al-exchanged montmorillonite and Cl- from synthetic hydrotalcite was found to be an active and recyclable solid catalyst for NAG dehydration to 3A5AF.

A REVIEW ON NATURAL SKIN LIGHTENING AGENTS

Natural bleaching agents are the natural metabolites mostly obtained from plants as well as from other natural sources implied to reduce or alter melanin production in the human body. Many natural compounds exert their efficiency as skin lightening agent, i.e., vitamin C, E and niacinamide flavonoids, phenolic compounds, arbutin, kojic acid, azelaic acid, Mulberroside F, Aloin, aloesin, Glabridin, liqriritin, N-acetyl glucosamine has found as a substantial compound obtained from a natural source and could be used reduce skin condition that causes hyperpigmetation. Natural bleaching agents could be better alternatives to synthetic bleaching agents due to their biocompatatibily to the human skin.

Development of an impedance-based biosensor for determination of IgG galactosylation levels

The glycan profile of immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecule and its changes are associated with a number of different diseases. Galactosylation of IgG was recently suggested as a potential biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and many cancers. In this paper, we propose a portable impedance-based biosensor that utilizes lectin array technology to detect glycans in IgG. Biotinylated Griffonia simplicifolia (GSL II) and Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA I) lectins were used in our biosensor design for determination of the ratio of N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) to galactose (Gal) respectively, which is termed agalactosylation factor (AF). Streptavidin gold nanoparticles (GNP) were conjugated to biotinylated lectin bonded to the carbohydrate in the glycoprotein to magnify the change in impedance signal and enhance detection sensitivity. The method was successfully applied to differentiation of the galactosylation levels in human and rat IgG. In addition, we present proof of concept use of our biosensor for differentiation of COVID-19 positive patient samples from negative patients. Consequently, the sensor can be useful in future applications to distinguish between glycan profiles of IgG from healthy and patient samples in disease studies. Our biosensor permits analysis of human serum without conventional time-consuming IgG purification steps or pretreatment using enzyme digestion to cut the sugars from the glycoprotein molecule. The results suggest that the proposed point of care (POC) biosensor can be used for evaluating disease progression and treatment efficacy via monitoring changes in the galactosylation profiles of IgG in patients.

Abstract 12124: GlycA is Associated With Both Coronary Artery Calcium Incidence and Progression: ELSA-Brasil Cohort Analysis

Introduction: GlycA is an emerging systemic inflammatory marker and quantifies N-acetyl glucosamine within the glycan region of acute phase proteins. Elevated levels of GlycA, are associated with a higher risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). There is conflicting evidence on whether GlycA levels can predict subclinical CAD progression in healthy adults. Hypothesis: High GlycA levels can predict subclinical CAD progression in healthy patients. Methods: We included 2,690 participants from the ELSA-Brasil cohort without cardiovascular/chronic inflammatory disease not receiving statin therapy who had GlycA level measured and two interval coronary artery calcium score (CAC) assessments between 2010 through 2018. Multivariable regression models adjusted for demographics, lifestyle, comorbidities, and laboratory parameters were used to assess the consistency of GlycA levels and CAC incidence and progression (Berry definition). CAC incidence required that the first CAC = 0. CAC progression required that the first CAC > 0. Therefore, the presence of CAC incidence and progression were mutually exclusive. Results: The mean age of participants was 48.6 ± 7.7 years, 56.7% were female, 54.6% and 16.1% (429/2690) were White and Black, respectively. The mean CAC interscan period was 5.1 ± 0.9 years, the mean GlycA level was 414.7 ± 65 μmol/L, and the incidence of CAC was 13.1%. GlycA level odds ratio (OR) for CAC incidence was 1.002 (95% CI 1.0005-1.005, p = .016) adjusted for demographics, lifestyle, early (≤60 years) CAD family history, lipid panel, and comorbidities. The GlycA (≤p25 vs >p75) OR for CAC progression (Berry definition) was 1.77 (95% CI 1.07-2.96, p = .03) in a similar multivariable adjustment model. Conclusions: Higher GlycA levels were associated with CAC incidence and progression even after adjusting for multivariable risk factors in a healthy Brazilian cohort. GlycA may have potential to further stratify CAD risk in healthy patients.

Bromelain: An Enzyme Expanding Its Horizon from Food to Pharmaceutical Industry.

Bromelain is a protein digestive enzyme obtained from the extract of pineapple (steam, fruit, and leaves). It is a cocktail of several thiol endopeptidases and other components like peroxidase, cellulase, phosphatase, and several protease inhibitors. It is a glycoprotein with an oligosaccharide in its molecular structure that contains xylose, fucose, mannose, and N-acetyl glucosamine. Many approaches have been used in the extraction and purification of bromelain like filtration, membrane filtration, INT filtration, precipitation, aqueous two-phase system, ion-exchange chromatography, etc. This enzyme is widely used in the food industry for meat tenderization, baking, cheese processing, seafood processing, etc. However, this enzyme also expands its applicability in the food industry. It is reported to have the potential for the treatment of bronchitis, surgical trauma, sinusitis, etc. The in vitro and in vivo studies showed that it possesses fibrinolytic, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, anti-edematous activity, etc. The human body absorbed bromelain without any side effects or reduction in its activity. However, in some cases, it shows side effects in those patients who are allergic to pineapple. To minimize such adverse effects bromelain is immobilized inside the nanoparticles. This paper gives an overview of the production, purification, and application of this industrially important enzyme in the food and pharmaceutical industry. It also discusses the various immobilization strategies used to enhance its efficiency.

Barley Nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein permeates water, metalloids, saccharides, and ion pairs due to structural plasticity and diversification

Aquaporins can facilitate the passive movement of water, small polar molecules and some ions. Here, we examined solute selectivity for the barley Nodulin 26-like Intrinsic Protein (HvNIP2;1) embedded in liposomes and examined through stopped-flow light scattering spectrophotometry and Xenopus laevis oocyte swelling assays. We found that HvNIP2;1 permeates water, boric and germanic acids, sucrose, and lactose but not d-glucose or d-fructose. Other saccharides, such as neutral (d-mannose, d-galactose, d-xylose, d-mannoheptaose) and charged (N-acetyl d-glucosamine, d-glucosamine, d-glucuronic acid) aldoses, disaccharides (cellobiose, gentiobiose, trehalose), trisaccharide raffinose, and urea, glycerol, and acyclic polyols were permeated to a much lower extent. We observed apparent permeation of hydrated KCl and MgSO4 ions, while CH3COONa and NaNO3 permeated at significantly lower rates. Our experiments with boric acid and sucrose revealed no apparent interaction between solutes when permeated together, and AgNO3 or H[AuCl4] blocked the permeation of all solutes. Docking of sucrose in HvNIP2;1 and spinach water-selective SoPIP2;1 aquaporins revealed the structural basis for sucrose permeation in HvNIP2;1 but not in SoPIP2;1, and defined key residues interacting with this permeant. In a biological context, sucrose transport could constitute a novel element of plant saccharide-transporting machinery. Phylogenomic analyses of 164 Viridiplantae and 2,993 Archaean, bacterial, fungal, and Metazoan aquaporins rationalized solute poly-selectivity in NIP3 sub-clade entries and suggested that they diversified from other sub-clades to acquire a unique specificity of saccharide transporters. Solute specificity definition in NIP aquaporins could inspire developing plants for food production.

Cryo-EM structure of human O-GlcNAcylation enzyme pair OGT-OGA complex

O-GlcNAcylation is a conserved post-translational modification that attaches N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) to myriad cellular proteins. In response to nutritional and hormonal signals, O-GlcNAcylation regulates diverse cellular processes by modulating the stability, structure, and function of target proteins. Dysregulation of O-GlcNAcylation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. A single pair of enzymes, the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), catalyzes the addition and removal of O-GlcNAc on over 3,000 proteins in the human proteome. However, how OGT selects its native substrates and maintains the homeostatic control of O-GlcNAcylation of so many substrates against OGA is not fully understood. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human OGT and the OGT-OGA complex. Our studies reveal that OGT forms a functionally important scissor-shaped dimer. Within the OGT-OGA complex structure, a long flexible OGA segment occupies the extended substrate-binding groove of OGT and positions a serine for O-GlcNAcylation, thus preventing OGT from modifying other substrates. Conversely, OGT disrupts the functional dimerization of OGA and occludes its active site, resulting in the blocking of access by other substrates. This mutual inhibition between OGT and OGA may limit the futile O-GlcNAcylation cycles and help to maintain O-GlcNAc homeostasis.

Degradation of marine crustacean shell wastes through single-stage co-fermentation using proteolytic and chitinolytic bacteria.

Management of crustacean shell waste (SW) through an eco-friendly technique is an environmental obligation to control pollution. The present study showed a novel approach through the simultaneous application of proteolytic and chitinolytic bacteria to effectively degrade unprocessed crustacean SW. For this, the bacteria with concurrent chitinolytic and proteolytic activity (Bacillus subtilis, Priestia megaterium, or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) were applied either alone or in combination with one proteolytic strain (Paenibacillus alvei) in the unprocessed lobster, crab, and shrimp SW. The method degraded the shells with high deproteinization (> 90%) and demineralization efficiency (> 90%). The degradation was confirmed through scanning electron microscopy. The highest weight loss achieved with shrimp, crab, and lobster shells was 93.67%, 82.60%, and 83.33%, respectively. B. amyloliquefaciens + P. alvei combination produced the highest weight loss in crab and lobster SW, whereas all combinations produced statistically similar weight loss in shrimp SW. There was a concurrent production of N-acetyl glucosamine (up to 532.89, 627.87, and 498.95 mg/g of shrimp, lobster, and crab shell, respectively, with P. megaterium + P. alvei and B. amyloliquefaciens + P. alvei in all SW) and amino acids (4553.8, 648.89, 957.27 μg/g of shrimp, lobster, and crab shells, respectively with B. subtilis + P. alvei in shrimp and B. amyloliquefaciens + P. alvei in crab and lobster). Therefore, it is concluded that, for the first time, efficient degradation of crustacean shell waste was observed using chitinolytic and proteolytic bacterial fermentation with the obtention of byproducts, providing a basis for further application in SW management.

Nature to Nurture: Chitosan nanopowder a natural carbohydrate polymer choice of egg parasitoid, Trichogramma Japonicum Ashmead

Chitosan is a naturally occurring linear biopolymer made of partially deacetylated acetyl and N-acetyl glucosamine. Its biocompatible physiochemical and biochemical properties are unmatched. Chitosan is transformed to nanopowder for use in agriculture and associated industries as nanocarriers for existing agrochemicals, ensuring the delayed release of chemicals with better solubility. Chitosan nanopowder applied to leaves or soil can activate a plant's natural defences against insects and pathogens. These studies were carried out because there is a potential for toxicological risk linked with products created utilizing nanotechnology, such as chitosan nanopowder, and therefore researchers felt the need to investigate this. The egg parasitoides Trichogramma Japonicum Ashmead was used as a low-cost biomarker to determine the potential toxicity of chitosan nanopowder. This study looked into the possibility that the adult stage of the egg parasitoids, Trichogramma Japonicum Ashmead might be negatively impacted by chitosan nanopowder (80–100 nm). Unpaired t-test statistical analysis has been carried out. According to the statistical analysis, host eggs exposed to chitosan nanopowder showed noticeably greater parasitization than the control group. As a natural supply of carbohydrate polymers chitosan nanopowder promotes the parasitization of T. Japonicum. The findings showed that T. Japonicum favoured chitosan nanopowder. Through Y dual choice, eight-arm multiple choice, and no-choice olfactometer experiments, as well as images from a stereozoom microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the data was thoroughly supported. Future agricultural applications of chitosan nanopowder will benefit from a deeper understanding of our findings.

Extraction and characterization of Chitosan from Shell of Borassus flabellifer and their antibacterial and antioxidant applications

Chitosan is a bio-polymer made up of repeating units of N-acetyl glucosamine and glucosamine joined together by (1–4)-glycosidic linkages. Various bioresources have been used to develop bioactive materials that have a wide range of applications in different fields, including industry and medicine. Borassus flabellifer is a well-known source of chitin in the sub-Indian continent and is used in digestion, pharmaceuticals, and other applications. Chitin can be extracted from B. flabellifer fruit shells through demineralization and deproteinization and then converted into chitosan through deacetylation. This study aimed to investigate the biological activity of chitosan extracted from B. flabellifer fruit shells and to analyze its molecular structure using FT-IR analysis. Results showed the presence of NH, OH, and CO stretching, indicating the presence of various functional groups in chitosan. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed the topography of the chitosan. Well-diffusion and MIC tests showed that chitosan exhibited activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The chitosan extract also exhibited potential antioxidant polymer by scavenging free radicals.

N-Acetylglucosamine mitigates lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin

Lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis contribute to morbidity and mortality, and, in particular, are characterized as leading cause on confirmed COVID-19 death. To date, efficient therapeutic approach for such lung diseases is lacking. N-Acetylglucosamine (NAG), an acetylated derivative of glucosamine, has been proposed as a potential protector of lung function in several types of lung diseases. The mechanism by which NAG protects against lung injury, however, remains unclear. Here, we show that NAG treatment improves pulmonary function in bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung injury model measured by flexiVent system. At early phase of lung injury, NAG treatment results in silenced immune response by targeting ARG1+ macrophages activation, and, consequently, blocks KRT8+ transitional stem cell in the alveolar region to stimulate PDGF Rβ+ fibroblasts hyperproliferation, thereby attenuating the pulmonary fibrosis. This combinational depression of immune response and extracellular matrix deposition within the lung mitigates lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis induced by BLM. Our findings provide novel insight into the protective role of NAG in lung injury.

Bifidobacterium infantis utilizes N-acetylglucosamine-containing human milk oligosaccharides as a nitrogen source

ABSTRACT Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) utilizes oligosaccharides secreted in human milk as a carbohydrate source. These human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) integrate the nitrogenous residue N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), although HMO nitrogen utilization has not been described to date. Herein, we characterize the B. infantis nitrogen utilization phenotype on two NAG-containing HMO species, LNT and LNnT. This was characterized through in vitro growth kinetics, incorporation of isotopically labeled NAG nitrogen into the proteome, as well as modulation of intracellular 2-oxoglutarate levels while utilizing HMO nitrogen. Further support is provided by comparative transcriptomics and proteomics that identified global regulatory networks deployed during HMO nitrogen utilization. The aggregate data demonstrate that B. infantis strains utilize HMO nitrogen with the potential to significantly impact fundamental and clinical studies, as well as enable applications.

Physicochemical Properties of Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) Shell Chitosan

The golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata) is an animal that lives in rice fields and is one of the agricultural pests that often suffers and can interfere with the growth of rice plants because of its very fast development. unused and become waste for the environment. The golden snail shell contains a chitin polysaccharide which can be reduced to chitosan (β1-4 N-acetyl D-glucosamine) through the deacetylation stage, namely the process of taking the acetamide group in chitin (CH3CONH) so that it becomes an amine group (NH2) in chitosan. The manufacture of chitosan is carried out through 3 stages, namely the process of deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and quality of chitosan produced from golden snail shells. Based on the analysis conducted, chitosan has a yield of 53.91%; water content 1.68%; ash content 12.31%; molecular weight 640.83 kDa; solubility 95.53; and deacetylation degree 82.33%.